Foreword |
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xv | |
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Ambassador Thomas Greminger |
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Preface |
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xvii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (16) |
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2 | (4) |
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I.2 What is `Protection'? |
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6 | (4) |
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I.3 Who Protects Civilians? |
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10 | (1) |
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I.4 A Brief History of the Protection of Civilians |
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11 | (6) |
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PART I THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK |
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17 | (90) |
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1 Jus ad Bellum and the Protection of Civilians |
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19 | (11) |
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19 | (1) |
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1.2 The General Prohibition on Inter-State Use of Force |
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20 | (1) |
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1.3 UN Security Council `Authorisation' of Military Action |
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21 | (1) |
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1.4 UN Peacekeeping Operations and the Protection of Civilians |
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22 | (5) |
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1.4.1 Responsibility to Protect and the Protection of Civilians |
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24 | (3) |
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1.5 Humanitarian Intervention and the Protection of Civilians |
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27 | (2) |
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1.6 The Right of Self-Defence and the Protection of Civilians |
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29 | (1) |
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2 Protection of Civilians under International Humanitarian Law |
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30 | (20) |
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30 | (2) |
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2.2 The Protection of Civilians in the Conduct of Hostilities |
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32 | (18) |
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2.2.1 The Rule of Distinction |
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33 | (6) |
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2.2.2 The Rule of Proportionality in Attack |
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39 | (1) |
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2.2.3 The Rule of Precautions in Attack |
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40 | (1) |
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2.2.4 The Protection of Civilian Objects |
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41 | (3) |
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2.2.5 Protection of Civilians under Foreign Military Occupation |
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44 | (2) |
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2.2.6 Civilians in the Power of the Enemy |
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46 | (4) |
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3 Protection of Civilians under Human Rights Law |
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50 | (17) |
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50 | (1) |
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3.2 The Right to Life of Civilians in Armed Conflict |
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51 | (9) |
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3.2.1 Arbitrary Deprivation of Life |
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51 | (5) |
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3.2.2 The Duty to Investigate Suspicious Death |
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56 | (4) |
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3.3 The Right to Freedom from Torture and Other Ill-Treahnent |
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60 | (1) |
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3.3.1 The Prohibition on Torture or Other Ill-Treatment |
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60 | (1) |
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3.3.2 The Duty to Investigate Ill-Treatment |
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61 | (1) |
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3.4 The Right to Freedom from Arbitrary Detention |
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61 | (2) |
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3.5 The Right of Peaceful Assembly |
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63 | (1) |
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3.6 The Application of Human Rights Law to Non-State Actors |
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64 | (3) |
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4 The Protection of Refugees |
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67 | (7) |
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67 | (1) |
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4.2 The Right to Seek and Enjoy Asylum |
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68 | (2) |
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4.3 International Humanitarian Law and Refugees |
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70 | (2) |
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4.4 The 1969 OAU Refugees Convention |
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72 | (2) |
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5 Disarmament Law and the Protection of Civilians |
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74 | (12) |
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74 | (1) |
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5.2 The 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention |
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75 | (2) |
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5.3 The 1997 Anti-personnel Mine Ban Convention |
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77 | (4) |
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5.4 The 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions |
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81 | (3) |
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5.5 The 2013 Arms Trade Treaty |
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84 | (2) |
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6 International Criminal Law and the Protection of Civilians |
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86 | (11) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (5) |
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6.3 Crimes against Humanity |
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92 | (3) |
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95 | (2) |
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7 The Prohibition of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence |
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97 | (10) |
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97 | (2) |
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7.1.1 The Work of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict |
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98 | (1) |
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7.2 The Prevalence of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Armed Conflict |
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99 | (3) |
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7.3 IHL Rules on Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Armed Conflict |
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102 | (1) |
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7.4 Sexual and Gender-Based Violence as a War Crime |
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103 | (1) |
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7.5 Sexual and Gender-Based Violence as a Crime against Humanity |
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104 | (2) |
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7.6 Sexual and Gender-Based Violence as Genocide |
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106 | (1) |
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PART II SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CERTAIN HIGH-RISK GROUPS |
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107 | (58) |
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8 Protection of Women in Armed Conflict |
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109 | (6) |
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109 | (1) |
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8.2 IHL Rules on the Protection of Women |
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110 | (2) |
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8.3 Women and the Death Penalty |
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112 | (2) |
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8.4 The Protection of Women in a UN Peacekeeping Mission |
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114 | (1) |
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9 Protection of Children in Armed Conflict |
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115 | (11) |
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115 | (1) |
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9.1.1 The Definition of a Child |
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115 | (1) |
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9.2 The Application of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Armed Conflict |
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116 | (1) |
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9.3 IHL Rules on the Protection of Children |
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117 | (1) |
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9.4 Enlistment in Armed Forces or Groups |
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118 | (4) |
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9.5 The Six Grave Violations |
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122 | (1) |
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9.6 Children and the Death Penalty |
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123 | (1) |
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9.7 Child Protection in a UN Peacekeeping Mission |
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124 | (2) |
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10 Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Armed Conflict |
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126 | (14) |
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126 | (4) |
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10.1.1 The Threats to Persons with Disabilities in Armed Conflict |
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127 | (3) |
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10.2 The Global Normative Framework |
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130 | (10) |
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10.2.1 IHL Rules on the Protection of Persons with Disabilities |
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131 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Protection under International Human Rights Law |
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132 | (1) |
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10.2.3 IASC Guidelines on Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action (2019) |
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133 | (5) |
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10.2.4 Camp Coordination and Camp Management |
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138 | (1) |
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10.2.5 Food Security and Nutrition |
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138 | (2) |
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11 Protection of Older Persons in Armed Conflict |
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140 | (5) |
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140 | (1) |
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11.2 The Threats to Older Persons in Armed Conflict |
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141 | (1) |
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11.3 Protection under International Human Rights Law |
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141 | (2) |
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11.4 Older Persons and the Death Penalty |
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143 | (1) |
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11.4.1 The Death Penalty under IHL |
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143 | (1) |
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11.5 Protection of Older Persons under IHL |
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144 | (1) |
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12 Protection of Medical and Humanitarian Personnel |
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145 | (6) |
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145 | (1) |
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12.1.1 The Definition of Medical Personnel |
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145 | (1) |
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12.2 The Protection of Medical Personnel |
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146 | (2) |
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12.3 The Protection of Humanitarian Personnel |
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148 | (3) |
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13 Protection of Internally Displaced Persons |
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151 | (9) |
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151 | (1) |
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13.2 The Normative Framework |
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151 | (9) |
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13.2.1 The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement |
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153 | (3) |
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13.2.2 The Kampala Convention |
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156 | (4) |
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14 Protection of LGBTI Civilians |
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160 | (5) |
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160 | (1) |
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14.2 Attacks against LGBTI Civilians in Armed Conflict |
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161 | (2) |
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14.3 LGBTI Persons and the Death Penalty |
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163 | (2) |
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PART III STATE AND INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES ON THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS |
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165 | (119) |
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15 The United Nations and the Protection of Civilians |
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167 | (23) |
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167 | (1) |
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15.2 The Protection of Civilians in UN Peacekeeping Missions |
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168 | (13) |
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15.2.1 The 2019 DPO Policy |
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171 | (10) |
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15.3 Protection of Civilians by UN Agencies and Bodies |
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181 | (9) |
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15.3.1 Protection of Civilians and the Global Protection Cluster |
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181 | (2) |
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15.3.2 The Role of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights |
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183 | (1) |
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15.3.3 The Role of UNICEF in Child Protection in Armed Conflict |
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184 | (1) |
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15.3.4 The UNHCR and the Protection of Refugees |
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185 | (2) |
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15.3.5 WFP and the Protection of Civilians |
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187 | (3) |
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16 NATO and the Protection of Civilians |
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190 | (11) |
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190 | (1) |
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16.2 The Policy Framework |
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191 | (3) |
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16.3 NATO and International Humanitarian Law |
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194 | (2) |
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16.4 NATO and International Human Rights Law |
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196 | (1) |
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16.5 Operation Unified Protector in Libya |
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197 | (4) |
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17 The African Union and the Protection of Civilians |
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201 | (8) |
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201 | (1) |
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17.2 `Tiered' Protection of Civilians under the AU Guidelines |
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201 | (2) |
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17.3 Mandates to Protect Civilians |
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203 | (4) |
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17.4 The Power of the AU to Intervene to Protect Civilians |
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207 | (2) |
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18 The European Union and the Protection of Civilians |
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209 | (10) |
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209 | (1) |
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18.2 The 2015 Concept on Protection of Civilians in EU-Led Military Operations |
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210 | (3) |
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18.3 DG ECHO Thematic Policy Document on Humanitarian Protection |
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213 | (2) |
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18.4 The European Union and International Humanitarian Law |
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215 | (1) |
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18.5 The European Union and International Human Rights Law |
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216 | (1) |
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18.6 The 2020 UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians |
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217 | (2) |
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19 The ICRC and the Protection of Civilians |
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219 | (6) |
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219 | (1) |
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19.2 ICRC Policy on Protection |
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219 | (4) |
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19.2.1 Guiding Principle 1: A Neutral and Independent Approach |
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220 | (1) |
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19.2.2 Guiding Principle 2: Dialogue and Confidentiality |
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220 | (1) |
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19.2.3 Guiding Principle 3: The Holistic and Multidisciplinary Character of ICRC Action |
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220 | (1) |
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19.2.4 Guiding Principle 4: Search for Results and Impact |
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221 | (1) |
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19.2.5 Ethical and Professional Standards for Protection |
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221 | (1) |
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19.2.6 The Principle of Humanity |
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221 | (1) |
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19.2.7 The Principle of Non-Discrimination |
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222 | (1) |
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19.2.8 The Principle of Impartiality |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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19.2.10 Participation of Affected Communities |
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223 | (1) |
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19.3 Particular Challenges for the ICRC |
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223 | (2) |
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20 Switzerland and the Protection of Civilians |
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225 | (4) |
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225 | (1) |
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20.2 The Swiss Strategy on the Protection of Civilians |
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225 | (2) |
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20.3 The 2020 UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians |
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227 | (2) |
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21 The United Kingdom and the Protection of Civilians |
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229 | (10) |
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229 | (1) |
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21.2 The 2010 UK Strategy |
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230 | (2) |
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21.2.1 Policy Area 1: Political Engagement |
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230 | (1) |
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21.2.2 Policy Area 2: Protection by Peace Support Operations |
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231 | (1) |
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21.2.3 Policy Area 3: Humanitarian Action |
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231 | (1) |
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21.2.4 Policy Area 4: State Capacity |
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232 | (1) |
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21.3 The Development of the 2020 Policy Paper |
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232 | (2) |
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21.4 The 2020 Policy Paper |
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234 | (4) |
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21.5 The 2020 UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians |
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238 | (1) |
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22 The United States and the Protection of Civilians |
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239 | (10) |
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239 | (3) |
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22.2 The US Department of Defense Law of War Manual |
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242 | (2) |
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22.3 The 2016 Executive Order |
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244 | (1) |
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22.4 The Army War College Military Reference Guide |
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245 | (1) |
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22.5 The National Strategy on Women, Peace, and Security |
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246 | (1) |
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22.6 The 2020 UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians |
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247 | (2) |
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23 Brazil and the Protection of Civilians |
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249 | (5) |
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249 | (1) |
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23.2 Responsibility While Protecting |
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250 | (2) |
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23.3 The 2020 UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians |
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252 | (2) |
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24 India and the Protection of Civilians |
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254 | (4) |
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254 | (1) |
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24.2 Responsibility to Protect |
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255 | (1) |
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24.3 The 2020 UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians |
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256 | (2) |
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25 Norway and the Protection of Civilians |
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258 | (4) |
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258 | (1) |
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25.2 The 2020 UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians |
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259 | (3) |
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26 South Africa and the Protection of Civilians |
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262 | (3) |
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262 | (1) |
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26.2 The 2020 UN Security Council Debate on the Protection of Civilians |
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263 | (2) |
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27 The Future of Protecting Civilians |
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265 | (19) |
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27.1 Enhancing the Protection of Civilians through the Law |
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266 | (5) |
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27.1.1 Clarity and Normative Development of IHL |
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266 | (3) |
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27.1.2 Making Refugee Law More Protective of Those Fleeing Armed Conflict |
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269 | (1) |
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27.1.3 More Force or Less? |
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270 | (1) |
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27.2 Enhancing the Protection of Civilians through Policy |
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271 | (4) |
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27.2.1 State Policy on the Protection of Civilians |
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271 | (1) |
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27.2.2 Organisational Policy on the Protection of Civilians |
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272 | (3) |
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27.3 New Challenges to the Protection of Civilians |
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275 | (9) |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (2) |
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27.3.3 Great Power Conflict and Hybrid Warfare |
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279 | (1) |
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27.3.4 Protection of the Environment |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (2) |
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Appendix 1 Overview of Relevant International Law |
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284 | (10) |
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284 | (2) |
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A1.1.1 The Definition of a State |
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284 | (1) |
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A1.1.2 The Definition of an International Organisation |
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285 | (1) |
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A1.3 The Definition of a Corporation |
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286 | (1) |
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A1.1.4 The Definition of a Non-State Actor |
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286 | (1) |
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A1.2 The Sources of International Law |
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287 | (4) |
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287 | (1) |
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A1.2.2 Soft-Law Instruments |
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288 | (2) |
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A1.2.3 Customary International Law |
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290 | (1) |
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A1.2.4 General Principles of Law |
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290 | (1) |
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A1.3 Applicable International Legal Regimes |
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291 | (1) |
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A1.4 The Relationship between International and Domestic Law |
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292 | (2) |
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Appendix 2 The Two Types of Armed Conflict under International Humanitarian Law |
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294 | (6) |
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A2.1 International Armed Conflict |
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294 | (2) |
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A2.2 Non-international Armed Conflict |
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296 | (1) |
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A2.3 Armed Conflicts May Exist in Parallel |
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297 | (1) |
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A2.4 The Key Differences in Applicable Rules in Armed Conflicts |
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297 | (1) |
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A2.5 The Prevalence of International and Non-intemational Armed Conflicts |
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297 | (3) |
Index |
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300 | |