| Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
| Introduction |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (12) |
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3 | (1) |
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Psychology and common sense explanation |
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4 | (2) |
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Choosing a research question, aims and hypotheses |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (7) |
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Which hypotheses are you expected to include when writing a report? |
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7 | (1) |
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Points on the wording of hypotheses |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Why do we have all these types of hypotheses? |
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10 | (1) |
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Directional and non-directional hypotheses |
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10 | (3) |
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Independent and dependent variables |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (32) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (4) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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Natural experiments and quasi-experiments |
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20 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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Introduction to non-experimental methods |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (9) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Recording and interpreting data from observational studies |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (3) |
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39 | (3) |
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Common uses of the correlational method |
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41 | (1) |
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Summary table of methods of investigation |
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42 | (1) |
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Qualitative and quantitative methods |
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43 | (4) |
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47 | (10) |
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47 | (2) |
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The advantages and disadvantages of different experimental designs |
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49 | (3) |
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Independent groups design |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Single Participant design |
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52 | (1) |
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Design of studies in developmental psychology |
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52 | (5) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (8) |
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57 | (8) |
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Methods of choosing a sample |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (8) |
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The experiment as a social situation |
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65 | (4) |
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66 | (1) |
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Participant expectations and demand characteristics |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (4) |
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73 | (6) |
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73 | (2) |
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Methods of measuring reliability |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (6) |
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79 | (1) |
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Standardisation of procedures in research |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (4) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (6) |
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Ethnocentric, cultural and androcentric biases |
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85 | (2) |
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Ethical issues in research |
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87 | (4) |
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89 | (1) |
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Research on non-human animals |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (42) |
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Presentation of data in reports |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (18) |
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94 | (2) |
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Histograms and bar charts |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (1) |
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General points on drawing graphs |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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Scattergrams or scattergraphs |
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105 | (5) |
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110 | (2) |
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Measures of central tendency |
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112 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (4) |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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Measures of dispersion or variability |
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120 | (10) |
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121 | (1) |
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The semi-interquartile range |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (7) |
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Standard scores and z-scores |
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130 | (3) |
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133 | (6) |
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133 | (3) |
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Data at the nominal level |
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134 | (1) |
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Data at the ordinal level |
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134 | (1) |
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Data at the interval level |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Why is knowledge of levels of measurement important? |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (12) |
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Tests of statistical inference |
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139 | (1) |
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Different types of Statistical tests |
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140 | (5) |
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When do you use a parametric or non-parametric test? |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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Comparison of parametric and non-parametric tests |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (3) |
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Tests for a difference between two sets of scores |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (32) |
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Tests for data at the nominal level |
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151 | (11) |
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152 | (5) |
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Some controversies over the use of chi-square |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (3) |
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Two sample tests for data at the ordinal level |
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162 | (7) |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (2) |
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Wilcoxon signed ranks test |
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167 | (2) |
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Two sample tests for data fulfilling the requirements for the use of parametric tests |
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169 | (7) |
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The t-test for unrelated data |
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170 | (3) |
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The t-test for related data |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (7) |
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Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient |
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176 | (3) |
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Pearson's Product moment correlation coefficient |
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179 | (4) |
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183 | (8) |
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Interpreting the results of a statistical test |
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183 | (4) |
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At What level of significance can we accept the alternative hypothesis? |
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185 | (2) |
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Type I and Type II errors |
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187 | (2) |
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At what point in the research do you set the level of significance that you will accept? |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (10) |
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Interpreting qualitative research |
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191 | (4) |
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194 | (1) |
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Interpreting observational studies |
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195 | (4) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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Interpreting case studies |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (6) |
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201 | (6) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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Section Sixteen: Study aids |
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207 | (8) |
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207 | (8) |
| Appendix: Critical value tables |
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215 | (18) |
| Glossary |
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233 | (12) |
| Bibliography |
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245 | (4) |
| Answers to exercises |
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249 | (12) |
| Index |
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261 | |
Daugiau apie elektronines knygas