Historical Introduction |
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Chapter 1 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.3 Greatest common divisor |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.5 The fundamental theorem of arithmetic |
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17 | (1) |
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1.6 The series of reciprocals of the primes |
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18 | (1) |
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1.7 The Euclidean algorithm |
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19 | (1) |
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1.8 The greatest common divisor of more than two numbers |
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20 | (4) |
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21 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Arithmetical Functions and Dirichlet Multiplication |
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24 | (1) |
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2.2 The Mobius function μ(n) |
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24 | (1) |
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2.3 The Euler totient function φ(n) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.4 A relation connecting φ and μ |
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26 | (1) |
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2.5 A product formula for φ(n) |
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27 | (2) |
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2.6 The Dirichlet product of arithmetical functions |
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29 | (1) |
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2.7 Dirichlet inverses and the Mobius inversion formula |
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30 | (2) |
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2.8 The Mangoldt function Λ(n) |
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32 | (1) |
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2.9 Multiplicative functions |
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33 | (2) |
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2.10 Multiplicative functions and Dirichlet multiplication |
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35 | (1) |
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2.11 The inverse of a completely multiplicative function |
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36 | (21) |
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2.12 Liouville's function λ(n) |
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57 | |
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2.13 The divisor functions σ,(n) |
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38 | (1) |
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2.14 Generalized convolutions |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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2.16 The Bell series of an arithmetical function |
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42 | (2) |
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2.17 Bell series and Dirichlet multiplication |
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44 | (1) |
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2.18 Derivatives of arithmetical functions |
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45 | (1) |
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2.19 The Selberg identity |
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46 | (6) |
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46 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Averages of Arithmetical Functions |
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52 | (1) |
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3.2 The big oh notation. Asymptotic equality of functions |
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53 | (1) |
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3.3 Euler's summation formula |
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54 | (1) |
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3.4 Some elementary asymptotic formulas |
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55 | |
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3.5 The average order of d(n) |
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51 | (9) |
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3.6 The average order of the divisor functions σx(n) |
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60 | (1) |
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3.7 The average order of φ(n) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.8 An application to the distribution of lattice points visible from the origin |
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62 | (2) |
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3.9 The average order of μ(n) and of Λ(n) |
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64 | (1) |
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3.10 The partial sums of a Dirichlet product |
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65 | (1) |
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3.11 Applications to p(n) and λ(n) |
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66 | (3) |
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3.12 Another identity for the partial sums of a Dirichlet product |
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69 | |
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70 | |
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Chapter 4 Some Elementary Theorems on the Distribution of Prime Numbers |
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14 | (61) |
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4.2 Chebyshev's functions ψ(x) and π(x) |
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75 | |
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4.3 Relations connecting (x) and π(x) |
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16 | (3) |
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4.4 Some equivalent forms of the prime number theorem |
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19 | (63) |
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4.5 Inequalities for n(n) and ρn |
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82 | (3) |
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4.6 Shapiro's Tauberian theorem |
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85 | (3) |
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4.7 Applications of Shapiro's theorem |
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88 | (1) |
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4.8 An asymptotic formula for the partial sums Σp≤x (1/p) |
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89 | (2) |
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4.9 The partial sums of the Mobius function |
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91 | (7) |
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4.10 Brief sketch of an elementary proof of the prime number theorem |
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98 | (1) |
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4.11 Selberg's asymptotic formula |
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99 | (7) |
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101 | (5) |
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5.1 Definition and basic properties of congruences |
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106 | (3) |
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5.2 Residue classes and complete residue systems |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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5.4 Reduced residue systems and the Euler-Fermat theorem |
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113 | (1) |
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5.5 Polynomial congruences modulo ρ. Lagrange's theorem |
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114 | (1) |
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5.6 Applications of Lagrange's theorem |
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115 | (2) |
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5.7 Simultaneous linear congruences. The Chinese remainder theorem |
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117 | (1) |
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5.8 Applications of the Chinese remainder theorem |
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118 | (2) |
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5.9 Polynomial congruences with prime power moduli |
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120 | (3) |
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5.10 The principle of cross-classification |
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123 | (2) |
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5.11 A decomposition property of reduced residue systems |
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125 | (4) |
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126 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Finite Abelian Groups and Their Characters |
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129 | (1) |
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6.2 Examples of groups and subgroups |
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130 | (1) |
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6.3 Elementary properties of groups |
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130 | (1) |
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6.4 Construction of subgroups |
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131 | (2) |
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6.5 Characters of finite abelian groups |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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6.7 The orthogonality relations for characters |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (3) |
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6.9 Sums involving Dirichlet characters |
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140 | (1) |
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6.10 The non vanishing of L(L χ) for real nonprincipal χ |
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141 | (5) |
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143 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Dirichlet's Theorem on Primes in Arithmetic Progressions |
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146 | (1) |
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7.2 Dirichlet's theorem for primes of the form 4n -- 1 and 4n + 1 |
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147 | (1) |
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7.3 The plan of the proof of Dirichlet's theorem |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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1.9 Distribution of primes in arithmetic progressions |
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154 | (3) |
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155 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Periodic Arithmetical Functions and Gauss Sums |
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8.1 Functions periodic modulo k |
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157 | (1) |
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8.2 Existence of finite Fourier series for periodic arithmetical functions |
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158 | (2) |
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8.3 Ramanujan's sum and generalizations |
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160 | (2) |
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8.4 Multiplicative properties of the sums sk(n) |
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162 | (3) |
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8.5 Gauss sums associated with Dirichlet characters |
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165 | (1) |
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8.6 Dirichlet characters with non vanishing Gauss sums |
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166 | (1) |
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8.7 Induced moduli and primitive characters |
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167 | (1) |
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8.8 Further properties of induced moduli |
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168 | (3) |
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8.9 The conductor of a character |
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171 | (1) |
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8.10 Primitive characters and separable Gauss sums |
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171 | (1) |
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8.11 The finite Fourier series of the Dirichlet characters |
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172 | (1) |
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8.12 Polya's inequality for the partial sums of primitive characters |
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173 | (5) |
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175 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Quadratic Residues and the Quadratic Reciprocity Law |
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178 | (1) |
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9.2 Legendre's symbol and its properties |
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179 | (2) |
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9.3 Evaluation of (--1|ρ and (2|ρ) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (3) |
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9.5 The quadratic reciprocity law |
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185 | (1) |
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9.6 Applications of the reciprocity law |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (3) |
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9.8 Applications to Diophantine equations |
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190 | (2) |
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9.9 Gauss sums and the quadratic reciprocity law |
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192 | (3) |
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9.10 The reciprocity law for quadratic Gauss sums |
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195 | (5) |
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9.11 Another proof of the quadratic reciprocity law |
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200 | (4) |
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201 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Primitive Roots |
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10.1 The exponent of a number mod m. Primitive roots |
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204 | (1) |
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10.2 Primitive roots and reduced residue systems |
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205 | (1) |
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10.3 The nonexistence of primitive roots mod 2x for α ≥ 3 |
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206 | (1) |
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10.4 The existence of primitive roots mod ρ for odd primes ρ |
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206 | (2) |
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10.5 Primitive roots and quadratic residues |
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208 | (1) |
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10.6 The existence of primitive roots mod ρx |
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208 | (2) |
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10.7 The existence of primitive roots mod 2ρx |
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210 | (1) |
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10.8 The nonexistence of primitive roots in the remaining cases |
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211 | (1) |
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10.9 The number of primitive roots mod m |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (5) |
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10.11 Primitive roots and Dirichlet characters |
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218 | (2) |
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10.12 Real-valued Dirichlet characters mod ρx |
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220 | (1) |
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10.13 Primitive Dirichlet characters mod ρx |
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221 | (3) |
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222 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Dirichlet Series and Euler Products |
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224 | (1) |
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11.2 The half-plane of absolute convergence of a Dirichlet series |
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225 | (1) |
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11.3 The function defined by a Dirichlet series |
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226 | (2) |
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11.4 Multiplication of Dirichlet series |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (2) |
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11.6 The half-plane of convergence of a Dirichlet series |
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232 | (2) |
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11.7 Analytic properties of Dirichlet series |
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234 | (2) |
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11.8 Dirichlet series with nonnegative coefficients |
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236 | (2) |
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11.9 Dirichlet series expressed as exponentials of Dirichlet series |
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238 | (2) |
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11.10 Mean value formulas for Dirichlet series |
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240 | (2) |
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11.11 An integral formula for the coefficients of a Dirichlet series |
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242 | (1) |
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11.12 An integral formula for the partial sums of a Dirichlet series |
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243 | (6) |
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246 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 The Functions ζ(s) and L(s, χ) |
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249 | (1) |
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12.2 Properties of the gamma function |
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250 | (1) |
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12.3 Integral representation for the Hurwitz zeta function |
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251 | (2) |
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12.4 A contour integral representation for the Hurwitz zeta function |
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253 | (1) |
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12.5 The analytic continuation of the Hurwitz zeta function |
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254 | (1) |
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12.6 Analytic continuation of ζ(s) and L(s, χ) |
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255 | (1) |
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12.7 Hurwitz's formula for ζ(s, a) |
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256 | (3) |
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12.8 The functional equation for the Riemann zeta function |
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259 | (2) |
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12.9 A functional equation for the Hurwitz zeta function |
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261 | (1) |
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12.10 The functional equation for L-functions |
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261 | (3) |
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12.11 Evaluation of ζ(n, a) |
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264 | (1) |
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12.12 Properties of Bernoulli numbers and Bernoulli polynomials |
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265 | (3) |
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12.13 Formulas for L(O, χ) |
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268 | (1) |
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12.14 Approximation of ζs, a) by finite sums |
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268 | (2) |
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12.15 Inequalities for |ζ(s, a) |
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270 | (2) |
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12.16 Inequalities for |ζ(s)| and |L(s, χ)| |
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272 | (6) |
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273 | (5) |
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Chapter 13 Analytic Proof of the Prime Number Theorem |
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13.1 The plan of the proof |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (4) |
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13.3 A contour integral representation for ψ1(x)/x2 |
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283 | (1) |
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13.4 Upper bounds for |ζ(s)| and |ζ(s)| near the line σ = 1 |
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284 | (2) |
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13.5 The nonvanishing of ζ(s) on the line σ = 1 |
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286 | (1) |
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13.6 Inequalities for |1/ζ(s)| and |ζ(s)/ζ(s)| |
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287 | (2) |
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13.7 Completion of the proof of the prime number theorem |
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289 | (2) |
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13.8 Zero-free regions for ζ(s) |
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291 | (2) |
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13.9 The Riemann hypothesis |
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293 | (1) |
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13.10 Application to the divisor function |
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294 | (3) |
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13.11 Application to Euler's totient |
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297 | (2) |
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13.12 Extension of Polya's inequality for character sums |
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299 | (5) |
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300 | (4) |
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304 | (3) |
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14.2 Geometric representation of partitions |
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307 | (1) |
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14.3 Generating functions for partitions |
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308 | (3) |
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14.4 Euler's pentagonal-number theorem |
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311 | (2) |
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14.5 Combinatorial proof of Euler's pentagonal-number theorem |
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313 | (2) |
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14.6 Euler's recursion formula for ρ(n) |
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315 | (1) |
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14.7 An upper bound for ρ(n) |
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316 | (2) |
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14.8 Jacobi's triple product identity |
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318 | (3) |
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14.9 Consequences of Jacobi's identity |
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321 | (1) |
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14.10 Logarithmic differentiation of generating functions |
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322 | (2) |
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14.11 The partition identities of Ramanujan |
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324 | (5) |
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325 | (4) |
Bibliography |
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329 | (4) |
Index of Special Symbols |
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333 | (2) |
Index |
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335 | |