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El. knyga: Introduction to Cognitive Ethnography and Systematic Field Work

  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: Qualitative Research Methods
  • Išleidimo metai: 04-Aug-2021
  • Leidėjas: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781544351025
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Introduction to Cognitive Ethnography and Systematic Field WorkDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: Qualitative Research Methods
  • Išleidimo metai: 04-Aug-2021
  • Leidėjas: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781544351025
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"Introduction to Cognitive Ethnography and Systematic Field Work by G. Mark Schoepfle and Oswald Werner provides a guide to the fundamentals of cognitive ethnography for qualitative research. A focus of this technique is collecting data from flexible butrigorous interviews. These interviews are flexible because they are designed to be structured around the semantic knowledge being elicited from the speaker, not around some pre-conceived design that is based on the researcher's background, and they are rigorous because the basic linguistic and semantic structures are shared among all cultures. Written by two of the founders of this technique, this text provides a wealth of concentrated knowledge developed over years to best suit this collaborative and participant-centric research process. Eight chapters show how intertwined data collection and analysis are in this method. The first chapter offers a brief history and overview of the cognitive ethnography. Chapter 2 covers planning a research project, fromdeveloping a research question to ethics and IRB requirements. The next two chapters cover interview background, techniques, and structures. Chapter 5 addresses analysis while Chapter 6 covers transcription and translation. Chapter 7 covers observation, while a final chapter address writing a report for both consultants and outside audiences"--

Introduction to Cognitive Ethnography and Systematic Field Work by G. Mark Schoepfle and Oswald Werner provides a guide to the fundamentals of cognitive ethnography for qualitative research. A focus of this technique is collecting data from flexible but rigorous interviews. These interviews are flexible because they are designed to be structured around the semantic knowledge being elicited from the speaker, not around some pre-conceived design that is based on the researcher’s background, and they are rigorous because the basic linguistic and semantic structures are shared among all cultures. Written by two of the founders of this technique, this text provides a wealth of concentrated knowledge developed over years to best suit this collaborative and participant-centric research process.

Eight chapters show how intertwined data collection and analysis are in this method. The first chapter offers a brief history and overview of the cognitive ethnography. Chapter 2 covers planning a research project, from developing a research question to ethics and IRB requirements. The next two chapters cover interview background, techniques, and structures. Chapter 5 addresses analysis while Chapter 6 covers transcription and translation. Chapter 7 covers observation, while a final chapter address writing a report for both consultants and outside audiences.

Recenzijos

This is an exceptional text that manages to cover topics and materials that many students approach with a degree of trepidation in manner that is student friendly, while at the same time providing them with a solid theoretical foundation to build on. -- Jason R. Jolicoeur

Preface xi
Chapter 1 Orientation to Ethnography and Cognitive Ethnography
1(18)
Ethnography
1(7)
How Observation Is Integrated With Interview
3(1)
Participant Observation
4(3)
Participant Observation and Perspective
7(1)
Material Culture and Cultural Durability
8(1)
Kinds of Ethnography
9(2)
Abductive Reasoning in Cognitive Ethnography
11(2)
How Ethnography Differs From Journalism
13(1)
Everyone Is Biased and Must Cope With the Fact
14(2)
Avoiding Bias Is a Methodological, Not a Moral or Ethical, Stance
15(1)
Preparation for an Ethnographer's Career: Ethnographer as Expert Witness
16(3)
Chapter 2 Planning and Proposing a Research Project
19(22)
The Proposal
19(12)
What the Ethnographer Will Study
20(1)
When and for How Long the Research Is Conducted
20(1)
Where the Ethnographer Is Personally Located
21(2)
The Dominant Language Researchers Will Be Speaking
23(2)
Equipment for Data Gathering, Management, and Storage
25(4)
Data Management for Analysis
29(2)
The Parties Involved: Peer Review and Institutional Review Boards
31(10)
Institutional Review Boards
31(2)
Elements of Peer Review of Project and Proposal
33(1)
Ethnographic Sampling
34(7)
Chapter 3 The Semantic Unity of the Ethnographic Interview
41(24)
The Lexical-Semantic Field Theory and the MTQ Schema
42(14)
Taxonomy and Taxonomic Trees
42(1)
Modification (Attribution) and Folk Definitions
43(12)
Queuing
55(1)
Specialized MTQ Interview Techniques
56(9)
Debriefing
56(2)
Slip Sorting
58(5)
Word Association Chains
63(2)
Chapter 4 The Natural History of the Ethnographic Interview
65(22)
The Natural History of the Interview
65(19)
Contact Phase
66(1)
Interview Phase
67(7)
Space
74(6)
Time
80(3)
People
83(1)
Grand-Tour and Mini-Tour Questions About People Through Personal Networks: The Crystalized Structure of a "Snowball Sample"
84(3)
Chapter 5 Ethnographic Analysis With Complex Logical-Semantic Relationships
87(28)
Enhancing MTQ Analyses
87(5)
Composite Folk Definitions
87(3)
Queuing and Verbal Action Plans
90(2)
Analysis of Complex Semantic Relationships
92(8)
Part-Whole
92(2)
Requirement Relationships
94(1)
Causal Relationship
95(5)
Ethnographic Decision Models: Entering Choice Into VAPs
100(11)
Applying Decision Models in Cognitive Ethnography
111(4)
Chapter 6 Language Transcription and Translation
115(12)
Interview Transcription
115(3)
Phonetic Versus Phonemic
115(2)
Recorded Interview Transcription
117(1)
Journal Transcription
117(1)
Interview Translation
118(9)
Two Kinds of Bilingualism
119(1)
Step-by-Step Translation
119(5)
When Time (and Usually Money) Is of the Essence
124(3)
Chapter 7 Observation
127(14)
Proposed Justifications for Sole Reliance on Observation
127(3)
No Term Exists in a Specific Language
127(2)
Certain Kinds of Behavior Do Not Exist
129(1)
Certain Behavior Cannot Be Verbalized
129(1)
Sensitive Subjects: Beating Around the Bush
130(1)
Embarrassing Situations
130(1)
Kinds of Observation
130(7)
Spradley's Process of Systematic Observation
131(1)
The Journal
132(5)
The Application of Photography to Interview and Observation
137(2)
Time Continuum of Photography
138(1)
Observation and Evidence
139(2)
Chapter 8 Writing the Ethnographic Report
141(10)
Four Major Report-Writing Styles: Descriptive, Analytical, Synthetic, and Case Study
141(2)
When Schema Are Not Available or Have Not Been Generated
143(3)
Getting the Report Down on Paper: Controlling Writer's Block
144(2)
Organizing the Report
146(2)
What Constitutes an Adequate Text Database?
147(1)
Bulkiness of Documents in Reports and Records: Work Papers
147(1)
A Final Word on Native Coresearchers
148(3)
References 151(10)
Index 161
G. Mark Schoepfle has devoted his entire career to applied anthropology in federal and tribal government, with an adjunct status in various academic institutions that have often helped support this research.

He received a bachelors degree in anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1968.  Following his military service, he received his Masters in 1972 and Doctorate in social anthropology 1977 from Northwestern University, under the anthropological linguist Oswald Werner, his dissertation chair. 

His employment in anthropology began with the Navajo Tribal Division of Education.  Here, under the supervision of Oswald Werner, he helped train and supervise Navajo researchers, and compile ethnographic reports of the Navajo Nations different school systems.  What began originally as involvement with a one-year training and research project evolved into a 14-year research and teaching career on the Navajo Nation.  It involved both research and training Navajos as active research participants and analysts, co-publishers, and findings presenters.  Beginning in 1974, he was involved with Oswald Werner in developing a researchers training manual that finally became the two-volume Systematic Fieldwork published in 1987.  From 1980 to 1984 he also served as Deputy Director of the Northwestern University Summer Field School in Ethnography.

In 1988 he shifted his career interests to auditing and evaluation at the Government Accountability Office, and later the Department of the Interior in Washington, DC.  At the Department of the Interior, he has served as cultural anthropologist for the National Park Services program in applied ethnography, and at what is now the Office of Federal Acknowledgment.
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