| Preface |
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xxiii | |
| About the Authors |
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xxvii | |
| Part I: Foundations Of Criminology |
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1 | (112) |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Criminology |
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3 | (18) |
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3 | (3) |
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Fads and Fashions in Crime |
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4 | (1) |
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The Emergence of Criminology |
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4 | (1) |
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Crime File 1.1: The FBI's |
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10 | |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita |
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7 | (1) |
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Social Change and the Emergence of Law |
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7 | (5) |
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Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (3) |
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Crime File 1.2: Crimes of the 20th Century |
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10 | (2) |
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Who Defines Crime? Criminological Definitions |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (3) |
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Crime File 1.3: The JonBenet Ramsey Murder |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (8) |
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Criminology in Context 1.1: What Is Crime? |
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14 | (1) |
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Crime & the Media 1.1: Publicized Trials |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (4) |
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Chapter 2 Research Methods in Criminology |
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21 | (38) |
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The Research Enterprise of Criminology |
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21 | (5) |
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21 | (1) |
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Ethics in Criminological Research |
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22 | (4) |
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Crime File 2.1: Scientific Evil: The Guatemala Syphilis Study |
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23 | (2) |
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Crime File 2.2: Secrets of the Belfast Project |
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25 | (1) |
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Operationalization-Who Is Criminal? |
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26 | (1) |
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Official Police Statistics-The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) |
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26 | (9) |
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Sources of Crime Statistics |
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26 | (2) |
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The Crime Indexes: Violent and Property Crime |
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28 | (3) |
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Issues and Cautions in Studying UCR Data |
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31 | (6) |
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Crime File 2.3: The Crime Dip |
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34 | (1) |
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Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies |
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35 | (2) |
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Experiments and Evidence-Based Research in Criminology |
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37 | (3) |
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Some Examples of Experiments in Criminology |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 2.1: Preventing Crime- What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (8) |
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40 | (1) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
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40 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 2.2: Crimesolutions.gov: Research at the Office of Justice Programs |
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41 | (1) |
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Issues and Cautions in Studying Victim Data |
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42 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 2.3: NCVS Sample Questions |
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43 | (1) |
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Self-Report Measures of Crime |
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44 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 2.4: Self-Reported Delinquency Items |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Participant Observation of Criminals |
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46 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Method of Participant Observation |
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47 | (1) |
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Case Study or Life History |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (6) |
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Crime File 2.4: Confessions of a Dying Thief |
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49 | (1) |
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Crime File 2.5: The Black Dahlia Murder |
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50 | (1) |
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Validity, Reliability, and Triangulation |
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51 | (8) |
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Criminology in Context 2.5: The FBI Reading Room |
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52 | (1) |
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Crime & the Media 2.1: Crime Rates |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 General Characteristics of Crime and Criminals |
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59 | (32) |
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Caution in Interpreting Crime Data |
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59 | (1) |
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International Variations in Crime |
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59 | (5) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (16) |
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65 | (4) |
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Criminology in Context 3.1: American Crime Problems From a Global Perspective |
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66 | (1) |
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Criminology in Context 3.2: Meeting the Challenge of Transnational Crime |
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67 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 3.3: What Is the Relationship Between Age and Crime? |
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69 | (1) |
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Gender Differences in Criminality |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (6) |
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Criminology in Context 3.4: Racial Profiling |
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76 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 3.5: Native Americans and Crime |
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78 | (1) |
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Regional Variation in Crime |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (6) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 What Is Victimology? |
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91 | (22) |
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91 | (3) |
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The Typical Victimization and Victim |
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91 | (3) |
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94 | (4) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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Mental Health Consequences and Costs |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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Theories of Victimization |
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98 | (7) |
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Role of the Victim in Crime |
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98 | (4) |
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Crime File 4.1: When Offender Becomes Victim |
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100 | (2) |
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Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory |
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102 | (2) |
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Structural Causes of Victimization |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (4) |
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Victim Remedies and Services |
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105 | (12) |
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Crime & the Media 4.1: Portrayal of Victims |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
| Part II: Theories Of Criminology |
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113 | (126) |
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Chapter 5 Early and Classical Criminological Theories |
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115 | (26) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (6) |
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Criminology in Context 5.1: The Nacirema Undergraduate as Criminal: A Criminological "Why Do It?" |
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118 | (2) |
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Crime in Relation to Punishment: Cesare Beccaria |
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120 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 5.2: The Oral History of Criminology Project |
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121 | (1) |
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Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham |
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122 | (1) |
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Critique of Classical Theory |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (4) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (3) |
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Crime File 5.1: "Designing Out" Gang Homicides and Street Assaults: Situational Crime Prevention |
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125 | (1) |
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Criminology in Context 5.3: Justifications for Punishment |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (4) |
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Using Crime Statistics: Andre M. Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet |
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128 | (1) |
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Critique of Ecological Theory |
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129 | (1) |
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Other Geographical Theories |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (2) |
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Class, Crime, and Capitalism: Karl Marx |
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132 | (1) |
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Criminal Law and Class: Willem Bonger |
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132 | (1) |
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The Theory-Policy Connection |
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133 | (3) |
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134 | (1) |
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Crime & the Media 5.1: Ecological Theory |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 Biological and Psychological Theories |
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141 | (34) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (7) |
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Biological Positivism: Cesare Lombroso |
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143 | (2) |
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Feeblemindedness: Charles Goring |
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145 | (1) |
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Heredity: The Jukes and Kallikaks |
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145 | (1) |
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Physical Inferiority: Earnest Hooton |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Critique of Early Biological Theories |
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147 | (2) |
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More Recent Biological Theories |
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149 | (9) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Problems With Twin and Adoption Studies |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (5) |
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Critique of Neobiological Theories |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (10) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Extroverts Versus Introverts: Hans Eysenck |
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160 | (1) |
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Conditioning: B. F. Skinner |
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160 | (1) |
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Criminology in Context 6.1: Crime Profiling |
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161 | (1) |
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Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura |
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161 | (1) |
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The Criminal Personality: Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (3) |
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Criminology in Context 6.2: The Insanity Defense |
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165 | (1) |
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Crime File 6.1: The Twinkle Defense |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (10) |
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Crime File 6.2: The Flynn Effect: Sex, Race, and IQ |
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168 | (1) |
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The Theory-Policy Connection |
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168 | (3) |
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169 | (1) |
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Crime & the Media 6.1: Biological and Psychological Theories |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Sociological Mainstream Theories |
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175 | (32) |
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176 | (7) |
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176 | (1) |
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Merton's Theory of Anomie |
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177 | (2) |
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Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Cohen's Lower-Class Reaction Theory |
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181 | (1) |
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Cloward and Ohlin's Differential Opportunity Theory |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (11) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Shaw and McKay's Social Disorganization Theory |
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185 | (2) |
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Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association |
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187 | (4) |
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Criminology in Context 7.1: Designing Out Crime |
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189 | (2) |
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Miller's Focal Concerns Theory |
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191 | (1) |
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Matza's Delinquency and Drift Theory |
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191 | (3) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (3) |
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Reckless's Containment Theory |
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194 | (1) |
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Hirschi's Social Bond Theory |
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195 | (1) |
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Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime |
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196 | (1) |
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John Hagan's Power-Control Theory |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Developmental and Life Course (DLC) Theories |
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197 | (3) |
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Farrington's Antisocial Potential (AP) Theory |
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198 | (1) |
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Sampson and Laub's Life Course Criminality |
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199 | (9) |
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200 | (1) |
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The Theory-Policy Connection |
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200 | (2) |
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Crime & the Media 7.1: Sociological Mainstream Theories |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Sociological Critical Theories and Integrated Theories |
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207 | (32) |
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Mainstream Versus Critical Criminology |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (4) |
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Lemert's Secondary Deviance |
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210 | (1) |
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A Critique of Labeling Theory |
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210 | (2) |
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John Braithwaite's Shaming Theory |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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The Political Nature of Criminal Law: Austin Turk |
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213 | (1) |
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Conflict Theory: William Chambliss and Richard Quinney |
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213 | (1) |
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Conflict Criminology and Race: W.E.B. Du Bois |
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214 | (1) |
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Conflict Criminology and Social Class: Jeffrey Reiman |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 8.1: Incorporating Restorative and Community Justice Into American Sentencing and Corrections |
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219 | (1) |
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Radical Marxist Criminology |
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220 | (4) |
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Radical Criminology: Richard Quinney |
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220 | (1) |
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Capitalism and Crime: William Chambliss |
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221 | (1) |
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Conflict Versus Marxist Criminology |
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222 | (1) |
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Critiques of Radical Criminology |
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222 | (2) |
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Integrated Theories of Crime |
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224 | (3) |
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Delbert Elliott's Integrative Theory |
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225 | (1) |
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Terence Thornberry's Interactional Theory |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (3) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Criminal Behavior Systems |
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228 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 8.2: Some Sociological Typologies of Criminal Behavior |
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229 | (1) |
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Theoretical Range and Criminological Explanation |
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230 | (2) |
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230 | (2) |
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The Theory-Policy Connection |
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232 | (2) |
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Crime & the Media 8.1: Portrayal of White-Collar Offenders |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
| Part III: Crime Typologies |
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239 | (235) |
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241 | (36) |
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History of Violence in the United States |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (4) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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African Americans and Serial Murder |
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245 | (5) |
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Crime File 9.1: The Virginia Tech Massacre |
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246 | (1) |
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Homicide and Assault Statistics |
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246 | (2) |
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Crime File 9.2: The DC Snipers and the BTK Killer |
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247 | (1) |
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Patterns and Trends in Violent Crime |
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248 | (2) |
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Typology of Violent Offenders |
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250 | (6) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (3) |
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Crime File 9.3: Deadly Lessons: The Secret Service Study of School Shooters |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (7) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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Crime File 9.4: The Problem of Acquaintance Rape of College Students |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Crime File 9.5: Child Sexual Abuse by Catholic Priests |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Sex Offenders |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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Conklin's Typology of Robbers |
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263 | (2) |
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Crime File 9.6: The Gardner Museum Theft |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (4) |
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265 | (2) |
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Intimate Partner Violence |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Criminal Careers of Violent Offenders |
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269 | (2) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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Career Criminals and Violent Offenders |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Crime & the Media 9.1: Violent Crime and the Media |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Property Crime: Occasional, Conventional, and Professional |
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277 | (40) |
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Occasional Property Crimes |
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278 | (6) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 10.1: Graffiti |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Conventional Property Crimes |
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284 | (3) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Arson: A Special-Category Offense |
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287 | (1) |
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Criminal Careers of Occasional and Conventional Property Criminals |
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288 | (4) |
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Crime File 10.1: Identity Theft |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (5) |
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The Concept of Professional Crime |
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293 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Professional Crime |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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A Model of Professional Crime |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
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Criminal Careers of Professional Crime |
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297 | (10) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 10.2: Shoplifting |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (2) |
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Crime File 10.2: Busting the Biggest Band of Cable Pirates In U.S. History |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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Professional Auto Theft Rings |
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305 | (2) |
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Crime File 10.3: Car Cloning: A New Twist on an Old Crime |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (3) |
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Crime File 10.4: House of Cards: Casino Cheating Ring Dismantled |
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309 | (1) |
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Crime & the Media 10.1: Internet and Crime-Dating Scams |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (4) |
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Chapter 11 White-Collar Crime: Occupational and Corporate |
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317 | (40) |
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White-Collar Crime-The Classic Statement |
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317 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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Measurement and Cost of Occupational and Corporate Crime |
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319 | (1) |
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History of Corporate, Organizational, and Occupational Crime |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (2) |
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323 | (1) |
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Crime File 11.1: The Bernie Madoff Affair: "One Big Lie" |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (2) |
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325 | (1) |
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Organizations and the Law |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (9) |
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Crimes by Employees Against Individuals (the Public) |
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327 | (4) |
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Crimes by Employees Against Employees |
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331 | (1) |
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Crimes by Employees Against Organizations |
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332 | (1) |
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Crimes by Individuals (or Members of Occupations) |
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333 | (3) |
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336 | (13) |
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Crimes by Organizations/Corporations Against Individuals (the Public) |
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336 | (9) |
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Crime File 11.2: The "Kids for Cash" Scandal: Injustice and Corruption in Juvenile Justice |
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337 | (2) |
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Crime File 11.3: Financial Crimes: FBI Releases Annual Report to the Public |
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339 | (2) |
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Crime File 11.4: The Savings and Loan Scandal: The Biggest White-collar Crime in U.S. History |
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341 | (3) |
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Crime File 11.5: The Donora Fluoride Death Fog: A Secret History of America's Worst Air Pollution Disaster |
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344 | (1) |
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Crimes by Organizations Against Employees |
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345 | (1) |
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Crimes by Organizations (Corporations) Against Organizations |
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346 | (3) |
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Crime File 11.6: Pirates of the Internet: Criminal Warez Groups |
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348 | (1) |
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Criminal Careers of Occupational and Organizational Offenders |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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Why the Leniency in Punishment? |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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Crime & the Media 11.1: White-Collar Crime |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Political Crime and Terrorism |
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357 | (38) |
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357 | (1) |
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Political Crime: A Definition |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (3) |
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359 | (2) |
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Crime File 12.1: September 11, 2001 |
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360 | (1) |
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (9) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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Illegal Surveillance, Disruption, and Experiments |
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366 | (2) |
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368 | (3) |
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Crime File 12.2: White House Crime and Scandal: From Washington to Obama |
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370 | (1) |
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Crimes Against Government |
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371 | (6) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
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Crime File 12.3: The Robert Hanssen Spy Case |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (10) |
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377 | (3) |
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Brief History of Terrorism |
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380 | (6) |
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Crime File 12.4: Narco-Terrorlsm: Drugs and Terrorism a Dangerous Mixture, DEA Official Tells Senate Judiciary Committee |
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|
384 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 12.1: State Department Strategic Assessment of International Terrorism |
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386 | (1) |
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Terrorism and Social Policy |
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386 | (1) |
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Crime Careers of Political Criminals |
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387 | (1) |
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The Doctrine of Raison d'Etat |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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Crime & the Media 12.1: Political Crime and Terrorism |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (3) |
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Chapter 13 Organized Crime |
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395 | (38) |
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Sources of Information on Organized Crime |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (2) |
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Organized Crime Continuum |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (2) |
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International Organized Crime |
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401 | (4) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (1) |
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Nature of Organized Crime |
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405 | (2) |
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Ethnicity and Organized Crime |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (3) |
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Crime File 13.1: Kill the Irishman: The Danny Greene Mob and the Death of the Cleveland Mafia |
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408 | (2) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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Theories of the Nature of Syndicate Crime in the United States |
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411 | (4) |
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The Cosa Nostra Theory (The Cressey Model) |
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|
411 | (1) |
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The Patron Theory (The Albini Model) |
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412 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 13.1: The Origin of the Mafia |
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|
414 | (1) |
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The Italian American Syndicate (IAS) |
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414 | (1) |
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Classic Pattern of Organized Crime |
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415 | (6) |
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Strategic and Tactical Crimes |
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415 | (1) |
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Illegal Businesses and Activities |
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416 | (4) |
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Crime File 13.2: Operation Hook Shot |
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418 | (1) |
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Criminology in Context 13.2: Mobsters, Unions, and the Feds |
|
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419 | (1) |
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Big Business and Government |
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420 | (1) |
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Crime Careers of Organized Criminals |
|
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421 | (2) |
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Crime File 13.3: J. Edgar Hoover, the Mafia, and the KKK |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (2) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (2) |
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Crime & the Media 13.1: Organized Crime |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (4) |
|
Chapter 14 Public Order Crime |
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433 | (22) |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (4) |
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435 | (2) |
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437 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (2) |
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438 | (2) |
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440 | (6) |
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441 | (1) |
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Drug Use in the United States: The Drug Dip? |
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|
442 | (1) |
|
Crime File 14.1: Moral Panics and the Strange Career of Captain Richmond Hobson-Moral Entrepreneur |
|
|
443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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444 | (2) |
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446 | (3) |
|
Crime & the Media 14.1: #MeToo |
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|
447 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
|
Crime & the Media 14.2: Public Order Crime |
|
|
450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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|
452 | (3) |
|
Chapter 15 Cybercrime and the Future of Crime |
|
|
455 | (19) |
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|
456 | (2) |
|
Crime File 15.1: Operation Ghost Click: International Cyber Ring That Infected Millions of Computers Dismantled |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Types of Attacks on Computer Systems |
|
|
458 | (3) |
|
Crime File 15.2: Botnet Bust |
|
|
460 | (1) |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (2) |
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Crime File 15.3: Cracking Down on Sexual Predators on the Internet |
|
|
463 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (2) |
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Criminology in Context 15.1: Protecting Children in Cyberspace: The ICAC Task Force Program |
|
|
465 | (1) |
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|
|
466 | (4) |
|
Exploring the Future of Crime: Methods |
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
Crime File 15.4: International Blackshades Malware Takedown |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
The Future of Digital Crime |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
British Home Office Predictions |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Crime & the Media 15.1: Cyberbullying and Its Consequences |
|
|
471 | (1) |
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|
471 | (1) |
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471 | (1) |
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|
472 | (1) |
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|
472 | (1) |
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|
|
472 | (2) |
| Learning Check Answers |
|
474 | (5) |
| Glossary |
|
479 | (8) |
| References and Further Readings |
|
487 | (47) |
| Index |
|
534 | |
