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xiii | |
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xv | |
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xvii | |
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PART I Economic Tools for the Environment |
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1 Introduction: Economics for the Environment |
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3 | (8) |
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1.1 The Economy and the Environment |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2 Key Insights from Economics of which Environmental Scientists, Environmental Managers, and Politicians Should be Aware |
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6 | (2) |
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1.3 The Rest of this Book: An Overview |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4 Using this Book for Teaching and Learning |
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9 | (2) |
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2 Markets and the Environment |
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11 | (28) |
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12 | (3) |
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15 | (8) |
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2.3 Markets for the Environment |
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23 | (16) |
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3 Valuing the Environment: Concepts |
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39 | (20) |
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3.1 What Does Economic Value Mean? |
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39 | (5) |
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3.2 In What Sense Does the Environment Have Economic Value? |
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44 | (5) |
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3.3 Why Place Economic Values on the Environment? |
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49 | (10) |
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3.3.1 Cost-benefit analysis |
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49 | (6) |
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3.3.2 Other uses of environmental valuation |
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55 | (4) |
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4 Valuing the Environment: Methods |
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59 | (23) |
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4.1 An Overview of the Methods |
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59 | (1) |
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4.2 Stated-preference Approaches |
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60 | (7) |
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4.2.1 Contingent valuation |
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60 | (3) |
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4.2.2 The choice experiment method |
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63 | (4) |
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4.3 Revealed-preference Approaches |
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67 | (9) |
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4.3.1 The hedonic pricing method |
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67 | (3) |
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70 | (6) |
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4.4 Production-function Approaches |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (4) |
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5 Environmental Risk and Behaviour |
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82 | (23) |
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5.1 Rational Behaviour under Risk |
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84 | (5) |
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5.2 Behavioural Economics and Risk |
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89 | (4) |
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5.3 Valuing Risks to Life and Limb |
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93 | (6) |
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99 | (6) |
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6 Economic Growth, the Environment, and Sustainable Development |
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105 | (26) |
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6.1 Economic Growth and Development |
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105 | (5) |
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6.1.1 Why do economies grow? |
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109 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Growth versus development |
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109 | (1) |
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6.2 Predictions from the Past |
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110 | (2) |
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6.3 Growth and the Environment: The Environmental Kuznets Curve |
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112 | (4) |
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6.4 Broadening the Issue: The Economics of Sustainable Development |
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116 | (6) |
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6.4.1 Definitions of sustainable development |
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116 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Sustainability rules? |
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119 | (3) |
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6.5 Measuring `Sustainability' |
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122 | (9) |
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6.5.1 Green net national product |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (2) |
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6.5.3 Other sustainability indicators |
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128 | (3) |
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7 Strategic Interactions and the Environment |
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131 | (20) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (6) |
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133 | (1) |
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7.2.2 The prisoner's dilemma |
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133 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Common property-the fisher's dilemma |
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135 | (4) |
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7.3 Self-governance-Escaping the Tragedy of the Commons |
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139 | (1) |
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7.4 Repeated Fishing Games |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (2) |
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7.6 Game Theory and Transboundary Pollution Control |
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145 | (6) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (5) |
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8 Trade and the Environment |
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151 | (24) |
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151 | (2) |
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8.2 Why do Countries Gain from Trade? |
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153 | (8) |
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8.2.1 Extending the basic trade model to include the environment |
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156 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Trade and the environment |
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157 | (4) |
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8.3 Empirical Evidence on the Trade Effects of Environmental Regulation |
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161 | (4) |
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8.4 International Trade Agreements and the Environment |
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165 | (10) |
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8.4.1 International trade agreements |
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165 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Multilateral environmental agreements and trade |
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167 | (8) |
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PART II Applying the Tools |
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9 The Economics of Climate Change |
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175 | (19) |
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175 | (2) |
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9.2 A Global Environmental Risk |
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177 | (1) |
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9.3 The Challenge of International Coordinatidn |
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178 | (7) |
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9.4 The Benefits and Costs of International Co-operation |
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185 | (3) |
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9.5 Economic Issues Underlying Benefit and Cost Estimates |
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188 | (2) |
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9.6 A Flexibility-Stringency Trade-off |
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190 | (4) |
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194 | (18) |
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194 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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10.2 Forest Distribution and Losses |
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197 | (1) |
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10.3 Why is Rainforest Lost? Economic Theories of Deforestation |
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197 | (5) |
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10.4 Tropical Deforestation and Poverty |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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10.6 How Much Natural Forest Should be Preserved? |
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205 | (1) |
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10.6.1 The optimal area of natural forest for a region |
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205 | (1) |
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10.7 Policies for Rainforest Conservation |
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206 | (6) |
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10.7.1 International policy |
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206 | (1) |
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10.7.2 The Global Environment Facility (GEF), REDD, and REDD+ |
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207 | (1) |
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10.7.3 How effective are international policies? |
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208 | (1) |
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10.7.4 National and local policies |
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209 | (3) |
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11 The Economics of Water Pollution |
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212 | (21) |
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212 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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11.2 The Costs of Water Pollution Control |
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214 | (3) |
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11.3 Non-point Source Water Pollution: A Difficult Problem to Solve |
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217 | (6) |
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11.4 Measuring Water-quality Benefits |
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223 | (4) |
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11.5 Problems for Cost-benefit Analysis of Water-quality Improvements |
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227 | (6) |
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11.5.1 Identifying the water-quality change to be valued |
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228 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Problems in pricing the environmental change, once identified |
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228 | (5) |
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233 | (29) |
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233 | (3) |
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236 | (3) |
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12.2.1 Economic insights into conservation objectives |
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236 | (2) |
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12.2.2 Allocating resources between species and ecosystems |
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238 | (1) |
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12.3 Values of Biodiversity |
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239 | (11) |
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240 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Bioprospecting for drugs |
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241 | (2) |
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12.3.3 Ecosystem service values |
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243 | (6) |
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12.3.4 Aesthetic use and non-use values |
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249 | (1) |
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12.4 Biodiversity and Conservation Policy |
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250 | (12) |
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12.4.1 International policy |
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251 | (2) |
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12.4.2 National policies are more challenging |
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253 | (9) |
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13 Non-renewable Natural Resources and Energy |
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262 | (24) |
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13.1 Natural Resource Types |
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263 | (1) |
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13.2 The Extraction of a Non-renewable Resource |
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263 | (4) |
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13.2.1 The baseline case-an introduction to Hotelling's rule |
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264 | (2) |
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13.2.2 Resource extraction and the monopolist |
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266 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Model including extraction costs |
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266 | (1) |
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13.3 Measuring Resource Scarcity |
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267 | (9) |
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270 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Unit cost measures |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (2) |
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13.3.5 Hotelling and the oil market |
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274 | (2) |
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13.4 Global Energy Demand and Supply |
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276 | (3) |
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13.5 Global Issues in Energy Policy |
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279 | (7) |
Glossary |
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286 | (5) |
Index |
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291 | |