1 Understanding the Universe: Cosmology, Astrophysics, Particles, and Their Interactions |
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1 | (20) |
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1.1 Particle and Astroparticle Physics |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (4) |
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1.3 A Quick Look at the Universe |
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7 | (8) |
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15 | (6) |
2 The Birth and the Basics of Particle Physics |
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21 | (50) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.2 The Rutherford Experiment |
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22 | (2) |
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2.3 fi Decay and the Neutrino Hypothesis |
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24 | (2) |
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2.4 Uncertainty Principle and the Scale of Measurements |
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26 | (1) |
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2.5 Cross-Section and Interaction Length |
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27 | (5) |
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2.5.1 Total Cross-Section |
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27 | (2) |
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2.5.2 Differential Cross-Sections |
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29 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Cross-Sections at Colliders |
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29 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Partial Cross-Sections |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.6 Decay Width and Lifetime |
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32 | (2) |
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2.7 The Fermi Golden Rule and the Rutherford Scattering |
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34 | (4) |
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2.7.1 Transition Amplitude |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.8 The Modern View of Scattering: Quantum Field Exchange |
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38 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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2.9 Particle Scattering in Static Fields |
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40 | (4) |
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2.9.1 Extended Charge Distributions (Non Relativistic) |
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40 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Finite Range Interactions |
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41 | (1) |
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2.9.3 Electron Scattering |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (17) |
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2.10.1 Lorentz Transformations |
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45 | (4) |
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2.10.2 Space-Time Interval |
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49 | (1) |
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2.10.3 Energy and Momentum |
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50 | (2) |
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2.10.4 Examples of Relativistic Dynamics |
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52 | (1) |
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2.10.5 Mandelstam Variables |
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53 | (2) |
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2.10.6 Lorentz Invariant Fermi Rule |
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55 | (2) |
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2.10.7 The Electromagnetic Tensor and the Covariant Formulation of Electromagnetism |
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57 | (4) |
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61 | (10) |
3 Cosmic Rays and the Development of Particle Physics |
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71 | (30) |
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3.1 The Puzzle of Atmospheric Ionization and the Discovery of Cosmic Rays |
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71 | (7) |
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3.1.1 Experiments Underwater and in Height |
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73 | (5) |
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3.1.2 The Nature of Cosmic Rays |
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78 | (1) |
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3.2 Cosmic Rays and the Beginning of Particle Physics |
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78 | (17) |
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3.2.1 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Antimatter |
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79 | (9) |
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3.2.2 The Discovery of Antimatter |
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88 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Cosmic Rays and the Progress of Particle Physics |
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89 | (2) |
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3.2.4 The µ Lepton and the π Mesons |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (2) |
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3.2.6 Mountain-Top Laboratories |
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95 | (1) |
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3.3 Particle Hunters Become Farmers |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (4) |
4 Particle Detection |
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101 | (88) |
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4.1 Interaction of Particles with Matter |
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101 | (19) |
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4.1.1 Charged Particle Interactions |
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101 | (9) |
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110 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Photon Interactions |
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111 | (3) |
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4.1.4 Nuclear (Hadronic) Interactions |
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114 | (1) |
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4.1.5 Interaction of Neutrinos |
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114 | (1) |
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4.1.6 Electromagnetic Showers |
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115 | (4) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (15) |
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120 | (9) |
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129 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Cherenkov Detectors |
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131 | (2) |
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4.2.4 Transition Radiation Detectors |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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4.3 High-Energy Particles |
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135 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Artificial Accelerators |
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136 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Cosmic Rays as Very-High-Energy Beams |
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139 | (1) |
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4.4 Detector Systems and Experiments at Accelerators |
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140 | (13) |
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4.4.1 Examples of Detectors for Fixed Target Experiments |
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142 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Examples of Detectors for Colliders |
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145 | (8) |
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153 | (36) |
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4.5.1 Interaction of Cosmic Rays with the Atmosphere; Extensive Air Showers |
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154 | (3) |
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4.5.2 Detectors of Charged Cosmic Rays |
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157 | (7) |
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164 | (13) |
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177 | (5) |
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4.5.5 Detection of Gravitational Waves |
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182 | (7) |
5 Particles and Symmetries |
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189 | (56) |
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189 | (2) |
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5.2 Symmetries and Conservation Laws: The Noether Theorem |
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191 | (2) |
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5.3 Symmetries and Groups |
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193 | (21) |
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5.3.1 A Quantum Mechanical View of the Noether's Theorem |
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194 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Some Fundamental Symmetries in Quantum Mechanics |
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196 | (3) |
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5.3.3 Unitary Groups and Special Unitary Groups |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (3) |
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202 | (2) |
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5.3.6 Discrete Symmetries: Parity, Charge Conjugation, and Time Reversal |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (4) |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (9) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Excited States (Nonzero Angular Momenta Between Quarks) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (14) |
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223 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Inelastic Scattering Kinematics |
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224 | (3) |
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5.5.3 Deep Inelastic Scattering |
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227 | (3) |
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5.5.4 The Quark-Parton Model |
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230 | (6) |
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5.5.5 The Number of Quark Colors |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (3) |
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5.6.1 The Discovery of the τ Lepton |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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5.7 The Particle Data Group and the Particle Data Book |
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240 | (5) |
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5.7.1 PDG: Estimates of Physical Quantities |
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241 | (1) |
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5.7.2 Averaging Procedures by the PDG |
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241 | (4) |
6 Interactions and Field Theories |
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245 | (116) |
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6.1 The Lagrangian Representation of a Dynamical System |
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247 | (3) |
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6.1.1 The Lagrangian and the Noether Theorem |
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248 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Lagrangians and Fields; Lagrangian Density |
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249 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Lagrangian Density and Mass |
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250 | (1) |
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6.2 Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) |
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250 | (35) |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (3) |
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6.2.4 Dirac Equation Revisited |
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259 | (11) |
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6.2.5 Klein-Gordon Equation Revisited |
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270 | (2) |
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6.2.6 The Lagrangian for a Charged Fermion in an Electromagnetic Field: Electromagnetism as a Field Theory |
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272 | (3) |
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6.2.7 An Introduction to Feynman Diagrams: Electromagnetic Interactions Between Charged Spinless Particles |
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275 | (4) |
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6.2.8 Electron-Muon Elastic Scattering |
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279 | (2) |
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6.2.9 Renormalization and Vacuum Polarization |
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281 | (4) |
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285 | (38) |
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6.3.1 The Fermi Model of Weak Interactions |
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285 | (3) |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (2) |
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6.3.4 "Left" and "Right" Chiral Particle States |
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292 | (3) |
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6.3.5 Intermediate Vector Bosons |
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295 | (9) |
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6.3.6 The Cabibbo Angle and the GM Mechanism |
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304 | (4) |
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6.3.7 Extension to Three Quark Families: The CKM Matrix |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (11) |
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6.3.9 Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry |
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321 | (2) |
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6.4 Strong Interactions and QCD |
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323 | (38) |
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6.4.1 Yang-Mills Theories |
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324 | (2) |
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6.4.2 The Lagrangian of QCD |
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326 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Vertices in QCD; Color Factors |
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327 | (1) |
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6.4.4 The Strong Coupling |
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328 | (3) |
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6.4.5 Asymptotic Freedom and Confinement |
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331 | (1) |
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6.4.6 Hadronization; Final States from Hadronic Interactions |
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331 | (9) |
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6.4.7 Hadronic Cross Section |
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340 | (21) |
7 The Higgs Mechanism and the Standard Model of Particle Physics |
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361 | (60) |
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7.1 The Higgs Mechanism and the Origin of Mass |
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363 | (6) |
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7.1.1 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking |
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363 | (1) |
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7.1.2 An Example from Classical Mechanics |
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364 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Application to Field Theory: Massless Fields Acquire Mass |
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365 | (2) |
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7.1.4 From SSB to the Higgs Mechanism: Gauge Symmetries and the Mass of Gauge Bosons |
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367 | (2) |
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7.2 Electroweak Unification |
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369 | (14) |
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7.2.1 The Formalism of the Electroweak Theory |
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371 | (4) |
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7.2.2 The Higgs Mechanism in the Electroweak Theory, and the Mass of the Electroweak Bosons |
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375 | (3) |
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378 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Interactions Between Fermions and Gauge Bosons |
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379 | (3) |
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7.2.5 Self-interactions of Gauge Bosons |
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382 | (1) |
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7.2.6 Feynman Diagram Rules for the Electroweak Interaction |
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382 | (1) |
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7.3 The Lagrangian of the Standard Model |
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383 | (4) |
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7.3.1 The Higgs Particle in the Standard Model |
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384 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Standard Model Parameters |
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384 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Accidental Symmetries |
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386 | (1) |
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7.4 Observables in the Standard Model |
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387 | (2) |
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7.5 Experimental Tests of the SM at Accelerators |
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389 | (19) |
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7.5.1 Data Versus Experiments: LEP (and the Tevatron) |
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390 | (13) |
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7.5.2 LHC and the Discovery of the Higgs Boson |
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403 | (5) |
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7.6 Beyond the Minimal SM of Particle Physics; Unification of Forces |
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408 | (13) |
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410 | (2) |
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412 | (3) |
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7.6.3 Strings and Extra Dimensions; Superstrings |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (4) |
8 The Standard Model of Cosmology and the Dark Universe |
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421 | (84) |
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8.1 Experimental Cosmology |
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422 | (29) |
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8.1.1 The Universe Is Expanding |
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422 | (7) |
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8.1.2 Cosmic Microwave Background |
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429 | (9) |
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8.1.3 Primordial Nucleosynthesis |
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438 | (5) |
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8.1.4 Astrophysical Evidence for Dark Matter |
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443 | (6) |
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8.1.5 Age of the Universe |
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449 | (2) |
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451 | (22) |
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8.2.1 Flat and Curved Spaces |
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455 | (3) |
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8.2.2 The Einstein Equations |
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458 | (3) |
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8.2.3 The Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker Model |
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461 | (11) |
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472 | (1) |
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8.3 Past, Present, and Future of the Universe |
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473 | (15) |
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473 | (8) |
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8.3.2 Inflation and Large-Scale Structures |
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481 | (5) |
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486 | (2) |
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8.4 What Is Dark Matter Made Of, and How Can It Be Found? |
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488 | (17) |
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8.4.1 Baryonic Dark Matter |
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488 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Weakly Interacting Particles |
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490 | (12) |
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8.4.3 Other Nonbaryonic Candidates |
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502 | (3) |
9 The Properties of Neutrinos |
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505 | (32) |
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9.1 Sources and Detectors; Evidence of the Transmutation of the Neutrino Flavor |
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506 | (20) |
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9.1.1 Solar Neutrinos, and the Solar Neutrino Problem |
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506 | (5) |
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9.1.2 Neutrino Oscillation in a Two-Flavor System |
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511 | (4) |
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9.1.3 Long-Baseline Reactor Experiments and the Estimate of upsilone->upsilonµ Oscillation Parameters |
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515 | (1) |
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9.1.4 Atmospheric Neutrinos, and the upsilonµ->upsilonτ Oscillation |
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516 | (3) |
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9.1.5 Phenomenology of Neutrino Oscillations: Extension to Three Families |
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519 | (2) |
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9.1.6 Short-Baseline Reactor Experiments, and the Determination of 013 |
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521 | (1) |
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9.1.7 Accelerator Neutrinos |
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522 | (2) |
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9.1.8 Explicit Appearance Experiment |
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524 | (1) |
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9.1.9 A Gift from Nature: Geo-Neutrinos |
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525 | (1) |
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9.2 Neutrino Oscillations; Present Knowledge of the Oscillation Parameters |
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526 | (2) |
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528 | (9) |
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9.3.1 The Constraints from Cosmological and Astrophysical Data |
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528 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Direct Measurements of the Electron Neutrino Mass: Beta Decays |
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529 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Direct Measurements of the Muon- and Tau-Neutrino Masses |
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531 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Incorporating Neutrino Masses in the Theory |
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531 | (2) |
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9.3.5 Majorana Neutrinos and the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay |
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533 | (2) |
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9.3.6 Present Mass Limits and Prospects |
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535 | (2) |
10 Messengers from the High-Energy Universe |
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537 | (80) |
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537 | (24) |
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10.1.1 Charged Cosmic Rays |
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538 | (11) |
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549 | (8) |
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557 | (2) |
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10.1.4 Gravitational Radiation |
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559 | (2) |
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10.2 How Are High-Energy Cosmic Rays Produced? |
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561 | (9) |
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10.2.1 Acceleration of Charged Cosmic Rays |
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561 | (5) |
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10.2.2 Production of High-Energy Gamma Rays |
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566 | (4) |
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10.2.3 Production of High-Energy Neutrinos |
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570 | (1) |
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10.3 Possible Acceleration Sites and Sources |
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570 | (17) |
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10.3.1 Stellar Endproducts |
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572 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Other Galactic Sources |
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575 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Extragalactic Sources |
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576 | (6) |
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10.3.4 Gamma Rays and the Origin of Cosmic Rays |
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582 | (3) |
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10.3.5 Sources of Neutrinos |
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585 | (1) |
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10.3.6 Sources of Gravitational Waves |
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586 | (1) |
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10.4 The Propagation Process |
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587 | (11) |
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10.4.1 Propagation of Charged Cosmic Rays |
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587 | (7) |
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10.4.2 Propagation of Photons |
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594 | (3) |
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10.4.3 Propagation of Neutrinos |
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597 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Propagation of Gravitational Waves |
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598 | (1) |
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10.5 Frontier Physics and Open Questions |
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598 | (19) |
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598 | (2) |
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10.5.2 Ultrahigh-Energy Phenomena |
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600 | (3) |
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10.5.3 Top-Down Production Mechanisms for CR; WIMPs |
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603 | (4) |
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10.5.4 Lorentz Symmetry Violation |
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607 | (3) |
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10.5.5 Possible Anomalous Photon Propagation Effects |
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610 | (7) |
11 Astrobiology and the Relation of Fundamental Physics to Life |
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617 | (30) |
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618 | (8) |
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11.1.1 Schrodinger's Definition of Life |
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619 | (1) |
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11.1.2 The Recipe of Life |
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619 | (5) |
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11.1.3 Life in Extreme Environments |
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624 | (1) |
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625 | (1) |
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11.2 Life on the Solar System, Outside Earth |
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626 | (5) |
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11.2.1 Planets of the Solar System |
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628 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Satellites of Giant Planets |
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629 | (2) |
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11.3 Search for Life Outside the Solar System |
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631 | (14) |
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11.3.1 The "Drake Equation" |
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631 | (1) |
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11.3.2 The Search for Habitable Planets |
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632 | (3) |
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635 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Listening to Messages from Space |
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636 | (2) |
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11.3.5 Sending Messages to the Universe |
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638 | (7) |
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645 | (2) |
Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements |
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647 | (2) |
Appendix B: Properties of Materials |
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649 | (2) |
Appendix C: Physical and Astrophysical Constants |
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651 | (2) |
Index |
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653 | |