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Introduction to Renewable Energy 2nd edition [Kietas viršelis]

(West Texas A&M University, Canyon, USA), (West Texas A&M University, Canyon, USA)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 423 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm, weight: 1420 g, 42 Tables, black and white; 252 Illustrations, black and white
  • Serija: Energy and the Environment
  • Išleidimo metai: 23-Nov-2015
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498701930
  • ISBN-13: 9781498701938
  • Formatas: Hardback, 423 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm, weight: 1420 g, 42 Tables, black and white; 252 Illustrations, black and white
  • Serija: Energy and the Environment
  • Išleidimo metai: 23-Nov-2015
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498701930
  • ISBN-13: 9781498701938
Introduction to Renewable Energy, Second Edition covers the fundamentals of renewable energy and serves as a resource to undergraduates in renewable energy courses, non-specialists within the energy industries, or anyone working to support the successful implementation of renewable energy.

The second edition discusses developments that have occurred since the publication of the first edition and considers the growing environmental impact of human activity on planet Earth. Dedicated to converging science and technology in a way that ensures a sustainable future, this book outlines the basics of renewable energy and focuses on current and developing policies that support the shift to renewable energy. New in the second edition, the book addresses bioenergy, energy balance, biodiesel, photovoltaic applications, and climate change.

The authors take a multidisciplinary approach and share their observations on trending technologies (including neuroscience, artificial intelligence, virtual reality (VR), nanotechnology, and genetic engineering) that they predict will have a significant impact in the next 25 years. Attributing the major problems in the world to overconsumption and overpopulation, they outline solutions that depend on global and local policies and work to reduce consumption, population growth, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental pollution, and military expenditures.

In addition, the book proposes possible answers to our energy dilemma that include:











Reduced demand of fossil fuels to depletion rate Transition to zero population growth and the beginning of a steady-state society A tax placed on carbon Implementing more policies and incentives to increase conservation and efficiency and to decrease the emissions of carbon dioxide

" a basic introduction to renewable energy for non-engineering and physics students... a balanced book in terms of content and topics covered with limited interests for professionals working in the field." Radian Belu, University of Alaska Anchorage, USA

Recenzijos

"Nelson and Starcher have put together a very complete picture of the development of renewable energy around the globe. The inclusion of chapters on the economics of power systems and institutional issues is commendable as these are often ignored or mentioned only in passing in other texts." John Krohn, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, USA

" explores most of the basic modes of renewable energy at an introductory level, paying enough attention to institutional issues and environmental impacts. The writers succeed in keeping the reader interested throughout the book." Marios Nestoros, Associate Professor, Department of Engineering, University of Nicosia, Cyprus

"The book provides a wide-ranging overview of renewable energy technologies, in a single volume. The coverage of each technology is made much more interesting, and appears more relevant, by the incorporation of numerous examples of such systems in real-world operation." Dr. William J. Smith, University College Dublin, Ireland

"Overall, this textbook is good for an undergraduate introductory course in renewable energy. It provides numerous real world examples and updated data in the power industries." Chean Chin Ngo, California State University, Fullerton, USA

"This is a well-balanced book enough detail to understand all sciences of renewable energy but understandable for a survey class that needs some basic mastery of all subjects with enough science and technology mixed in." Thomas L Looker, Associate Professor, Edison State College, Piqua, Ohio, USA

"The history included with each chapter provides a good base for students to build current concepts and knowledge upon. Anyone can benefit from this gentle introduction to renewables." John van Loon, Mohawk College, Ontario, Canada

" carefully crafted and supported with examples I am sure that this book will serve as a good textbook for undergraduate students. In addition, this book will be a valuable resource for all students and engineers who study and work in renewable energy fields." Cüneyt Ezgi, Turkish Naval Academy, Istanbul

"This book provides a comprehensive overview on renewable energy industry, technology and research, presents solid knowledge and detailed information." Lei Zhang, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, USA

"I like the outline of the text and think that it includes a good balance of introductory information and technical details. Images used enhance the description of the text. The figures include recent data from government reports, which put the information in context does a great job introducing the student to some of the biofuel technologies the authors motivate the need for energy by talking about the environmental factors. As a researcher, I am impressed that a thorough analysis of the multiple sources of production of liquid fuel from biomass is included." Timothy Thibodeau, Castleton University, Vermont, USA

" presents a solid, comprehensive overview of the renewable energy field." Dr. William Kao, University of California Santa Cruz, Silicon Valley Extension, USA

" the approach adopted by authors in this book to explain basics is easy to follow by students. Topics are well selected and defined..." Ali Assi, Lebanese International University

" a basic introduction to renewable energy for non-engineering and physics students... a balanced book in terms of content and topics covered with limited interests for professionals working in the field." Radian Belu, University of Alaska Anchorage, USA

"Nelson and Starcher (both, Alternative Energy Institute, West Texas A&M Univ.) cover a wide range of fundamental topics related to renewable energy in this updated edition (1st ed., 2011). The 16-chapter volume begins by discussing basic but important issues such as energy in relation to society, the types and economics of energy, and climate change. Chapter 2 covers fundamental calculations in thermodynamics such as energy, power, heat, efficiency, etc., and the availability/consumption rate of energy sources including coal, natural gas, petroleum, and nuclear. The chapter concludes by stating that "[ c]ontinued exponential growth is a physical impossibility in a finite (closed) system, and the Earth is a finite system." Chapters 3 through 8 discuss different aspects of solar energy. The following five chapters focus on other forms of renewable energy including wind, bioenergy, geothermal, and water, as well as energy storage. The last three chapters address nontechnical subjects including institutional and economic aspects of energy as well as predictions for the future. For each topic, Nelson and Starcher present key ideas, up-to-date data, and tangible examples that facilitate understanding of complex concepts. The authors also explain advantages and/or limitations for each technology. Part of the "Energy and the Environment" series." CHOICE, July 2016 "Nelson and Starcher have put together a very complete picture of the development of renewable energy around the globe. The inclusion of chapters on the economics of power systems and institutional issues is commendable as these are often ignored or mentioned only in passing in other texts." John Krohn, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, USA

" explores most of the basic modes of renewable energy at an introductory level, paying enough attention to institutional issues and environmental impacts. The writers succeed in keeping the reader interested throughout the book." Marios Nestoros, Associate Professor, Department of Engineering, University of Nicosia, Cyprus

"The book provides a wide-ranging overview of renewable energy technologies, in a single volume. The coverage of each technology is made much more interesting, and appears more relevant, by the incorporation of numerous examples of such systems in real-world operation." Dr. William J. Smith, University College Dublin, Ireland

"Overall, this textbook is good for an undergraduate introductory course in renewable energy. It provides numerous real world examples and updated data in the power industries." Chean Chin Ngo, California State University, Fullerton, USA

"This is a well-balanced book enough detail to understand all sciences of renewable energy but understandable for a survey class that needs some basic mastery of all subjects with enough science and technology mixed in." Thomas L Looker, Associate Professor, Edison State College, Piqua, Ohio, USA

"The history included with each chapter provides a good base for students to build current concepts and knowledge upon. Anyone can benefit from this gentle introduction to renewables." John van Loon, Mohawk College, Ontario, Canada

" carefully crafted and supported with examples I am sure that this book will serve as a good textbook for undergraduate students. In addition, this book will be a valuable resource for all students and engineers who study and work in renewable energy fields." Cüneyt Ezgi, Turkish Naval Academy, Istanbul

"This book provides a comprehensive overview on renewable energy industry, technology and research, presents solid knowledge and detailed information." Lei Zhang, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, USA

"I like the outline of the text and think that it includes a good balance of introductory information and technical details. Images used enhance the description of the text. The figures include recent data from government reports, which put the information in context does a great job introducing the student to some of the biofuel technologies the authors motivate the need for energy by talking about the environmental factors. As a researcher, I am impressed that a thorough analysis of the multiple sources of production of liquid fuel from biomass is included." Timothy Thibodeau, Castleton University, Vermont, USA

" presents a solid, comprehensive overview of the renewable energy field." Dr. William Kao, University of California Santa Cruz, Silicon Valley Extension, USA

" the approach adopted by authors in this book to explain basics is easy to follow by students. Topics are well selected and defined..." Ali Assi, Lebanese International University

" a basic introduction to renewable energy for non-engineering and physics students... a balanced book in terms of content and topics covered with limited interests for professionals working in the field." Radian Belu, University of Alaska Anchorage, USA

"Nelson and Starcher (both, Alternative Energy Institute, West Texas A&M Univ.) cover a wide range of fundamental topics related to renewable energy in this updated edition (1st ed., 2011). The 16-chapter volume begins by discussing basic but important issues such as energy in relation to society, the types and economics of energy, and climate change. Chapter 2 covers fundamental calculations in thermodynamics such as energy, power, heat, efficiency, etc., and the availability/consumption rate of energy sources including coal, natural gas, petroleum, and nuclear. The chapter concludes by stating that "[ c]ontinued exponential growth is a physical impossibility in a finite (closed) system, and the Earth is a finite system." Chapters 3 through 8 discuss different aspects of solar energy. The following five chapters focus on other forms of renewable energy including wind, bioenergy, geothermal, and water, as well as energy storage. The last three chapters address nontechnical subjects including institutional and economic aspects of energy as well as predictions for the future. For each topic, Nelson and Starcher present key ideas, up-to-date data, and tangible examples that facilitate understanding of complex concepts. The authors also explain advantages and/or limitations for each technology. Part of the "Energy and the Environment" series." CHOICE, July 2016

List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xxvii
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgments xxxiii
Authors xxxv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(12)
1.1 Energy and Society
1(1)
1.2 Types of Energy
2(1)
1.3 Renewable Energy
3(1)
1.4 Advantages/Disadvantages
4(1)
1.5 Economics
4(1)
1.6 Climate Change
5(1)
1.7 Order of Magnitude Estimates
6(1)
1.8 Growth (Exponential)
7(2)
1.9 Solutions
9(1)
References
10(1)
Recommended Resources
10(3)
Chapter 2 Energy 13(26)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Definition of Energy and Power
13(2)
2.3 Heat
15(1)
2.4 Thermodynamics
16(1)
2.5 Energy Dilemma in Light of the Laws of Thermodynamics
16(4)
2.5.1 Conservation
16(1)
2.5.2 Efficiency
17(3)
2.6 Use of Fossil Fuels
20(8)
2.6.1 Petroleum
24(2)
2.6.2 Natural Gas
26(1)
2.6.3 Coal
27(1)
2.7 Nuclear
28(2)
2.8 Finite Resource
30(2)
2.9 Summary
32(1)
References
33(1)
Recommended Resources
34(5)
Chapter 3 Sun 39(20)
3.1 Solar Power
39(1)
3.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum
39(3)
3.2.1 Visible
42(1)
3.2.2 Blackbody Radiation
42(1)
3.3 Energy Balance of the Earth
42(2)
3.4 Earth-Sun Motion
44(5)
3.4.1 Earth Motion
46(2)
3.4.2 Sun Position
48(1)
3.5 Insolation
49(1)
3.6 Solar Resource
50(1)
3.7 Greenhouse Effect
50(5)
References
55(1)
Recommended Resources
55(4)
Chapter 4 Heat Transfer and Storage 59(16)
4.1 Introduction
59(1)
4.2 Conduction
59(5)
4.3 Convection
64(2)
4.4 Radiation
66(1)
4.5 Thermal Mass
66(3)
4.5.1 Thermal Mass Patterns
67(1)
4.5.2 Specific Heat
67(2)
4.6 Seasonal Heating or Cooling
69(1)
4.7 Thermal Comfort
69(3)
References
72(1)
Recommended Resources
72(3)
Chapter 5 Solar Heating and Cooling 75(30)
5.1 Building
75(1)
5.1.1 Air Quality
75(1)
5.1.2 Air and Vapor Barriers
75(1)
5.1.3 Wind and Vegetation
76(1)
5.2 Passive
76(1)
5.3 Windows and Glazing
77(6)
5.3.1 Other Glazings
79(1)
5.3.2 Solar Heating
79(3)
5.3.3 Shading
82(1)
5.4 Passive Heating and Cooling
83(4)
5.4.1 Direct Gain
83(1)
5.4.2 Indirect Gain
83(3)
5.4.3 Cooling
86(1)
5.5 Active Heating
87(6)
5.5.1 Flat-Plate Collectors
89(1)
5.5.2 Domestic Hot Water
90(3)
5.5.3 Swimming Pools
93(1)
5.6 Active Cooling
93(1)
5.7 Daylighting
94(1)
5.8 Hybrid and Other
94(1)
5.9 Drying Agricultural Products, Lumber
94(3)
5.10 Solar Cookers
97(2)
5.11 Water Purification
99(2)
References
101(1)
Recommended Resources
102(3)
Chapter 6 Photovoltaics 105(32)
6.1 Introduction
105(1)
6.2 Physics Basics
105(2)
6.3 Energy Bands
107(1)
6.4 Photovoltaic Basics
108(2)
6.5 Performance
110(3)
6.6 Design Considerations
113(6)
6.6.1 Sizing
114(1)
6.6.2 Tracking
115(2)
6.6.3 Estimation of Energy Production
117(2)
6.7 Installed Capacity and Production
119(3)
6.8 Distributed Systems
122(2)
6.9 Community Solar
124(1)
6.10 Applications
125(8)
6.10.1 Grid Connected
125(2)
6.10.2 Village and Hybrid Power
127(2)
6.10.3 Stand-Alone
129(4)
6.11 Comments
133(1)
References
133(1)
Recommended Resources
134(3)
Chapter 7 Concentrating Solar Power 137(22)
7.1 Introduction
137(1)
7.2 Power Tower
138(6)
7.3 Line or Linear
144(6)
7.4 Dish/Engine
150(2)
7.5 Point Focus
152(1)
7.6 Solar Pond
152(3)
7.7 Comments
155(1)
References
156(1)
Recommended Resources
156(3)
Chapter 8 Solar Systems 159(26)
8.1 Introduction
159(1)
8.2 Passive Systems
159(7)
8.2.1 Location, Orientation, and Shape
160(1)
8.2.2 Indoor Space
161(1)
8.2.3 Windows
161(1)
8.2.4 Direct Gain
161(1)
8.2.5 Thermal Mass
162(1)
8.2.6 Clerestories and Skylights
163(1)
8.2.7 Sunroom (Solar Room) and Attached Greenhouse
163(1)
8.2.8 Passive Cooling
163(1)
8.2.9 Other
164(2)
8.3 Hybrid Systems
166(10)
8.3.1 Building
168(1)
8.3.2 Passive Heating and Cooling
168(2)
8.3.3 Solar Hot Air System
170(1)
8.3.4 Solar Hot Water
170(1)
8.3.5 Daylighting
170(2)
8.3.6 Electrical Generation
172(2)
8.3.7 Performance
174(2)
8.4 Active Systems
176(1)
8.5 Underground Homes
177(2)
8.6 Computer Software
179(1)
8.7 Others
180(2)
8.7.1 Straw Bale House
180(1)
8.7.2 Adobe and Rammed Earth
180(1)
8.7.3 Tire Houses, Earthships
181(1)
8.7.4 Double-Envelope House
181(1)
8.7.5 Green Building
182(1)
References
182(1)
Recommended Resources
182(3)
Chapter 9 Wind Energy 185(36)
9.1 Introduction
185(1)
9.2 Wind Resource
186(5)
9.2.1 Wind Shear
187(2)
9.2.2 Wind Maps
189(2)
9.3 Wind Turbines
191(4)
9.4 Wind Farms
195(5)
9.5 Wind Industry
200(2)
9.6 Small Wind Turbines
202(3)
9.7 Distributed-Community Wind
205(2)
9.8 Village Power
207(1)
9.9 Wind Diesel
208(4)
9.10 Others
212(1)
9.11 Performance
213(3)
9.12 Comments
216(1)
References
216(1)
Recommended Resources
217(4)
Chapter 10 Bioenergy 221(32)
10.1 Introduction
221(1)
10.2 Climate Change
222(2)
10.2.1 Climate Change-Anthropocene
223(1)
10.2.2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
224(1)
10.3 Biomass Production
224(5)
10.4 Conversion
229(3)
10.5 Heat and Power
232(5)
10.5.1 Municipal Solid Waste
233(1)
10.5.2 Landfill Gas
234(1)
10.5.3 Biogas
235(2)
10.6 Biofuels
237(9)
10.6.1 Ethanol
238(3)
10.6.2 Biodiesel
241(1)
10.6.3 Biogas Digesters
242(1)
10.6.4 Microalgae
243(3)
10.7 Comments
246(1)
References
247(1)
Recommended Resources
248(5)
Chapter 11 Geothermal Energy 253(26)
11.1 Introduction
253(1)
11.2 Resource
254(2)
11.3 Types of Geothermal Resources
256(6)
11.4 Direct Use
262(3)
11.4.1 Springs, Space Heating, and Others
263(1)
11.4.2 District Heating
263(2)
11.4.3 Case Studies
265(1)
11.5 Geothermal Heat Pumps
265(3)
11.6 Electricity
268(7)
11.6.1 Dry Steam
270(1)
11.6.2 Flash
271(2)
11.6.3 Binary Plants
273(1)
11.6.4 Combined Heat and Power
274(1)
11.6.5 Other Systems
274(1)
11.7 Comments
275(1)
References
275(1)
Recommended Resources
276(3)
Chapter 12 Water 279(34)
12.1 Introduction
279(2)
12.2 World Resource
281(1)
12.3 Hydroelectric
281(9)
12.3.1 Large (>30 MW)
281(6)
12.3.2 Small Hydro (100 kW to 30 MW, 10 MW in Europe)
287(1)
12.3.3 Microhydro (<100 kW)
288(2)
12.4 Turbines
290(3)
12.4.1 Impulse Turbines
291(1)
12.4.2 Reaction Turbines
292(1)
12.5 Water Flow
293(3)
12.6 Tides
296(3)
12.7 Ocean
299(9)
12.7.1 Currents
299(2)
12.7.2 Waves
301(5)
12.7.3 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
306(2)
12.7.4 Salinity Gradient
308(1)
12.8 Others
308(1)
References
309(2)
Recommended Resources
311(2)
Chapter 13 Storage 313(20)
13.1 Introduction
313(5)
13.2 Pumped Hydro
318(2)
13.2.1 Case Study
319(1)
13.3 Compressed Air
320(1)
13.4 Flywheels
321(1)
13.5 Batteries
322(5)
13.5.1 Lead Acid
322(2)
13.5.2 Lithium Ion
324(1)
13.5.3 Sodium Sulfur
325(1)
13.5.4 Flow Batteries
325(2)
13.5.4.1 Case Study
326(1)
13.5.5 Other Types of Batteries
327(1)
13.6 Other Storage Systems
327(2)
13.6.1 Magnetic Systems
327(1)
13.6.2 Capacitors
328(1)
13.6.3 Phase Change Materials
328(1)
13.7 Hydrogen
329(1)
References
330(1)
Recommended Resources
330(3)
Chapter 14 Institutional Issues 333(24)
14.1 Introduction
333(1)
14.2 The United States
333(4)
14.2.1 Avoided Cost
334(1)
14.2.2 Utility Concerns
335(2)
14.3 Regulations
337(1)
14.4 Environmental Issues
337(3)
14.5 Politics
340(1)
14.6 Incentives
341(9)
14.6.1 The United States
342(5)
14.6.1.1 Federal Support
343(1)
14.6.1.2 State Support
344(1)
14.6.1.3 Green Power
345(1)
14.6.1.4 Net Metering
345(2)
14.6.2 Other Countries
347(13)
14.6.2.1 Wind
347(2)
14.6.2.2 Photovoltaic Energy, Solar Hot Water
349(1)
14.7 Externalities (Social Costs/Benefits)
350(2)
14.8 Transmission
352(1)
References
353(1)
Recommended Resources
354(3)
Chapter 15 Economics 357(34)
15.1 Introduction
357(1)
15.2 Factors Affecting Economics
358(2)
15.3 Economic Analyses
360(4)
15.3.1 Simple Payback
360(2)
15.3.2 Cost of Energy
362(2)
15.4 Life-Cycle Costs
364(2)
15.5 Present Worth and Levelized Costs
366(1)
15.6 Externalities
367(1)
15.7 Project Development
367(5)
15.7.1 Landowner Considerations
371(1)
15.8 Cost (Value) of Energy and Different Sources
372(11)
15.8.1 Passive Solar
375(1)
15.8.2 Active Solar Heat
375(1)
15.8.3 Photovoltaics
375(1)
15.8.4 Concentrating Solar Power
376(1)
15.8.5 Wind
377(2)
15.8.6 Bioenergy
379(1)
15.8.7 Geothermal Systems
379(1)
15.8.8 Water
380(1)
15.8.9 Village Power
381(1)
15.8.10 Wind Diesel
382(1)
15.9 Summary
383(3)
15.10 Future Trends
386(1)
References
387(1)
Recommended Resources
387(4)
Chapter 16 Observations 391(16)
16.1 Solid-State Electronics
395(1)
16.2 Internet
395(1)
16.3 Geographic Information Systems
396(1)
16.4 Satellites
396(1)
16.5 Examples
397(2)
16.5.1 Interactive Maps
397(1)
16.5.2 Interactive Database
398(1)
16.5.3 Tools
398(1)
16.5.4 Others
399(1)
16.6 Predictions
399(1)
16.7 Science
400(1)
16.8 Authors' Predictions
401(1)
16.9 On the Downside
402(1)
References
403(1)
Recommended Resources
404(3)
Appendix 407(6)
Index 413
Vaughn C. Nelson, PhD, has been involved with renewable energy since the early 1970s. Dr. Vaughn has published numerous papers and is the author of three books, including Wind Energy (2009, 2nd Ed 2013) and Introduction to Renewable Energy (2011) from CRC Press. His primary work has been on wind resource assessment, education and training, applied R&D, and rural applications of wind energy. He has received three awards from the American Wind Energy Association. His degrees include a PhD in physics from the University of Kansas; an EdM from Harvard University; and a BSE from Kansas State Teachers College.

Kenneth Starcher has a BS in physics/computer science at West Texas State University (1980). He received an MS in engineering technology at WTAMU (1995). Starcher has been a field worker at the Alternative Energy Institute (AEI) Wind Test Center since 1980. He has been the educational funnel for onsite training and public information for students and public workshops for AEI, and has served as a trainer at wind and solar training workshops locally, nationally, and internationally. He has also served as a research technician, research associate, assistant director, director, and associate director for AEI over the past 35 years.