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El. knyga: Introductory Biomedical Imaging: Principles and Practice from Microscopy to MRI [Taylor & Francis e-book]

  • Formatas: 312 pages, 18 Tables, color; 40 Tables, black and white; 262 Line drawings, color; 4 Line drawings, black and white; 64 Halftones, color; 21 Halftones, black and white; 326 Illustrations, color; 25 Illustrations, black and white
  • Serija: Imaging in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy
  • Išleidimo metai: 08-Sep-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781315223131
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Taylor & Francis e-book
  • Kaina: 170,80 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Standartinė kaina: 244,00 €
  • Sutaupote 30%
  • Formatas: 312 pages, 18 Tables, color; 40 Tables, black and white; 262 Line drawings, color; 4 Line drawings, black and white; 64 Halftones, color; 21 Halftones, black and white; 326 Illustrations, color; 25 Illustrations, black and white
  • Serija: Imaging in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy
  • Išleidimo metai: 08-Sep-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781315223131
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Imaging is everywhere. We use our eyes to see and cameras to take pictures. Scientists use microscopes and telescopes to peer into cells and out to space. Doctors use ultrasound, X-rays, radioisotopes, and MRI to look inside our bodies. If you are curious about imaging, open this textbook to learn the fundamentals.

Imaging is a powerful tool in fundamental and applied scientific research and also plays a crucial role in medical diagnostics, treatment, and research. This undergraduate textbook introduces cutting-edge imaging techniques and the physics underlying them. Elementary concepts from electromagnetism, optics, and modern physics are used to explain prominent forms of light microscopy, as well as endoscopy, ultrasound, projection radiography and computed tomography, radionuclide imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging. This textbook also covers digital image processing and analysis. Theoretical principles are reinforced with illustrative homework problems, applications, activities, and experiments, and by emphasizing recurring themes, including the effects of resolution, contrast, and noise on image quality. Readers will learn imaging fundamentals, diagnostic capabilities, and strengths and weaknesses of techniques.

This textbook had its genesis, and has been vetted, in a "Biomedical Imaging" course at Lewis & Clark College in Portland, OR, and is designed to facilitate the teaching of similar courses at other institutions. It is unique in its coverage of both optical microscopy and medical imaging at an intermediate level, and exceptional in its coverage of material at several levels of sophistication.
List of Boxes
xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Authors xxiii
About the Illustrator xxv
1 Introduction
1(8)
1.1 Historical Overview of Light Microscopy
1(1)
1.2 Light Microscopic Modalities
1(3)
1.2.1 Brightfield
1(1)
1.2.2 Darkfield
2(1)
1.2.3 Phase-Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast
2(1)
1.2.4 Polarization Microscopy
3(1)
1.2.5 Basic Fluorescence Microscopy
3(1)
1.2.6 Axially Selective Illumination Methods
4(1)
1.2.7 Super-Resolution Methods
4(1)
1.3 Historical Overview of Medical Imaging
4(2)
1.4 Medical Imaging Modalities
6(3)
1.4.1 Ultrasound
6(1)
1.4.2 Conventional Radiography and Computed Tomography
6(1)
1.4.3 Planar and Tomographic Nuclear Imaging
7(1)
1.4.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
7(1)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
8(1)
2 Review of Essential Basics
9(16)
2.1 Attributes of Waves
9(3)
2.2 Interactions of Waves and Matter
12(5)
2.2.1 Qualitative Description
12(1)
2.2.1.1 Absorption
12(1)
2.2.1.2 Emission
12(1)
2.2.1.3 Elastic Scattering
12(1)
2.2.1.4 Transmission
13(1)
2.2.1.5 Change in Wave Speed
13(1)
2.2.2 Reflection and Refraction at Boundaries
13(4)
2.3 Superposition of Waves
17(2)
2.4 Polarization of EM Radiation
19(6)
2.4.1 Types of Polarization
19(1)
2.4.2 Generating and Manipulating Polarized Light
19(2)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
21(1)
Homework Problems
21(4)
Section I Microscopy
25(156)
3 Introduction to Image Formation by the Optical Microscope
27(22)
3.1 Lens Function
27(1)
3.2 Optical Power, Focal Length, and Focal Plane
28(2)
3.3 Types of Lenses and Aberrations
30(2)
3.3.1 Single-Element (Simple) Lenses
30(1)
3.3.2 Multi-Element (Compound) Lenses
30(2)
3.4 Objects and Images
32(5)
3.4.1 Qualitative Analysis
32(1)
3.4.2 Quantitative Analysis
33(1)
3.4.2.1 Ray Tracing
33(1)
3.4.2.2 Lens Equations
34(3)
3.4.2.3 Angular Magnification
37(1)
3.5 The Rudimentary Compound Microscope
37(2)
3.6 The Research-Grade Optical Microscope
39(10)
3.6.1 Kohler Illumination
39(1)
3.6.2 The Optical Train
40(4)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
44(1)
Homework Problems
44(2)
Activities
46(1)
A3.1 Construction of a simple compound microscope
46(3)
4 Wave Theory of Image Formation and Resolution
49(20)
4.1 Diffraction
49(4)
4.1.1 Aperture-Induced Spreading
49(1)
4.1.2 Quantifying Resolution
49(3)
4.1.3 Rayleigh's Resolution Criterion
52(1)
4.2 Abbe Theory
53(3)
4.3 The Significance of Numerical Aperture
56(2)
4.4 Abbe's Experiments: Manipulating Specimen Diffraction Patterns
58(3)
4.5 The Role of Coherence
61(1)
4.6 Mathematical Analysis of Interference from Two Coherent Sources [ Optional]
62(7)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
64(1)
Homework Problems
64(3)
Activities
67(1)
A4.1 Generation of Simple Diffraction Patterns
67(1)
A4.2 Spatial Filtering
67(2)
5 Contrast Enhancement in Optical Microscopy
69(26)
5.1 Brightfield Microscopy
69(1)
5.1.1 Amplitude Specimens
69(1)
5.1.2 Phase Specimens
69(1)
5.2 Contrast-Enhancing Approaches
69(20)
5.2.1 Common Themes
69(1)
5.2.2 Darkfield Microscopy
70(2)
5.2.2.1 Mechanism of Contrast Generation
72(1)
5.2.2.2 Experimental Implementation
72(1)
5.2.3 Phase-Contrast Microscopy
72(1)
5.2.3.1 Vector Analysis of Phase Specimens
73(3)
5.2.3.2 Specimen Appearance in Positive Phase Contrast
76(1)
5.2.3.3 Experimental Implementation
76(1)
5.2.4 Polarization Microscopy
76(1)
5.2.4.1 Birefringence
76(3)
5.2.4.2 Mechanism of Contrast Generation
79(3)
5.2.4.3 Experimental Implementation
82(1)
5.2.5 Differential Interference Contrast
83(1)
5.2.5.1 Mechanism of Contrast Generation
83(4)
5.2.5.2 Experimental Implementation
87(2)
5.3 Comparison of Approaches
89(6)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
89(1)
Homework Problems
89(4)
Activities
93(1)
A5.1 Tour of Brightfield, Darkfield, and Phase-Contrast Microscopies
93(1)
A5.2 Introduction to Polarization Microscopy
94(1)
6 Fluorescence Microscopy
95(24)
6.1 Attributes of Fluorophores and Fluorescence
95(4)
6.1.1 Fluorophore Structure
95(1)
6.1.2 Fluorescence Excitation and Emission Spectra
95(4)
6.2 Fluorescence Labeling Techniques
99(3)
6.2.1 Conventional Staining
99(1)
6.2.1.1 Covalent Labeling
99(1)
6.2.1.2 Immunofluorescence Labeling
99(1)
6.2.1.3 Fluorescent Chemical Reagents
99(1)
6.2.2 Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Reporters
100(2)
6.3 The Widefield Fluorescence Microscope
102(3)
6.3.1 The Epi-Fluorescence Optical Train
102(1)
6.3.2 Filter Cubes
102(1)
6.3.3 Imaging Modes for Thin Samples
102(3)
6.3.4 The Blur Problem for "Thick" Samples
105(1)
6.4 Confocal Microscopy
105(4)
6.4.1 Key Optical Principles of LSCM
106(1)
6.4.2 Instrumentation for LSCM
107(1)
6.4.3 Key Optical Principles of SDCM
107(1)
6.4.4 Instrumentation for SDCM
108(1)
6.4.5 Imaging Modes
108(1)
6.5 Deconvolution
109(3)
6.6 Comparison of Confocal Microscopy and Deconvolution
112(7)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
113(1)
Homework Problems
113(3)
Activities
116(1)
A6.1 Analyzing a PSF
116(3)
7 Axially Selective Fluorescence Excitation Techniques
119(16)
7.1 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM)
119(4)
7.1.1 Mechanism of Axial Discrimination
119(1)
7.1.2 Experimental Implementation
120(3)
7.2 Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM)
123(3)
7.2.1 Mechanism of Axial Discrimination
123(2)
7.2.2 Experimental Implementation
125(1)
7.3 Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy
126(5)
7.3.1 Two-Photon Excitation
126(1)
7.3.2 Mechanism of Axial Discrimination
127(2)
7.3.3 Application to Deep Imaging
129(1)
7.3.4 Experimental Implementation
130(1)
7.4 Comparison of Approaches
131(4)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
131(1)
Homework Problems
131(4)
8 Super-Resolution Fluorescence Techniques
135(18)
8.1 Super-Resolution Structured Illumination Microscopy (SR-SIM)
135(4)
8.1.1 Mechanism of Resolution Enhancement
135(2)
8.1.2 Experimental Implementation
137(2)
8.2 Sequential Readout-Based Approaches
139(8)
8.2.1 Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED)
140(1)
8.2.1.1 Mechanism of Resolution Enhancement
140(1)
8.2.1.2 Spot Engineering via Stimulated Emission
141(1)
8.2.1.3 Experimental Implementation
142(1)
8.2.2 Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM)
143(1)
8.2.2.1 Mechanism of Resolution Enhancement
143(1)
8.2.2.2 Image Processing
143(2)
8.2.2.3 Image Resolution and the Nyquist Sampling Criterion
145(1)
8.2.2.4 Experimental Implementation
146(1)
8.3 Comparison of Approaches
147(6)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
149(1)
Homework Problems
150(2)
Activities
152(1)
A8.1 Analyzing PALM Data
152(1)
9 Detectors, Sampling, and Image Processing and Analysis
153(28)
9.1 Detectors
153(6)
9.1.1 Photomultipliers (PMTs)
153(2)
9.1.2 Photodiodes
155(1)
9.1.3 Cameras
156(1)
9.1.3.1 Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Cameras
156(1)
9.1.3.2 Electron-Multiplying CCD (EMCCD) Cameras
157(1)
9.1.3.3 Scientific (sCMOS) Cameras
158(1)
9.2 Noise and the Image Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
159(2)
9.3 Sampling
161(2)
9.4 Introduction to Digital Image Processing and Analysis
163(18)
9.4.1 Image Processing
163(1)
9.4.1.1 Image Restoration
164(7)
9.4.1.2 Image Enhancement
171(2)
9.4.1.3 Binary Conversion/Image Segmentation
173(1)
9.4.2 Image Analysis
173(3)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
176(1)
Homework Problems
176(2)
Activities
178(1)
A9.1 Noise and Resolution
178(1)
A9.2 Image Processing
179(1)
A9.3 Image Analysis
180(1)
Section II Medical Imaging
181(120)
10 Ultrasound
183(28)
10.1 Essence of the Technique
183(1)
10.2 Attributes of US
183(1)
10.3 Generating and Detecting US
184(2)
10.4 Transducer Design and Beam Attributes
186(1)
10.5 Image Formation
187(6)
10.5.1 Display of Ultrasound Data
191(1)
10.5.1.1 A-Mode
191(1)
10.5.1.2 B-Mode
191(1)
10.5.1.3 M-Mode
191(1)
10.5.2 2D and 3D Imaging
192(1)
10.5.2.1 Two-Dimensional Imaging
192(1)
10.5.2.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging
193(1)
10.6 Resolution
193(3)
10.6.1 Lateral
194(1)
10.6.2 Axial
194(1)
10.6.3 Elevational
195(1)
10.7 Contrast
196(3)
10.7.1 Specular Reflection
196(1)
10.7.2 Nonspecular (Diffuse) Reflection and Scattering
196(1)
10.7.3 Attenuation
197(1)
10.7.4 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)
197(2)
10.8 DopplerUS
199(4)
10.9 Endoscopic US
203(1)
10.10 Applications
204(7)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
206(1)
Homework Problems
207(2)
Activities
209(1)
A10.1 Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of the Carotid Artery
209(2)
11 Projection Radiography and Computed Tomography
211(32)
11.1 Essence of Radiography and CT
211(1)
11.2 Properties of X-Rays
211(6)
11.2.1 Energies of Diagnostic X-Rays
211(3)
11.2.2 Interactions with Matter
214(1)
11.2.2.1 The PE Effect
214(3)
11.2.2.2 The Compton Effect
217(1)
11.3 Generating and Detecting X-Rays
217(4)
11.3.1 Generating X-Rays
217(2)
11.3.2 Detecting X-Rays
219(2)
11.4 Projection Radiographic Imaging
221(6)
11.4.1 Beam Intensity
221(1)
11.4.1.1 Monoenergetic Beams
221(2)
11.4.1.2 Polyenergetic Beams and Beam Hardening
223(1)
11.4.2 Resolution and Magnification
224(1)
11.4.3 Contrast
225(2)
11.4.4 Scattering
227(1)
11.5 Computed Tomography
227(9)
11.5.1 Data Acquisition
228(2)
11.5.2 Image Attributes
230(1)
11.5.3 The CT Grayscale
231(1)
11.5.4 Image Reconstruction
231(5)
11.5.5 Image Display
236(1)
11.6 Applications
236(7)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
238(1)
Homework Problems
238(2)
Activities
240(1)
A11.1 Transmission Imaging (Projection and Tomographic)
240(3)
12 Planar Scintigraphy and Emission Tomography
243(28)
12.1 Essence of Emission Imaging
243(1)
12.2 Physics of Radioactive Materials
243(5)
12.2.1 Atomic and Nuclear Structure
243(1)
12.2.2 Stable and Unstable Nuclei
244(1)
12.2.2.1 Isomeric Transitions
244(2)
12.2.2.2 Positron Emission
246(1)
12.2.3 Decay Kinetics
247(1)
12.3 Generation and Detection of Radioactivity
248(4)
12.3.1 Generating Radioactivity
248(1)
12.3.2 Detecting Radioactivity
249(1)
12.3.3 Coordinate Computation
250(1)
12.3.4 Pulse Height Analysis
251(1)
12.4 Projection Nuclear Imaging
252(5)
12.4.1 Modern Camera Systems
253(1)
12.4.2 Production of a Digital Image
253(1)
12.4.3 Image Quality
253(1)
12.4.3.1 Resolution
254(1)
12.4.3.2 Contrast
255(1)
12.4.4 Image Quantification
255(2)
12.5 Emission Computed Tomography
257(7)
12.5.1 SPECT
258(1)
12.5.1.1 Data Acquisition
258(1)
12.5.1.2 Data Correction
258(1)
12.5.2 PET
259(1)
12.5.2.1 Data Acquisition
259(3)
12.5.2.2 Data Correction
262(1)
12.5.3 Comparison of SPECT and PET
262(2)
12.6 Reconstruction
264(1)
12.7 Applications
264(7)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
267(1)
Homework Problems
267(2)
Activities
269(1)
A12.1 SPECT
269(2)
13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
271(30)
13.1 Essence of the Technique
271(1)
13.2 Essential Basics from Classical Magnetism and Quantum Mechanics
272(2)
13.2.1 Magnetic Dipole Moments and Angular Momentum
272(1)
13.2.2 Quantum Spin Angular Momentum and Magnetic Moments
273(1)
13.2.3 Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Magnetic Field
274(1)
13.2.4 Torque on a Magnetic Dipole in a Magnetic Field
274(1)
13.3 Nuclear Moments and the Strength of the MRI Signal
274(1)
13.4 Overview of an MRI Experiment
275(1)
13.5 Signal Basics
276(2)
13.5.1 Quantifying Equilibrium Magnetization
276(1)
13.5.2 Quantum Analysis of RF Fields
276(2)
13.6 An Introduction to Image Production and Quality
278(5)
13.6.1 Spatial Mapping
279(1)
13.6.1.1 One-Dimensional Imaging
280(1)
13.6.1.2 Two-Dimensional Imaging
280(1)
13.6.2 Image Reconstruction via Fourier Transformation
281(1)
13.6.3 Resolution
282(1)
13.7 A More Advanced Analysis
283(8)
13.7.1 Relaxation Mechanisms
284(1)
13.7.1.1 Qualitative Analysis of Relaxation Effects
284(1)
13.7.1.2 Quantifying Transverse Relaxation
285(1)
13.7.1.3 Quantifying Longitudinal Relaxation
286(1)
13.7.2 An Introduction to the Spin Echo
287(1)
13.7.3 Pulse Sequences
288(3)
13.8 Summary of Two-Dimensional Spin-Echo Imaging
291(2)
13.9 K-Space and the MRI Imaging Equation [ Optional]
293(2)
13.10 Applications
295(6)
Suggested Reading and Additional Resources
296(1)
Homework Problems
296(3)
Activities
299(1)
A13.1 Simulating MRI Fourier Data
299(1)
A13.2 Spatial Filtering of MRI Data
299(1)
A13.3 Benchtop MRI
300(1)
Appendices
301(4)
Appendix A List of Abbreviations
301(1)
Appendix B Fundamental Constants
302(1)
Appendix C Units
302(1)
Appendix D Conversions
303(1)
Appendix E Mathematical Relations
303(2)
Index 305
Bethe A. Scalettar is a professor and chair of physics at Lewis & Clark College in Portland, OR. She joined the College in 1993 after receiving an undergraduate degree from the University of California at Irvine (majors, physics and mathematics), a PhD in biophysics from the University of California at Berkeley, and completing postdoctoral work at the University of California, San Francisco. Since arriving at Lewis & Clark College, Bethes research and publications have focused primarily on elucidating the molecular basis of learning and memory, utilizing fluorescence microscopy as a primary tool. Bethe also has worked to enhance the interdisciplinary appeal of physics, most notably with the development of an undergraduate physics course entitled Biomedical Imaging and the writing of this supporting textbook.

James R. Abney is an intellectual property attorney at Psi Star Intellectual Property LLC in Portland, OR. He began practicing law in 1997 after receiving undergraduate degrees in physics and biology from the University of California at Irvine, a PhD in biophysics from the University of California at Berkeley, completing postdoctoral work at the University of California, San Francisco, and earning a J.D. from Lewis & Clark College School of Law. Jims research and publications, which have continued during his legal career, have focused on the use of biophysical, notably fluorescence-based, techniques to answer questions about cell structure and function. Jims legal work has spanned multiple technologies useful in science and medicine, including scientific instrumentation (especially light sources, detectors, and optics), medical devices, and biotechnology.