| Preface |
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xii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
| Author biographies |
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xv | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.1.1 How Many Planets Are There? |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.2 The Official (IAU) definition of a Planet |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Solar System Overview |
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3 | (5) |
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1.3 Brief Remarks on This Text |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.5
Chapter 1 Homework Questions |
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9 | |
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10 | |
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1 | (1) |
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2.1 Energy Generation in the Sun |
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1 | (1) |
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2.2 Blackbody Curves and Luminosity |
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2 | (3) |
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2.3 The Inverse Square Law |
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5 | (1) |
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2.4 The Equilibrium Temperature of Planets |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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2.6
Chapter 2 Homework Questions |
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8 | |
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9 | |
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3 Planetary Dynamics for Two Bodies |
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1 | (1) |
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3.1 Review of Newton's Laws and Vector Notation |
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1 | (2) |
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3.2 Two-body Interactions |
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3 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Motion of the Center of Mass |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Consequences for Unequal Mass Systems |
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6 | (2) |
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3.3 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion |
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8 | (3) |
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8 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Kepler's Second Law |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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3.6
Chapter 3 Homework Questions |
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14 | |
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4 More Complicated Dynamics: More Than Two Bodies, and Non-point Masses |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (7) |
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4.1.1 Description of Lagrange Points |
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1 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Example of Finding a Lagrange Point: L1 |
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3 | (3) |
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4.1.3 Lagrange Points and Stability |
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6 | (1) |
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4.1.4 Lagrange Points in the Solar System |
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7 | (1) |
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4.2 Mean Motion Resonance |
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8 | (1) |
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4.3 Tides and Tidal Synchronization |
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9 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Magnitude of the Tidal Force |
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10 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Tidal Synchronization |
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12 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Ocean Tides on Earth |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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4.5
Chapter 4 Homework Questions |
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15 | |
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17 | |
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1 | (1) |
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5.1 Why Finding Exoplanets Is Difficult |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Review of Doppler Shift |
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2 | (1) |
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5.2.2 The Magnitude of the Doppler Shift for a Planet-hosting Star |
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3 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Observing the Doppler Shift |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (6) |
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5.4.1 Detectability of Transit Dips |
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9 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Transit Probability |
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11 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Determining Semi-major Axis from Transit Observations |
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13 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Space Telescopes and Transit Detections |
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14 | (1) |
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5.5 Gravitational Microlensing |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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5.7 Properties of Known Exoplanets |
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17 | (7) |
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5.7.1 Observational Biases in Exoplanet Observations |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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5.7.3 Mass and Semimajor Axis |
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19 | (2) |
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5.7.4 Orbital Eccentricities |
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21 | (1) |
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5.7.5 Mass-Radius Relationships, or Planet Density |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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5.7.7 Concluding Thoughts: How Can You Stay Up-to-date? |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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5.9
Chapter 5 Homework Questions |
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25 | |
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27 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (3) |
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6.1.1 Measuring a Bulk Density |
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1 | (2) |
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6.1.2 Interpretation of Bulk Density |
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3 | (1) |
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6.2 Moment of Inertia and Interior Structure |
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4 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Review of Moment of Inertia and the Moment of Inertia Factor |
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4 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Equatorial Bulges and the Flattening Parameter |
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5 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Relationship Between Moment of Inertia and Flattening |
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7 | (1) |
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6.3 Energy in Planetary Interiors |
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8 | (7) |
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6.3.1 Energy of Formation |
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8 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Energy from Radioactive Decay |
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10 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Melting and the Formation of Planetary Cores |
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12 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Cooling Rates and Retention of Energy |
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13 | (2) |
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6.4 Interiors of Solar System Planets |
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15 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Differentiation and Earth's Surface Composition |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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6.6
Chapter 6 Homework Questions |
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18 | |
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20 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (9) |
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7.1.1 Basic Physics of Cratering |
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1 | (4) |
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7.1.2 Cratering as a Probe of Geologic History |
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5 | (2) |
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7.1.3 Craters as a Probe of Solar System History |
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7 | (3) |
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7.2 Geologic Activity on the Terrestrial Planets |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (4) |
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7.3.1 Factors That Determine Surface Composition |
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13 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Remote Sensing of Planetary Surfaces |
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13 | (3) |
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16 | (1) |
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7.5
Chapter 7 Homework Questions |
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16 | |
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17 | |
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1 | (1) |
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8.1 Escape Speed and Its Effect on Planetary Atmospheres |
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1 | (6) |
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8.1.1 Broad Properties of Solar System Atmospheres |
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1 | (1) |
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8.1.2 The Physics of Escape Speed |
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1 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Thermal Speeds, Atmospheric Escape, and Atmospheric Composition |
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1 | (6) |
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8.2 Atmospheric Structure |
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7 | (4) |
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8.2.1 The Scale Height and Atmospheric Pressure |
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7 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Convection and the Adiabatic Lapse Rate |
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9 | (2) |
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8.3 The Greenhouse Effect |
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11 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Greenhouse Gases and Surface Temperature |
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11 | (3) |
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8.3.2 CO2 Content and Surface Temperatures of the Terrestrial Planets |
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14 | (1) |
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8.3.3 The Greenhouse Effect on Earth: Global Warming |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (6) |
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8.4.1 Hadley Circulation and Angular Momentum |
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16 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Geostrophic Balance |
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18 | (2) |
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8.4.3 Wind Patterns on Solar System Planets |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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8.6
Chapter 8 Homework Questions |
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21 | |
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22 | |
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1 | (38) |
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9.1 Star and Disk Formation |
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1 | (3) |
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9.1.1 Gravity-Pressure Balance and the Jeans Mass |
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1 | (2) |
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9.1.2 Angular Momentum and Disk Formation |
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3 | (1) |
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9.2 Protoplanetary Disk Properties |
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4 | (6) |
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9.2.1 Bulk Properties: Composition and Mass |
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4 | (1) |
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9.2.2 The Shape of Protoplanetary Disks: Scale Height and Disk Pressure Gradients |
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5 | (3) |
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9.2.3 Disks Are Dusty: Optical Depth |
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8 | (2) |
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9.2.4 An Example Disk Image |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (7) |
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9.3.1 Grains to Planets: An Overview |
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10 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Orderly Growth and the Timescale Problem |
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11 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Gravitational Focusing and the Safronov Parameter |
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13 | (3) |
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9.3.4 Stages of Solid Planet Growth |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (7) |
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9.4.1 Gravitational Instability and the Toomre Stability Criterion |
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17 | (5) |
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22 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Planet Types and the Snow Line |
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23 | (1) |
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9.5 Disk Evolution and Planet Migration |
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24 | (5) |
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9.5.1 Viscosity and Disk Spreading |
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24 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Migration of Giant Planets (Type II Migration) |
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25 | (3) |
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9.5.3 Signatures of Early Solar System Dynamics |
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28 | (1) |
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9.6 Meteorites: Cosmochemical Probes and Planet Formation Clocks |
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29 | (6) |
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9.6.1 Types and Origins of Meteorites |
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29 | (1) |
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9.6.2 Chondrites and the Condensation Sequence |
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30 | (2) |
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9.6.3 26Al Decay and the Early Solar System Timeline |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (1) |
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9.8
Chapter 9 Homework Question |
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36 | (3) |
| References |
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39 | |
