Atnaujinkite slapukø nuostatas

El. knyga: Investigating Google’s Search Engine: Ethics, Algorithms, and the Machines Built to Read Us

Kitos knygos pagal ðià temà:
Investigating Google’s Search Engine: Ethics, Algorithms, and the Machines Built to Read UsDidesnis paveikslëlis
Kitos knygos pagal ðià temà:

DRM apribojimai

  • Kopijuoti:

    neleidþiama

  • Spausdinti:

    neleidþiama

  • El. knygos naudojimas:

    Skaitmeniniø teisiø valdymas (DRM)
    Leidykla pateikë ðià knygà ðifruota forma, o tai reiðkia, kad norint jà atrakinti ir perskaityti reikia ádiegti nemokamà programinæ árangà. Norint skaityti ðià el. knygà, turite susikurti Adobe ID . Daugiau informacijos  èia. El. knygà galima atsisiøsti á 6 árenginius (vienas vartotojas su tuo paèiu Adobe ID).

    Reikalinga programinë áranga
    Norint skaityti ðià el. knygà mobiliajame árenginyje (telefone ar planðetiniame kompiuteryje), turite ádiegti ðià nemokamà programëlæ: PocketBook Reader (iOS / Android)

    Norint skaityti ðià el. knygà asmeniniame arba „Mac“ kompiuteryje, Jums reikalinga  Adobe Digital Editions “ (tai nemokama programa, specialiai sukurta el. knygoms. Tai nëra tas pats, kas „Adobe Reader“, kurià tikriausiai jau turite savo kompiuteryje.)

    Negalite skaityti ðios el. knygos naudodami „Amazon Kindle“.

What do search engines do? And what should they do? These questions seem relatively simple but are actually urgent social and ethical issues. The influence of Google's search engine is enormous. It does not only shape how Internet users find pages on the World Wide Web, but how we think as individuals, how we collectively remember the past, and how we communicate with one another. This book explores the impact of search engines within contemporary digital culture, focusing on the social, cultural, and philosophical influence of Google.

Using case studies like Google's role in the rise of fake news, instances of sexist and misogynistic Autocomplete suggestions, and search queries relating to LGBTQ+ values, it offers original evidence to intervene practically in existing debates. It also addresses other understudied aspects of Google's influence, including the profound implications of its revenue generation for wider society. In doing this, this important book helps to evaluate the real cost of search engines on an individual and global scale.

Recenzijos

Revisits and pushes forward Google critique in significant ways, providing not just methods and techniques to unearth how Google shapes our memory but a firm foundation for considering how it steers what we ultimately come to know. * Richard Rogers, Chair in New Media and Digital Culture, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands * Graham offers us a forensic and clearly articulated exploration of Google as a company and a search engine painting a lucid and unsettling picture of how search shapes our world. * Kylie Jarrett, Senior Lecturer, Department of Media Studies, The National University of Ireland, Maynooth *

Daugiau informacijos

This book investigates Googles search engine through close analysis and an exploration of its historical and cultural context, which the author argues stretches back to the birth of literacy, approaching key issues through case studies (such as instances of misogynistic Autocomplete suggestions and Googles role in the rise of fake news).
List of illustrations
x
Acknowledgements xiv
Introduction: Investigating Google's search engine 1(20)
Google's dominance
2(2)
The three steps of how search engines work: Crawling, ranking, and query results
4(6)
Step One Crawling
4(1)
Step Two Ranking
4(4)
Step Three Query results
8(2)
Five key challenges of studying Google's search engine
10(5)
One Multiple actors: Search engine optimization and economic incentives
11(1)
Two Moving targets
11(1)
Three Each search a partial viewpoint
12(1)
Four No real alternatives
13(1)
Five The myth of black boxes
14(1)
Chapter outlines
15(3)
Chapter 1 Understanding Google queries and the problem of intentions
16(1)
Chapter 2 Google's impact on cognition and memory: Histories, concepts, and technosocial practices
16(1)
Chapter 3 Autocomplete: Stereotypes, biases, and designed discrimination
17(1)
Chapter 4 Google's search engine results: What is a relevant result?
17(1)
Chapter 5 The real cost of search engines: Digital advertising, linguistic capitalism, and the rise of fake news
18(1)
Notation and examples
18(3)
1 Understanding Google queries and the problem of intentions
21(28)
Introduction
21(2)
Categorizing how and what people search
23(1)
The roles of search engines and information retrieval's question of why
24(4)
Query length and the problems of intention
28(2)
All information is ethical: Searching for [ food for snakes]
30(2)
Predicting intentions with a lack of information: Plato, Gadamer, and Derrida
32(3)
Gadamer's hermeneutics and Plato's fears of deception
35(3)
Google's algorithms and Derrida's monster
38(2)
What kinds of things do people search Google for?
40(2)
Google trends, Brexit, and frantically googling after the EU referendum
42(5)
Conclusion
47(2)
2 Google's impact on cognition and memory: Histories, concepts, and technosocial practices
49(30)
Introduction
49(1)
Google's impact on cognition and memory
50(4)
Kinds of recall from extended minds to transactive memory
54(3)
Technosocial memory practices from oral culture to digital literacy
57(3)
The legacy of naturalized technologies
60(2)
Truth and knowledge for Plato
62(2)
Aristotle's sensory approach
64(1)
Technosocial memory before Google: The Ars Memoria
65(3)
The science and magic of search
68(5)
Treating the mind as technology: Bacon, Hooke, and modern psychology
73(4)
Conclusion
77(2)
3 Autocomplete: Stereotypes, biases, and designed discrimination
79(50)
Introduction
79(3)
The desire for a digital oracle
82(3)
Autocomplete's minimal academic attention
85(3)
The biases of Autocomplete: Stereotypes and discrimination
88(5)
Predicting and shaping user attitudes: The origins of Autocomplete
93(2)
So, how does Autocomplete operate?
95(2)
Second-order stereotyping. Sexist suggestions for female scientists
97(7)
Rank Brain and the biases of machine learning
104(9)
Automated misogyny for every individual
113(3)
Speed
116(4)
Speed and judgement: Time to reflect
120(6)
Conclusion
126(3)
4 Google's search engine results: What is a relevant result?
129(52)
Introduction
129(2)
`Quantifiable signals' and Malawian witch doctors
131(1)
What should search engine results be?
132(2)
The Idealists: Search is democratic, relevance can be measured objectively, and answers can exist independently of bias
134(2)
The difficulty with measuring relevance
136(3)
The Contextualists: Search is undemocratic, relevance is a measure of personalization, and all answers are inherendy biased
139(2)
Are search results personalized?
141(2)
Methodological challenges of studying search engines
143(1)
Particular considerations for collecting search engine results
144(2)
Variables that matter: Search experiments in 2015, 2017, and 2021
146(1)
The rationale behind focusing on same-sex sexual orientation
146(2)
Queries used
148(1)
Capturing the spread of results from the first page
149(1)
Evaluation method
150(1)
Google's public position on how they provide results
150(5)
Summary of 2015 results
155(6)
How do variations in terminology and phrasing alter search results?
161(5)
Unimaginable communities
166(1)
How search results change throughout time: 2015, 2017, and 2021
167(1)
Longitudinal overview: Official languages in each domain
168(5)
Terminology throughout time: `Homosexual' versus'ga
173(4)
Phrasing throughout time: `Good' versus `wrong'
177(2)
Conclusion
179(2)
5 The real cost of search engines: Digital advertising, linguistic capitalism, and the rise of fake news
181(32)
Introduction
181(1)
The economics of google
182(2)
The context of post-Fordism
184(1)
AdWords: Organic versus sponsored results
185(2)
AdWords: The multilingual linguistic market and an economy of bias
187(4)
Google's institutionalization, data collection, and advertising
191(2)
AdWords in the context of `The Magic System'
193(2)
AdWords and the general intellect
195(2)
The economic profits of discrimination
197(3)
Private profits and public losses
200(2)
Google's international expansion
202(1)
AdSense and post-Fordism: The cost of Google's billboards
203(1)
AdSense and fake news in the 2016
US presidential election
204(3)
The reciprocal relationship between AdSense and Facebook
207(4)
Conclusion
211(2)
Conclusion: What if search engines were actually built to benefit users? 213(4)
Bibliography 217(17)
Index 234
Rosie Graham is Lecturer in Contemporary Literature and the Digital at the University of Birmingham, UK and co-director of its Digital Cultures Research Centre.
Daugiau apie elektronines knygas Daugiau apie elektronines knygas
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/97813503252102e.html
Raktaþodþiai: