| Preface |
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ix | |
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Essential physical chemistry of solutions |
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1 | (16) |
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Solutions --- concentration and the mole |
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1 | (1) |
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Other units of concentration |
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2 | (2) |
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Osmosis --- isosmotic and isotonic solutions |
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4 | (2) |
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Ionic solutions --- the need for so much detail |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Ionic strength of electrolyte solutions |
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8 | (1) |
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The Debye-Huckel equation |
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8 | (3) |
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Variability of activity coefficients |
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11 | (3) |
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Temperature dependence of activity coefficients |
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14 | (1) |
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Mixed electrolyte solutions |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (10) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (2) |
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Liquid junction potentials |
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21 | (5) |
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Practical aspects of forming a liquid junction |
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26 | (1) |
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Principles of ion-selective electrodes |
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27 | (8) |
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Types of ion-selective materials |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Common ions measured in biological systems --- cations and anions |
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29 | (1) |
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The relationship between potential difference and ion activity --- basic equations |
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29 | (6) |
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Manufacture of dip-cast ion-selective electrodes |
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35 | (12) |
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35 | (1) |
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Fabrication of dip-cast ion-selective macro-electrodes |
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36 | (1) |
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Manufacture of electrode templates |
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36 | (1) |
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Manufacture of ion-selective plastics |
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37 | (3) |
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Preparation of dip-cast electrodes |
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40 | (1) |
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Manufacture of reference bridges |
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41 | (1) |
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Manufacture of Ag/AgCl electrodes |
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42 | (2) |
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Connexions to recording devices |
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44 | (1) |
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Developments in ion-selective electrode design |
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45 | (2) |
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Ion-selective micro-electrodes |
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47 | (8) |
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Fabrication of glass ion-selective micro-electrodes |
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47 | (2) |
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Connexions to recording devices |
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49 | (2) |
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Practical aspects in the use of ion-selective micro-electrodes |
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51 | (4) |
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Calibration of ion-selective electrodes |
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55 | (22) |
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General notes on convention --- concentration or activity standards |
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55 | (1) |
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The pH and analogous scales |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Calibration in unbuffered solutions of the primary ion |
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57 | (1) |
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Estimation of selectivity coefficients |
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58 | (3) |
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Factors influencing ionic activity |
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61 | (1) |
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The definition and measurement of pH |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (4) |
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Calibration in buffered solutions of other primary ions |
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69 | (8) |
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The presentation of data obtained with ion-selective electrodes |
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77 | (12) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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Accuracy of a reading in the presence of interferent ions |
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79 | (2) |
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Presentation of data --- linear or logarithmic distributions? |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (6) |
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89 | (14) |
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General requirements of operational amplifiers |
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89 | (1) |
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Input impedance and frequency response |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Special considerations for ion-selective micro-electrodes |
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92 | (1) |
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Operational amplifiers with gain |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (3) |
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Other headstage designs, including opto-isolated systems |
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98 | (1) |
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Resistor colour codes and rules for combination of resistor and capacitors |
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99 | (4) |
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Applications of ion-selective electrodes |
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103 | (8) |
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Measurement of ion concentrations in electrolyte solutions |
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103 | (1) |
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Measurement of ionic exchange in cell suspensions |
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103 | (3) |
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Measurement of plasma ion concentrations, in vivo |
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106 | (1) |
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Measurements with ion-selective micro-electrodes |
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106 | (5) |
| APPENDICES |
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111 | (46) |
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Appendix 1 The Nikolsky equation and selectivity coefficients |
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111 | (4) |
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A1.1. The Nikolsky equation |
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111 | (2) |
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A1.2. Selectivity coefficients |
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113 | (2) |
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Appendix 2 Necessary mathematical tricks |
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115 | (8) |
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A2.1. Power functions, exponentials and logarithms |
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115 | (3) |
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A2.2. Straight-line graphs |
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118 | (1) |
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A2.3. Errors and significant figures |
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118 | (5) |
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Appendix 3 Recommended nomenclature for use with ion-selective electrodes, the Systeme Internationale (S.I.) and standard values for selected constants |
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123 | (10) |
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A3.1. The IUPAC convention |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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A3.3. Physical quantities and measurements --- the international system of units (SI) |
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127 | (3) |
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A3.4. Printing of symbols for physical quantities, units and numbers |
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130 | (1) |
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A3.5. Expression of numerical values for constants, headings to tables and graphs |
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131 | (2) |
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Appendix 4 Other ion-selective electrode configurations |
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133 | (8) |
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A4.1. Inorganic salt electrodes |
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133 | (2) |
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A4.2. Coated-wire electrodes |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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A4.4. Ion-selective field-effect transistors (ISFETs) |
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137 | (1) |
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A4.5. Optodes and chromoionophores |
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138 | (3) |
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Appendix 5 Partial pressures and the determination of O2 and CO2 in solution |
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141 | (8) |
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A5.1. The partial pressure of a gas |
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141 | (3) |
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A5.2. Measurement of dissolved CO2 |
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144 | (2) |
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A5.3. Measurement of dissolved O2 |
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146 | (3) |
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Appendix 6 Addresses of manufacturers and suppliers in the UK for raw materials and components described in the text |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (6) |
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A7.1. Selected references |
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152 | (5) |
| Index |
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157 | |
Daugiau apie elektronines knygas