| Acknowledgments |
|
xi | |
| Introduction |
|
1 | (8) |
|
1 Jihad in the Quran and Commentary Literature |
|
|
9 | (38) |
|
What is the basic meaning of jihad? |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
How often does the word "jihad" occur in the Quran? |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Does the Quran refer to different forms of jihad? |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Does the Quran refer to the spiritual jihad? |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
What does jihad mean in the Meccan period? |
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
Did jihad have a military meaning in the Meccan period? |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
What does jihad mean in the Med man period? |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
Is only defensive fighting allowed in the Quran? |
|
|
19 | (4) |
|
Is jihad in the Quran holy war? |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Can Muslims continue to fight when the enemy stops fighting and seeks peace? |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
Are the peaceful verses in the Quran abrogated by the "sword verse?" |
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
Are Christians and Jews singled out for fighting in the Quran? |
|
|
29 | (4) |
|
Does the Quran tell Muslims not to be friends with Jews and Christians? |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Does the Quran support offensive military activity to spread Islam? |
|
|
34 | (3) |
|
Is the military jihad a permanent religious obligation in the Quran? |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
What motivated the military conquests that took place after the death of Muhammad? |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
What does the Quran say about martyrdom? |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Is the religious status of a military martyr higher than that of other Muslims? |
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
Is suicide permitted in the Quran? |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Is terrorism condoned in the Quran? |
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
2 Jihad in the Hadith Literature |
|
|
47 | (23) |
|
What does "jihad" mean in the hadith literature? |
|
|
49 | (5) |
|
Do hadiths describe how a military jihad should be carried out? |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
How should we understand the hadith that commands Muslims to fight non-Muslims until they accept Islam? |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
What does the hadith literature say about martyrdom? |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
How can one know for sure that someone has attained martyrdom? |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
Are there certain hadiths that appear to contradict the Quran on martyrdom? |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Is there a hadith that promises the reward of seventy-two virgins to battlefield martyrs? |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
Does the hadith literature encourage seeking martyrdom? |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
Are there distinctly Shii views on martyrdom? |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
What does the hadith literature say about suicide and terrorism? |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
What are the greater and lesser jihads? |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
Do standard collections list hadiths that describe nonmilitary aspects of jihad? |
|
|
66 | (4) |
|
3 Jihad in the Legal Literature |
|
|
70 | (24) |
|
How did Muslim jurists understand jihad? |
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
How is war declared and by whom according to jurists? |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Can civilians ever be targeted during a military attack? |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
How did jurists view martyrdom? |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
How are prisoners of war to be treated? |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
Can Muslims fight under corrupt rulers? |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
Did jurists allow offensive military jihad? |
|
|
80 | (3) |
|
Did jurists consider the military jihad to be holy war? |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
Can women take part in the military jihad? |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
Can Jews, Christians, and other non-Muslims take part in the military jihad? |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Why did the medieval jurists divide the world into the Abode of Islam and Abode of War? |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
Does the division of the world into the Abode of Islam and Abode of War still apply in the modern period? |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Did jurists permit suicide attacks? |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
What are the views of jurists on terrorism? |
|
|
92 | (2) |
|
4 Jihad in Morally Edifying, Ethical, and Mystical Literature |
|
|
94 | (17) |
|
What does jihad mean in the daily life of the average believer? |
|
|
95 | (3) |
|
Is the military jihad deemed to be the highest form of human struggle? |
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
What is the greater struggle? |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
Why do some people resist the idea that the spiritual jihad is a genuine part of jihad? |
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
Is the spiritual struggle carried out mainly by mystics? |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Are there references to nonmilitary forms of jihad in early Islamic writings? |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
How do Muslim mystics practice the internal, greater jihad? |
|
|
105 | (3) |
|
Did jurists refer to the spiritual jihad in their writings? |
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
5 Jihad as Conceived by Modern Political Revolutionaries and Militants |
|
|
111 | (21) |
|
How do modern militants in the Islamic world understand jihad? |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
Which early thinkers influenced modern political revolutionaries and militants? |
|
|
113 | (2) |
|
Who are other influential sources for modern militant groups? |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
How do militant Islamists justify their violent attacks on other Muslims and non-Muslims? |
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
Have Shii thinkers called for political revolution as a form of jihad in the twentieth century? |
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
What were Usama bin Laden's views on jihad? |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
What are "martyrdom operations" and when did they start? |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
How do militant Islamists justify suicide attacks? |
|
|
126 | (3) |
|
How does ISIS justify its violent actions as jihad? |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Where are the "moderate" Muslims and why do they not denounce extremism? |
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
6 Jihad in the Thought of Modern and Contemporary Mainstream Scholars |
|
|
132 | (16) |
|
How do modern Muslim scholars understand the military jihad? |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
What do modern Muslim scholars say about abrogation in the Quran? |
|
|
133 | (3) |
|
Are there Muslim scholars who have challenged the views of Islamist militants? |
|
|
136 | (5) |
|
Are there Muslim scholars who have denounced the views of Usama bin Laden and his followers after the September 11 attacks? |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
Are there Muslim scholars speaking out against suicide bombings? |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
Why don't Muslim scholars collectively denounce terrorism? |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Have Muslim scholars denounced ISIS and its militant views? |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
What are the main differences between militants and mainstream scholars of Islam today on the issue of violence? |
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
7 Jihad as Nonviolent Struggle and Peacemaking |
|
|
148 | (14) |
|
Is there pacifism in Islam? |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Can jihad be understood as nonviolent struggle and peacemaking? |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
Which Muslim thinkers understand jihad as nonviolent struggle? |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
What caused the modern turn toward thinking of jihad as nonviolent struggle? |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
Is there a theological basis in Islam for promoting peace? |
|
|
155 | (3) |
|
Do Muslim peace activists reject the military jihad? |
|
|
158 | (4) |
|
8 Jihad and Its Perceptions in the West |
|
|
162 | (23) |
|
Is there a Western equivalent of the military jihad? |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
Is there an Islamic influence on the development of modern international law? |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
Is classical Islamic international law compatible with modern international law? |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
Are there modern Muslim critics of the concepts of the Abodes of War and Peace? |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
How does the Western media portray jihad? |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
Does the American media cover violent acts carried out by Muslims differently than those carried out by non-Muslims? |
|
|
172 | (2) |
|
How does Hollywood portray jihad and Muslims? |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
How does the internet affect public perceptions of jihad in the West? |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Are there Western militants who are influenced by Islamophobic rhetoric on jihad? |
|
|
176 | (4) |
|
How can one challenge anti-Islamic discourses that distort the meanings of jihad? |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
Can educational institutions play a role in providing balanced information about jihad? |
|
|
182 | (3) |
| Glossary: Important Names, Places, Events, And Terms |
|
185 | (10) |
| Bibliography |
|
195 | (4) |
| Index |
|
199 | |
