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El. knyga: Judging Merit

1.00/5 (2 ratings by Goodreads)
(Carleton University, Canada), (Carnegie Mellon University, USA), (Carleton University, Canada)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Nov-2008
  • Leidėjas: Psychology Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780203837726
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Judging MeritDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Nov-2008
  • Leidėjas: Psychology Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780203837726
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Merit-based tests and contests have become popular methods for allocating rewards – from trophies to contracts, jobs to grants, admissions to licenses. With origins in jurisprudence, methods of rewarding merit seem fairer than those rewarding political or social connections, bribery, aggression, status, or wealth. Because of this, merit-based competitions are well-suited to the societal belief that people should be rewarded for what they know or do, and not for who they know or are; however, judging merit is rarely an easy task – it is prone to a variety of biases and errors. Small biases and errors, especially in large competitions, can make large differences in who or what is rewarded. It is important, then, to learn how to spot flaws in procedures for judging merit and to correct them when possible.

Based on over 20 years of theory and research in human judgment, decision making and social psychology, this unique book brings together for the first time what is known about the processes and problems of judging merit and their consequences. It also provides practical suggestions for increasing the fairness of merit-based competitions, and examines the future and limits of these competitions in society.

Recenzijos

"This is an excellent foray into the problems of judging merit (of research proposals, violinists, wines, personnel...) by three eminent social psychologists. They outline not only the pitfalls and difficulties of making evaluations but also offer concrete and useful proposals, grounded in theory, for improving judgments of merit." - David Messick, Kaplan Professor Emeritus of Ethics and Decision in Management, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, USA

Preface and Acknowledgments vii
Author Bios xi
1 Introduction 1
What Is Merit?
5
Judging Merit in Tests and Contests
8
Chapters to Come
9
2 Merit and Bias 13
Practical Implications
18
Bad Habit A
18
Bad Habit B
21
Bad Habit C
25
Note
26
3 Lessons from Clinical Research 27
Practical Implications
32
Collecting Criteria
34
Step A
36
Step B
37
Selecting and Training Judges
40
Note
41
4 Standards and Double Standards 43
Double Standards
44
Groups and Double Standards
47
Status Characteristics and Expectancy States
49
In-Group Bias
52
Favors
53
Practical Implications
54
5 Rules of the Game 59
Research Grant Competitions
61
Making the Rules of the Game
62
Eligibility Rules
63
Merit Criteria
67
Budgeting Regulations
71
Soliciting Applications
76
Wording
76
Application Forms
80
Beyond Research Grant Competitions
81
Practical Implications
85
6 Organizing Adjudication Committees 89
Committeee Selection
92
Membership
92
Committee Size
95
External Opinions
97
Committee Subdivision
98
Time Constraints and Division of Labor
99
Training
101
Scheduling
102
Practical Implications
104
7 Committee Deliberations 107
The Three-Pile Procedure
108
The Rate-Discuss-Rate Procedure
112
The Dubious Value of Committee Discussion
118
The Influence of External Reviews
119
Practical Implications
119
A Matter of Scale
123
8 Competitions Small and Large 127
True Merit and Error
128
How Often Do the Best People Win?
131
Biases
134
Hierarchical Competitions
136
Track Record
140
Practical Implications
143
9 The Evolution and Future of Competitions 149
Competitions and Revolutions
154
The Competition for Attention
159
Practical Implication
163
References 167
Appendix A: Euler Program for Simulating Contests 175
Appendix B: Euler Program for Simulating Effects of Bias 177
Subject Index 179
Author Index 183
Warren Thorngate, Robyn M. Dawes, Margaret Foddy
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