| Preface |
|
vii | |
|
|
|
xix | |
|
|
|
lxxxii | |
|
Table of Statutory Instruments |
|
|
lxxxix | |
|
Table of European Legislation |
|
|
xcv | |
|
Table of Treaties and Conventions |
|
|
civ | |
|
1 Introduction and Future Developments |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
2 The Origins of Our Current Law |
|
|
5 | (5) |
|
3 Statutory Interpretation |
|
|
10 | (3) |
|
4 The European Union Trade Mark |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
7 Pre-1994 Act Authorities |
|
|
16 | (3) |
|
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
|
22 | |
|
2 The Function(s) and Characteristics of a "Trade Mark" in EU Trade Mark Law |
|
|
|
1 The Essential and Other Functions of a Trade Mark |
|
|
3 | (21) |
|
2 How to Define a Trade Mark? |
|
|
24 | (3) |
|
3 Does B0 Law Define "Trade Mark"? |
|
|
27 | (12) |
|
|
|
39 | (10) |
|
5 The Representation of the Sign on the Register |
|
|
49 | (52) |
|
6 Capable of Distinguishing the Goods or Services of One Undertaking From Those of Other Undertakings---Unravelling the Skein |
|
|
101 | (32) |
|
7 "In Relation to Goods or Services" and Retail Services |
|
|
133 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
2 The Characteristics of the Average Consumer |
|
|
4 | (6) |
|
3 Identifying the Average Consumer(s) |
|
|
10 | (6) |
|
|
|
16 | (5) |
|
5 Where the Average Consumer is/is not Used |
|
|
21 | (3) |
|
6 The Early Development of the Concept of the Average Consumer |
|
|
24 | (7) |
|
7 The "Average" Consumer is not a Mathematical Average |
|
|
31 | (6) |
|
8 There is no "Single Meaning" Rule, and a Substantial Proportion of Misled Consumers can be Sufficient |
|
|
37 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
2 The "European Union (Withdrawal) Act" |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
3 The Effect on UK Registered Trade Marks |
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
4 The Effect on EU Registered Trade Marks |
|
|
7 | (4) |
|
5 Free Movement of Goods and Exhaustion |
|
|
11 | (3) |
|
6 Other EU Rights in Various Denominations |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
7 "Hard" vs "Soft" Brexit |
|
|
16 | |
|
5 The UK Register of Trade Marks |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
2 The Comptroller or Registrar |
|
|
4 | (3) |
|
3 Division of the Register |
|
|
7 | (3) |
|
4 Entries on the Register |
|
|
10 | (17) |
|
5 Alteration of Entries on the Register |
|
|
27 | (22) |
|
6 Inspection of the Register and Obtaining Information |
|
|
49 | (13) |
|
7 Procedural Matters Concerning the Registry |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
8 International Trade Marks and Community Trade Marks |
|
|
64 | |
|
6 Classification-Goods and Services |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
2 The Structure of the Nice Classification |
|
|
4 | (8) |
|
3 The Purpose and Relevance of Classification |
|
|
12 | (3) |
|
4 Decisions on Classification |
|
|
15 | (3) |
|
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
6 The Use of Class Headings in Specifications of Good and Services |
|
|
20 | (11) |
|
7 The Legislative Changes Introduced in 2015 |
|
|
31 | (5) |
|
8 The Temporal Application of the CJEU's Case Law on Classification |
|
|
36 | |
|
7 UK Registration Procedure |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
2 Procedure on National Application to Register |
|
|
5 | (72) |
|
3 Opposition to Registration |
|
|
77 | (70) |
|
|
|
147 | (4) |
|
5 Appeal From the Registrar |
|
|
151 | (21) |
|
6 Judicial Status of Opposition Proceedings |
|
|
172 | |
|
|
|
|
1 The Relevant Legislation |
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
2 The Basie Provisions Governing the Registration of EU Trade Marks |
|
|
6 | (5) |
|
3 The Structure of The EUIPO |
|
|
11 | (5) |
|
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
5 The EUIPO's Language Regime |
|
|
17 | (9) |
|
|
|
26 | (4) |
|
|
|
30 | (4) |
|
|
|
34 | (26) |
|
|
|
60 | (4) |
|
|
|
64 | (10) |
|
|
|
74 | (34) |
|
12 Correction of Mistakes |
|
|
108 | (4) |
|
13 Communications with the EUIPO |
|
|
112 | (4) |
|
14 Costs in Proceedings Before the EUIPO |
|
|
116 | (6) |
|
16 The EU Trade Mark Application Procedure: from Filing to Publication |
|
|
122 | (57) |
|
16 The Opposition Procedure |
|
|
179 | (52) |
|
|
|
231 | (3) |
|
18 Division of a EU Trade Mark Application or Registration |
|
|
234 | (4) |
|
|
|
238 | (8) |
|
20 Alteration of a EU Trade Mark |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (4) |
|
22 Dealings with EU Trade Marks |
|
|
251 | (17) |
|
|
|
268 | (10) |
|
24 EU Certification Marks |
|
|
278 | (8) |
|
25 The Cancellation of EU Trade Marks by the EUIPO |
|
|
286 | (28) |
|
26 Enforcement of EU Trade Marks |
|
|
314 | (28) |
|
|
|
342 | (17) |
|
|
|
359 | (18) |
|
|
|
377 | |
|
|
|
|
1 The Madrid Agreement and Protocol |
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
2 An Overview of the System |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
3 Fees for International Registrations |
|
|
6 | (6) |
|
4 UK and EU Legislation Implementing the Protocol |
|
|
12 | (3) |
|
5 International Registrations Designating the UK |
|
|
15 | (10) |
|
6 International Registrations Originating in the UK |
|
|
25 | (3) |
|
7 Revocation and Invalidity |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
8 Central Attack, Dependency and Transformation |
|
|
30 | (4) |
|
9 Effect of Concurrent International and National Registrations |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
10 Dealings with International Marks |
|
|
36 | (3) |
|
11 The Link Between the Protocol and the EUTM System |
|
|
39 | (15) |
|
12 The Renewal of an International Registration |
|
|
54 | |
|
10 Absolute Grounds for Refusal of Registration |
|
|
|
1 Overview of Absolute Grounds |
|
|
3 | (14) |
|
|
|
17 | (45) |
|
3 Interplay Between the Grounds in s.3(1) and Common Principles |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
4 Section 3(1)(a)/art.3(1)(a). art.7(1)(a) |
|
|
64 | (6) |
|
5 Section 3(1)(b)/art.3(1)(b), art.7(1)(b) EUTMR: Non-distinctive Marks |
|
|
70 | (27) |
|
6 Section 3(1)(c)/art.3(1)(c), art.7(1)(c) EUTMR: Descriptive Marks |
|
|
97 | (13) |
|
7 Section 3(1)(d)/art.3(1)(d), art.7(1)(d) EUTMR: Generic Marks |
|
|
110 | (18) |
|
|
|
128 | (39) |
|
9 Shapes---s.3(2)---or Another Characteristic of the Goods---EUTMR art, 7(1)(e) |
|
|
167 | (38) |
|
10 Public Policy, Deceptive Marks |
|
|
205 | (16) |
|
11 Prohibited Marks---s.3(4) |
|
|
221 | (6) |
|
12 Specially Protected Emblems---ss.3(5), 4, 57 and 58 |
|
|
227 | (23) |
|
13 Protected Terms and Emblems Under the EUTMR |
|
|
250 | (3) |
|
|
|
253 | |
|
11 Relative Grounds for Refusal of Registration |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (9) |
|
2 Conflict With Earlier Trade Marks |
|
|
10 | (136) |
|
3 Conflict With Earlier Rights |
|
|
146 | (15) |
|
|
|
161 | (3) |
|
|
|
164 | (4) |
|
|
|
168 | |
|
12 Validity and Removal of Trade Marks From the Register |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (29) |
|
|
|
30 | (18) |
|
3 Revocation for hack of Genuine Use |
|
|
48 | (86) |
|
4 Common Name in the Trade |
|
|
134 | (19) |
|
5 Marks Which Have Become Misleading |
|
|
153 | (19) |
|
|
|
172 | (14) |
|
|
|
186 | (4) |
|
8 Expiry, Renewal, Removal and Restoration |
|
|
190 | |
|
13 Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin |
|
|
|
1 Overview of Protection Outside the EU Regulation |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
2 Regulation 1151/2012 on Quality Schemes for Agriculture Products and Foodstuffs (Replacing Regulation 510/2006 on the Protection of Geographical Indications and Disignations of Origin for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs) |
|
|
5 | |
|
14 Collective and Certification Marks |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
2 The Trade Marks Directive |
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
|
|
5 | (12) |
|
|
|
17 | (12) |
|
5 Differences Between Collective and Certification |
|
|
29 | |
|
15 Dealings with Trade Marks |
|
|
|
1 The Scope of This
Chapter |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
2 Introduction the Old Law and Policy |
|
|
5 | (7) |
|
3 Trade Marks as Property |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
|
13 | (8) |
|
5 Registration of Assignments and Other Transactions in the UK |
|
|
21 | (15) |
|
6 Registration of Transfers end Licences at OHIM |
|
|
36 | (3) |
|
7 Assignments Without Goodwill |
|
|
39 | (23) |
|
8 Unregistered Trade Marks |
|
|
62 | (5) |
|
|
|
67 | (7) |
|
10 Licensing of Registered Trade Marks |
|
|
74 | (26) |
|
|
|
100 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (5) |
|
2 Infringement of Trade Marks |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
3 The General Conditions for Infringement |
|
|
9 | (51) |
|
4 The Categories of Infringement |
|
|
60 | (69) |
|
|
|
129 | (11) |
|
6 Collective and Certification Marks |
|
|
140 | (6) |
|
|
|
146 | (12) |
|
8 Further Rights Conferred by the 1994 Act |
|
|
158 | |
|
17 Defences to Trade Mark Infringment Claims |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
2 Exclusions From Infringement Addressed in This
Chapter |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
3 Use in Accordance With Honest Practices |
|
|
5 | (12) |
|
4 Use of Own Name or Address |
|
|
17 | (5) |
|
5 Use of Descriptive Indications |
|
|
22 | (6) |
|
6 Use Necessary to Indicate Intended Purpose of a Product or Service |
|
|
28 | (4) |
|
7 Use and Protection of an Earlier Right in a Particular Locality |
|
|
32 | (13) |
|
8 Use of Own Registration |
|
|
45 | (12) |
|
|
|
57 | (9) |
|
10 Disclaimer or Limitation |
|
|
66 | (4) |
|
11 Comparative Advertising |
|
|
70 | (22) |
|
12 Use Not Affecting the Functions of a Trade Mark/Honest Concurrent Use |
|
|
92 | (5) |
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
14 Invalidity as a Defence |
|
|
98 | (3) |
|
15 Use in Relation to Genuine Goods |
|
|
101 | (5) |
|
16 Estoppel and Acquiescence (Non-statutory) |
|
|
106 | (10) |
|
17 Defences no Longer Relevant in UK law |
|
|
116 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (8) |
|
2 The Issues in arts 7(1) and 7(2) |
|
|
9 | (6) |
|
3 The Basic Rule of Exhaustion |
|
|
15 | (14) |
|
4 The Development and Application of "Exhaustion of Rights" |
|
|
29 | (32) |
|
5 Regional Exhaustion: Parallel Imports Into the EEA |
|
|
61 | (35) |
|
6 Is There a Way Around Davidoff? |
|
|
96 | (14) |
|
7 Article 7(2): Legitimate Reasons |
|
|
110 | (42) |
|
8 Does Exhaustion Apply to Trade Marks Used in Relation to Services? |
|
|
152 | |
|
19 Competition Law and Trade Marks |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
2 Articles 101 and 102 TFEU |
|
|
3 | (37) |
|
|
|
40 | (7) |
|
4 Trade Marks and Restraint of Trade |
|
|
47 | |
|
20 The Action for Passing Off |
|
|
|
1 Structure of This
Chapter |
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
2 Foundation and Nature of the Action |
|
|
4 | (35) |
|
|
|
39 | (51) |
|
4 The Limits of Passing Off |
|
|
90 | (17) |
|
5 Direct Misrepresentation as to Business |
|
|
107 | (21) |
|
6 Imitations of Trade or Service Marks |
|
|
128 | (5) |
|
|
|
133 | (29) |
|
|
|
162 | (16) |
|
9 Assessment and Proof of Likelihood of Deception |
|
|
178 | (47) |
|
|
|
225 | |
|
21 Trade Libel and Threats |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (30) |
|
|
|
31 | (4) |
|
3 "Puffing" not Actionable; Rival Traders |
|
|
35 | (21) |
|
4 Construing the Statement: Falsity |
|
|
56 | (6) |
|
|
|
62 | (14) |
|
|
|
76 | (21) |
|
7 Misleading Reports of Proceedings |
|
|
97 | (2) |
|
|
|
99 | |
|
22 Civil Proceedings for Trade Mark Infringment and Passing Off |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
2 Statutory Action For Trade Mark Infringement |
|
|
2 | (6) |
|
3 The Claimant's Title Infringement of Registered Trade Marks |
|
|
8 | (22) |
|
4 Commencement of Passing Off of Trade Mark Infringement Action |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
5 Intellectual Property Enterprise |
|
|
32 | (7) |
|
6 Service Out of the Jurisdiction |
|
|
39 | (4) |
|
7 Jurisdiction Over Foreign trade |
|
|
43 | (11) |
|
8 Vicarious and Joint Liability |
|
|
54 | (5) |
|
9 Overview of Relief Granted |
|
|
59 | (5) |
|
|
|
64 | (4) |
|
11 Enforcing Agreed Terms |
|
|
68 | (23) |
|
|
|
91 | (21) |
|
13 Enforcement and Breaches of Injunctions |
|
|
112 | (5) |
|
14 Erasure, Destruction. Delivery Up |
|
|
117 | (27) |
|
15 Orders for the Dissemination and Publication of Judgements |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
16 Financial Remedies---Damages and Accounts of Profits |
|
|
145 | (27) |
|
|
|
172 | (22) |
|
|
|
194 | (8) |
|
|
|
202 | (25) |
|
20 References to the CJEU |
|
|
227 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
|
|
5 | (17) |
|
3 Surveys and Questionnaires: Evidence From Consumers |
|
|
22 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
2 Offences Involving Unauthorised Use |
|
|
4 | (41) |
|
3 Offences of Unauthorised Use---Procedure |
|
|
45 | (11) |
|
4 Falsifying the Register |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
5 Falsely Representing a Mark as Registered |
|
|
59 | (5) |
|
6 Forfeiture of Counterfeit Goods and the Like |
|
|
64 | (9) |
|
7 A Relevant Offence must have been Committed |
|
|
73 | (4) |
|
8 Misuse of Royal Arms, Devices, Emblems and Titles |
|
|
77 | (3) |
|
9 Offences by Partnerships and Bodies Corporate |
|
|
80 | |
|
25 Customs Powers and Procedures |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
2 Legislation Making Up the Domestic Regime |
|
|
4 | (3) |
|
3 Legislation Making Up the European Regime |
|
|
7 | (5) |
|
4 IP Rights Covered by the EU Regime |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
5 Interaction of the Two Regimes |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
6 "Counterfeit Goods" Under the European regime |
|
|
15 | (7) |
|
7 Procedure Under the European Regime |
|
|
22 | (3) |
|
8 The Application for Action (AFA) |
|
|
25 | (5) |
|
9 The Accelerated Procedure for Destruction |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
11 Exchange of Information |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
12 Scale of Use of the European Regime |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
13 Goods in Transit Through the EU |
|
|
35 | (4) |
|
14 Procedure in Relation to Goods Seized by Customs Under the Domestic Regime |
|
|
39 | (3) |
|
15 Condemnation Proceedings Under the Domestic Regime |
|
|
42 | (4) |
|
16 Disclosure of Information by Customs |
|
|
46 | |
|
26 Character and Celebrity Merchandising |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (5) |
|
|
|
6 | (11) |
|
|
|
17 | (8) |
|
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
|
26 | (11) |
|
|
|
37 | |
|
27 Company and Business Names |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
2 The Company Names Tribunal |
|
|
5 | (10) |
|
3 Misleading Company Names Which Cause Harm to the Public and Other Restrictions on Company Names |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
4 Company Trading Disclosures |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
|
19 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 | (23) |
|
2 Aspects of Use Peculiar In the Internet |
|
|
25 | (6) |
|
3 Disputes Over Domain Name Registrations |
|
|
31 | (34) |
|
4 Jurisdiction and Infringement |
|
|
65 | (17) |
|
5 Metatags, Advertising Keywords and "Invisible Use" |
|
|
82 | |
|
29 Human Rights and Trade Marks |
|
|
|
1 The Influence of the Human Rights Act |
|
|
1 | (5) |
|
2 Article 10---Freedom of Expression |
|
|
6 | (8) |
|
3 Article 8 and Art. 1 Protocol 1 |
|
|
14 | |
|
|
|
|
PART I THE UK ACT AND RULES |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
2 The Trade Marks Rules 2008 (SI 2008/1797) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
3 The Trade Marks (Fees) Rules 2008 |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
4 The Trade Marks (Relative Grounds) Order 2007 (SI 2007/1976) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
PART II THF TRADE MARK DIRECTIVE |
|
|
|
5 The 2008 Trade Mark Directive 2008/95/EC |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
6 EU Trade Mark Regulation 2017/1001 |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
7 EU Trade Mark Implementing Regulation 2017/1431 |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
8 EU Trade Mark Delegation 2017/1430 |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
9 The Community Trade Marks Regulations |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
PART IV OTHER EUROPEAN MATERIALS |
|
|
|
10 EU Regulation 1151/2012 for PDOS and PGIs |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
12 The Business Protection from Misleading Marketing Regulation 2008 (SI 2008/1276) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
14 Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
15 The Trade Marks (International Registration) Order 2008 (SI 2008/2206) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
PART VI INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND RULES |
|
|
|
16 Provisions of the Paris Convention Directly Applicable to Trade Marks |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
17 Provisions of TRIPS Directly Applicable to Trade Marks |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
18 Tin; Trade Marks (Claims to Priority from Relevant Countries) Order 1994 (SI 1994/2803) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
PART VII CUSTOM MATERIALS |
|
|
|
19 EU Customs Regulation 608/2013 |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
20 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 1352/2013 |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
21 Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
22 The "Heraldic Convention" for Representation of Colours |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
23 International Classification of Goods and Services Under the Nice Agreement (11th edition) |
|
|
1 | |
| Index |
|
1645 | |
