Introduction |
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xiii | |
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Chapter 1 Laboratory Tests |
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1 | (392) |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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2 | (2) |
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Alanine transaminase (ALT) (formerly serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [ SGPT]) |
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4 | (4) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (2) |
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Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) |
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12 | (4) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (2) |
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Angiography (including digital subtraction angiography [ DSA]) |
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22 | (2) |
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (also known as vasopressin or arginine vasopressin hormone) |
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24 | (2) |
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Antinuclear antibody test (ANA) |
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26 | (4) |
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Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) |
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30 | (2) |
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Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotyping |
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32 | (2) |
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Aspartate transaminase (AST) (formerly serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [ SGOT]) |
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34 | (3) |
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Basic metabolic panel (BMP) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (4) |
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Blood alcohol level (BAL) |
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44 | (2) |
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Blood gases (also known as arterial blood gases) |
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46 | (2) |
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Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
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48 | (3) |
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Bone mineral density scan (also known as bone densitometry [ DEXA]) |
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51 | (1) |
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Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP); N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (2) |
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Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT or %CDT) |
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60 | (2) |
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Carbon dioxide (C02) (also known as carbon dioxide content or total carbon dioxide [ TC02]) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (4) |
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Carotid ultrasound (also known as carotid duplex study) |
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68 | (2) |
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Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β(1-42) (CSF Aβ(1_42)) |
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70 | (2) |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis |
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72 | (2) |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count and differential |
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74 | (2) |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology |
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76 | (1) |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose |
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77 | (1) |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate (also known as L-lactate or lactic acid) |
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78 | (2) |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein |
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80 | (2) |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau protein; total tau (T-tau); phosphorylated tau (P-tau) |
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82 | (2) |
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Cerebrovascular computed tomography angiography (CT angiography) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (2) |
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Chlordiazepoxide level (also known as Librium level) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (2) |
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Complete blood count (CBC) |
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98 | (2) |
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Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) |
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100 | (2) |
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Coombs test (also known as antiglobulin test) |
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102 | (2) |
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Coronary angiography; coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (4) |
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Cranial computed tomography (cranial CT; also known as head CT or CAT scan) |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (2) |
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Creatine kinase (CK) (also known as creatine phosphokinase [ CPK]) |
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116 | (4) |
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120 | (4) |
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124 | (2) |
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Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genotyping: AmpliChip CYP450 test |
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126 | (2) |
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Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (2) |
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Drug screen (also known as toxicology screen) |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (2) |
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Electrocardiogram (ECG; also known as EKG) |
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138 | (4) |
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Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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142 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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Electromyography (EMG); nerve conduction test (NCT) (also known as nerve conduction velocity [ NCV]) |
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147 | (1) |
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
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148 | (2) |
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Estrogens: estradiol (E2); estriol (E3) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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Event-related potentials (also known as cognitive evoked potentials) |
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153 | (1) |
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Evoked responses (also known as evoked potentials): brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER); somatosensory evoked response (SSER); visual evoked response (VER) |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (2) |
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Ferritin (also known as serum ferritin) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (2) |
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Folate (also known as folic acid or red blood cell [ RBC] folate) |
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162 | (2) |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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164 | (4) |
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Fragile X (FMR1) mutation (CGG repeats) |
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168 | (1) |
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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169 | (1) |
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Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) (also known as gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase [ GGTP or γ-GTP]) |
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170 | (2) |
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Glucose (also known as blood sugar or fasting blood sugar [ FBS]) |
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172 | (4) |
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Growth hormone (GH) (also known as human growth hormone [ hGH] or somatotropin) |
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176 | (2) |
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Heavy metal screening (also known as metal toxicology) |
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178 | (2) |
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Hematocrit (Hct) (also known as packed cell volume) |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (2) |
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High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (2) |
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Homocysteine (Hey) (also known as serum total homocysteine) |
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192 | (2) |
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (also known as beta human chorionic gonadotropin [ β-hCG] or pregnancy test) |
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194 | (2) |
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Huntingtin gene (HTT) mutation (CAG repeats) |
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196 | (2) |
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Iron (also known as serum iron) |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (2) |
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Lipid panel (also known as lipid profile or lipoprotein profile) |
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202 | (4) |
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206 | (2) |
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Liver function tests (LFTs) (also known as hepatic function panel) |
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208 | (3) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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Lyme antibodies (also known as Borrelia burgdorferi IgM/IgG) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (4) |
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Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) |
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220 | (2) |
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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222 | (4) |
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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) |
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226 | (4) |
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230 | (2) |
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Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) |
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232 | (2) |
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Metanephrines (also known as free plasma metanephrines) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (2) |
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Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT); maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) |
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240 | (2) |
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Osmolality (serum and urine) |
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242 | (4) |
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246 | (2) |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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248 | (2) |
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Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) (also known as activated PTT) |
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250 | (2) |
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Phosphate (also known as phosphorus) |
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252 | (4) |
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Platelet count (also known as thrombocyte count) |
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256 | (4) |
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260 | (2) |
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Positron emission tomography (PET): brain |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (4) |
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Prealbumin (also known as transthyretin or tryptophan-rich prealbumin) |
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268 | (2) |
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Prolactin (PRL) (also known as human prolactin [ hPRL]) |
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270 | (4) |
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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): complexed PSA (cPSA); free PSA (fPSA); total PSA |
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274 | (2) |
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Protein (also known as total protein) |
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276 | (2) |
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Prothrombin time (PT); international normalized ratio (INR) |
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278 | (2) |
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Pyridoxine (form of vitamin B6) |
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280 | (2) |
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Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) |
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282 | (2) |
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Red blood cell (RBC) count (also known as erythrocyte count) |
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284 | (2) |
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Renal function panel (also known as kidney function panel) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (2) |
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Serotonin transporter polymorphism (SLC6A4) |
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290 | (2) |
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Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (2) |
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Syphilis testing: rapid plasma reagin (RPR); Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL); fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-Abs); darkfield microscopy |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (2) |
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Testosterone: total testosterone; free testosterone |
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300 | (4) |
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Thiamine (also known as vitamin B1) |
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304 | (2) |
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Thyroid function testing: free thyroxine (free T4; FT4) |
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306 | (2) |
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Thyroid function testing: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (also known as sensitive TSH assay, highly sensitive TSH assay, or thyrotropin assay) |
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308 | (4) |
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Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) |
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312 | (2) |
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Transferrin; transferrin saturation |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (4) |
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Troponins: cardiac troponin I (cTnl); cardiac troponin T (cTnT) |
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320 | (2) |
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Tuberculosis (TB) testing |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (2) |
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Urinalysis (UA) (also known as routine UA [ RUA]) |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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Urine blood or hemoglobin |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (2) |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (2) |
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Urine epithelial cells and epithelial casts |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (2) |
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Urine leukocyte esterase (LE) |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (4) |
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Urine red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC casts |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (2) |
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Urine white blood cells (WBCs) and WBC casts |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (2) |
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Valproate level (also known as valproic acid level) |
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368 | (2) |
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Vitamin B12 (also known as cyanocobalamin or cobalamin) |
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370 | (2) |
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Vitamin D (25-hydroxycalciferol [ 25-OH] form of vitamin D) |
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372 | (2) |
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White blood cell (WBC) count (also known as leukocyte count) |
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374 | (2) |
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White blood cell (WBC) count differential: basophils |
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376 | (2) |
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White blood cell (WBC) count differential: eosinophils |
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378 | (2) |
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White blood cell (WBC) count differential: lymphocytes |
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380 | (4) |
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White blood cell (WBC) count differential: monocytes |
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384 | (2) |
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White blood cell (WBC) count differential: neutrophils |
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386 | (4) |
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Wilson disease screening panel |
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390 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Diseases and Conditions |
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393 | (208) |
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Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) |
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394 | (2) |
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Alcoholism (also known as alcohol dependence), alcohol abuse, problem drinking, and their complications |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (2) |
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400 | (2) |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (2) |
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Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) |
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406 | (2) |
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Anxiety (secondary): anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition; substance-induced anxiety disorder |
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408 | (2) |
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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410 | (2) |
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (2) |
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Catatonic disorder (also known as catatonia) |
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418 | (2) |
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Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) |
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420 | (2) |
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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) |
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422 | (2) |
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424 | (2) |
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) (also known as Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease or subacute spongiform encephalopathy) |
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426 | (3) |
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, new variant (nvCJD) (human variant of "mad cow" disease) |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (2) |
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Delirium (also known as acute confusional state or acute encephalopathy) |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (2) |
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Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) |
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436 | (2) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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Down syndrome (also known as trisomy 21) |
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440 | (2) |
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442 | (3) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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Encephalitis (viral): overview |
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447 | (1) |
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Encephalitis (viral): arbovirus (including eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, and West Nile virus) |
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448 | (1) |
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Encephalitis (viral): herpes simplex |
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449 | (1) |
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Ethylene glycol poisoning |
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450 | (1) |
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Fatty liver disease (nonalcoholic) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) |
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454 | (1) |
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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (2) |
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460 | (2) |
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462 | (2) |
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464 | (2) |
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466 | (2) |
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468 | (2) |
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Hydrocephalus (including normal-pressure hydrocephalus [ NPH]) |
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470 | (2) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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474 | (2) |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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Hypersomnia (primary) (also known as narcolepsy without cataplexy) |
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478 | (11) |
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Hypertensive encephalopathy |
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489 | |
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480 | (2) |
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482 | (2) |
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484 | (2) |
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486 | (12) |
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498 | |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (1) |
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492 | (2) |
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494 | (2) |
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Intellectual developmental disorder (intellectual disability) (formerly known as mental retardation) |
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496 | (1) |
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Klinefelter syndrome (also known as 47, XXY) |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (2) |
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500 | (2) |
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Lyme disease (also known as Lyme borreliosis) |
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502 | (3) |
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505 | (1) |
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Manganese poisoning (also known as manganism) |
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506 | (2) |
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508 | (2) |
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Marchiafava-Bignami disease (also known as primary degeneration of the corpus callosum) |
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510 | (2) |
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512 | (2) |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) |
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516 | (1) |
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517 | (1) |
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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) |
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518 | (1) |
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Mononucleosis (also known as infectious mononucleosis) |
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519 | (1) |
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Mood disorder due to a general medical condition, with depressive features (secondary depression) |
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520 | (2) |
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Mood disorder due to a general medical condition, with manic features (secondary mania) |
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522 | (2) |
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524 | (2) |
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Myocardial infarction (MI) |
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526 | (1) |
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Narcolepsy/hypocretin deficiency |
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527 | (1) |
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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) |
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528 | (1) |
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Neuromyelitis optica (NMO; also known as Devic disease) |
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529 | (1) |
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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530 | (1) |
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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) |
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531 | (1) |
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Organophosphate poisoning |
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532 | (2) |
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534 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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Panic attack; panic disorder |
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536 | (2) |
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538 | (2) |
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540 | (2) |
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Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) |
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542 | (1) |
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Pellagra (also known as niacin deficiency, nicotinic acid deficiency, or vitamin B3 deficiency) |
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543 | (1) |
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544 | (2) |
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546 | (2) |
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548 | (1) |
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549 | (1) |
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550 | (2) |
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Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) |
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552 | (1) |
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) |
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553 | (1) |
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Psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition (secondary psychosis) |
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554 | (2) |
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Pyridoxine deficiency (also known as vitamin B6 deficiency) |
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556 | (1) |
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Restless legs syndrome (RLS) |
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557 | (1) |
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558 | (2) |
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560 | (2) |
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Seizures; seizure disorder (also known as epilepsy) |
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562 | (4) |
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Stroke (also known as cerebrovascular accident); transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
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566 | (4) |
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570 | (2) |
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572 | (2) |
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Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) (also known as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis) |
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574 | (2) |
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Syphilis (including neurosyphilis) |
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576 | (4) |
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (also known as lupus) |
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580 | (2) |
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Thiamine deficiency (also known as vitamin B1 deficiency) |
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582 | (2) |
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584 | (1) |
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585 | (1) |
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586 | (2) |
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Uremia (including uremic encephalopathy) |
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588 | (2) |
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Urinary tract infection (UTI) |
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590 | (2) |
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Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) (also known as DiGeorge syndrome) |
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592 | (2) |
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Vitamin B12 deficiency (also known as cyanocobalamin deficiency) |
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594 | (2) |
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Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome (Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome) |
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596 | (2) |
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Wilson disease (also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, hepatolenticular disease, or Westphall-Strumpell disease) |
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598 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Psychotropic Medications: Laboratory Screening and Monitoring |
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601 | (34) |
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602 | (1) |
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Amphetamines (Adderall); dextroamphetamines (Dexedrine); lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse) |
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603 | (1) |
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Antipsychotic medications, atypical |
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604 | (1) |
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Antipsychotic medications, conventional |
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605 | (1) |
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606 | (1) |
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607 | (1) |
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Buprenorphine (Buprenex, Subutex); buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) |
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608 | (1) |
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609 | (1) |
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610 | (1) |
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611 | (1) |
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612 | (1) |
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613 | (1) |
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614 | (1) |
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615 | (1) |
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615 | (1) |
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616 | (1) |
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616 | (1) |
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617 | (1) |
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618 | (1) |
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Methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
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618 | (1) |
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619 | (1) |
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) |
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620 | (1) |
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Naltrexone (ReVia, Vivitrol) |
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621 | (1) |
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622 | (1) |
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Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics: eszopiclone (Lunesta), zaleplon (Sonata), Zolpidem (Ambien) |
|
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623 | (1) |
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|
624 | (1) |
|
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
Trazodone (Desyrel, Oleptro) |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) |
|
|
630 | (2) |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Venlafaxine (Effexor); desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) |
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
Appendix A Therapeutic and Toxic Drug Levels at a Glance |
|
|
635 | (4) |
|
Therapeutic and toxic drug levels at a glance |
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
Appendix B Additional Information on Neuroimaging |
|
|
639 | (4) |
|
Neuroimaging signal appearance: magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Approach to reading a head computed tomography scan |
|
|
641 | (2) |
|
Appendix C Additional Information on Cardiac-Related Tests |
|
|
643 | (8) |
|
Ten rules for a normal electrocardiogram |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Figure C-l. Waves and intervals on the electrocardiogram |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
Figure C-2. Heart blocks on the electrocardiogram |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
Cardiovascular risk assessment |
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
Medical evaluation for electroconvulsive therapy |
|
|
648 | (3) |
References |
|
651 | (18) |
Index |
|
669 | |