|
List of Tables and Figures |
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xx | |
| Preface |
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xxvi | |
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Developments in Embryo in Vitro Production (IVP) Technology |
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1 | (41) |
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1 | (2) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Embryos across the Atlantic |
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4 | (1) |
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Using rabbits to good effect |
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4 | (1) |
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Dawan of cattle ET industry |
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5 | (1) |
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Cambridge, Babraham and beyond |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (7) |
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7 | (1) |
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Cattle twins by embryo transfer |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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Commercializing the embryo production procedure |
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10 | (1) |
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Commercial unacceptability |
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10 | (2) |
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Towards sexed semen on the farm |
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12 | (1) |
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Developments in ET Technology |
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13 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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Current cattle ET activity |
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14 | (1) |
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Commercial advantages of cattle ET |
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15 | (1) |
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Laboratory-produced Embryos |
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15 | (5) |
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Current level of activity |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Research with bovine IVP embroys |
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17 | (1) |
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Commercial use of IVP embryos |
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18 | (1) |
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Pathogen-free IVP embryos |
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19 | (1) |
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Animal health and welfare considerations |
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20 | (1) |
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Embryo Production in Other Farm Mammals |
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20 | (12) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Human in Vitro Fertilization |
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32 | (10) |
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32 | (1) |
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Establishment of pregnancy by embryo transfer |
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33 | (1) |
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Ovarian stimulation regimens for IVF |
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33 | (1) |
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Recovery of human oocytes |
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34 | (1) |
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In vitro maturation of human oocytes |
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34 | (2) |
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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Cryopreservation of embryos and oocytes |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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The Bovine Oestrous Cycle and Associated Events |
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42 | (37) |
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Oestrus and the Oestrous Cycle |
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42 | (4) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Endocrine basis of oestrus |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (9) |
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Corpus luteum and progesterone |
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46 | (3) |
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Follicular dynamics in the cow |
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49 | (1) |
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Growing understanding of folliculogenesis |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Monitoring ovarian activity |
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53 | (2) |
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Endocrine Events in the Oestrous Cycle |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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56 | (2) |
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Prenatal Development of the Bovine Ovary |
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58 | (6) |
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Migration of primordial germ cells |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Activation of primordial follicles |
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61 | (1) |
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Growth and development of follicles |
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61 | (1) |
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Formation of the zona pellucida |
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62 | (1) |
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Development of growing follicles |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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The Bovine Ovary in Postnatal Life |
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64 | (9) |
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64 | (1) |
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Antral follicle population |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Oocyte growth and development |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Ribosomes and cytoplasmic lattices |
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71 | (1) |
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Biochemical aspects of oocyte growth |
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71 | (1) |
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Endocrine events during follicle growth and development |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Oestradiol and progesterone |
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72 | (1) |
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Androstenedione and testosterone |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Induction of Multiple Ovulations in the Cow |
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73 | (6) |
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74 | (1) |
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Control of follicle growth |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Animal and environmental effects |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Long-range assessments and sexed semen |
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77 | (1) |
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Recombinant bovine somatotrophin (r-BST) and follicle growth |
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77 | (1) |
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Characteristics of preovulatory follicles and oocytes after superovulation |
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78 | (1) |
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Recovering the Bovine Oocyte |
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79 | (33) |
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Oocyte Recovery: Abattoir Ovaries |
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79 | (4) |
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Dissecting the intact follicle |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Aspiration techniques: old and new |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Transillumination-aspiration ovary (TAO) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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Ovary storage: temperatures and time-limits |
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83 | (1) |
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Ovary storage to enhance oocyte quality |
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84 | (1) |
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Temperature sensitivity of oocytes |
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84 | (1) |
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Follicle size and quality |
|
|
84 | (1) |
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Recovering Oocytes: Live Cattle |
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85 | (10) |
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Advantages and alternatives |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Laparoscopic methods of follicular aspiration |
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87 | (1) |
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Ultrasonic methods of follicular aspiration |
|
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88 | (1) |
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Developments in ultrasound technology |
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88 | (1) |
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Ultrasound in research and practice |
|
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88 | (1) |
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Developments in ovum pick-up technology |
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|
89 | (3) |
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|
|
92 | (1) |
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Hormonal and nutritional pretreatments |
|
|
92 | (1) |
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Influence of growth hormone |
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|
93 | (1) |
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|
93 | (1) |
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Oocytes from pregnant cattle |
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93 | (1) |
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|
94 | (1) |
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Oocytes from post-partum cattle |
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94 | (1) |
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Oocytes from calves and prepubertal cattle |
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|
94 | (1) |
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Live Donors: Other Considerations |
|
|
95 | (2) |
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Recovering secondary oocytes |
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|
96 | (1) |
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Enhancing quality of primary oocytes |
|
|
96 | (1) |
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|
|
97 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Oocyte Quality |
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97 | (8) |
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98 | (3) |
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Oocytets from fetal ovaries |
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101 | (1) |
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Cattle category, oestrous cycle and ovarian morphology |
|
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Body condition and nutritional considerations |
|
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103 | (1) |
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Reproductive status of donor |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (3) |
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Oocyte morphology: classification schemes |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Oestradiol: progesterone ratio |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Oocytes from Preantral and Early Antral Follicles |
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108 | (4) |
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109 | (1) |
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Differences between mice and cattle follicles |
|
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109 | (1) |
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Utilizing early antral follicles |
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110 | (1) |
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Preantral follicles in humans and pigs |
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111 | (1) |
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Maturing the Bovine Oocyte |
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112 | (46) |
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Oocyte Maturation in Vivo |
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112 | (6) |
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112 | (1) |
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Events leading to ovulation |
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113 | (1) |
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Nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation |
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114 | (2) |
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Biochemical and physiological events during maturation |
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116 | (2) |
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Oocyte Maturation in the Laboratory |
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118 | (3) |
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118 | (2) |
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Current understanding of in vitro maturation in cattle |
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120 | (1) |
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In Vitro Maturation (IVM) Culture Systems |
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121 | (11) |
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Culturing intact follicles |
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122 | (1) |
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Simple and complex maturation media |
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122 | (1) |
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Tissue culture medium 199 |
|
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123 | (1) |
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Buffering systems, osmolarity and surface tension |
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123 | (1) |
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Water-quality considerations |
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123 | (1) |
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Static and flux culture systems |
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124 | (1) |
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Effect of maturation time |
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124 | (1) |
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Antibiotic cover and oil overlay |
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125 | (1) |
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Temperature, gas phase and toxic factors |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Bovine serum and bovine serum albumin |
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126 | (1) |
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Bovine serum albumin (BSA) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Constituents of bovine serum |
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127 | (1) |
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Serum levels employed in IVM media |
|
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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|
129 | (1) |
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Inhibitory action of follicular fluid |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
Follicular fluid composition |
|
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130 | (1) |
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Hyaluronic acid as a serum substitute |
|
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131 | (1) |
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Hyaluronan in culturing oocytes in small groups |
|
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131 | (1) |
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|
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132 | (3) |
|
Cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) |
|
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132 | (1) |
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Connexin 43 and oocyte meiotic maturation |
|
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132 | (1) |
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Additional cumulus/granulosa cells |
|
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133 | (1) |
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Special needs of ovum pick-up (OPU) oocytes |
|
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134 | (1) |
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Use of non-follicular cells |
|
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
|
Hormones and Growth Factors |
|
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135 | (6) |
|
|
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136 | (1) |
|
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone |
|
|
136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
|
Growth hormone (somatotrophin) |
|
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Midkine and other growth factors |
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|
140 | (1) |
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|
140 | (1) |
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|
140 | (1) |
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Oocyte-derived growth factors |
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|
140 | (1) |
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Oocytes Cultured Singly or in Groups |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Single-oocyte culture systems |
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|
141 | (1) |
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Single-culture medium systems |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) formulations |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Chemically Defined Culture Systems |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Using synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
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|
|
143 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress in Oocyte Maturation |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
Role of glutathione (GSH) |
|
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (8) |
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145 | (1) |
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Maintenance of meiotic arrest |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Influence of granulosa-theca cells |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Role of cyclic 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Pretreatment of donor cattle |
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148 | (1) |
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Two-step treatment in the laboratory |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Enhancing the quality of oocytes from small follicles |
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152 | (1) |
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Synchronizing germinal vesicle development |
|
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152 | (1) |
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Other Factors Influencing Oocyte Maturation |
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|
153 | (5) |
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Energy sources and second messengers |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Prostaglandins and steroids |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Opioid antagonists and chemical agents |
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154 | (1) |
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Endogenuous opioid peptides |
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154 | (1) |
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Dimethylsulphoxide and ethanol |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
|
Simplifying maturation culture systems |
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|
154 | (1) |
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Evaluating the Maturation Process |
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155 | (1) |
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Stages in nuclear maturation |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Mitochondrial distribution |
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156 | (1) |
|
Morphological assessment and staining methods |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
Gene expression and oocyte competence |
|
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157 | (1) |
|
Capacitating Bovine Sperm |
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158 | (18) |
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158 | (5) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
|
Artificial induction of capacitation |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (4) |
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|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Oviductal secretory cells |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
|
Simulating oviductal events in vitro |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Modifying osmolarity and pH |
|
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168 | (1) |
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|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Valuating sperm-capacitation systems |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Heparin and Heparin-like Glycosaminoglycans |
|
|
169 | (2) |
|
Actions and interations of heparin |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Practical application of heparin treatment |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Use of Fresh or Frozen Semen |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Bulls as a Source of Variability |
|
|
172 | (3) |
|
High-and low-fertility bulls |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
Methods of assessing bull fertility |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Efficiency of Capacitation Procedures |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
|
176 | (44) |
|
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
In vitro maturation and fertilization: early reports |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
|
178 | (4) |
|
|
|
178 | (2) |
|
Lifespan of the secondary oocyte |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Dispersion of cumulus cells |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Fertilization rates in cattle |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
Fertilization rates in superovulated animals |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Preparing Sperm for in Vitro Fertilization |
|
|
182 | (13) |
|
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Assessing the quality of frozen-thawed semen |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Swim-up and hyaluronic acid |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Swim-up and the sex ratio |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Percoll density gradients |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Glass-wool filtration procedures |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
|
187 | (1) |
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|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Cell-to-cell interactions with epididymal cells |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Robertsonian translocations |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) as a screening assay |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Penicillamine, hypotaurine, epinephrine (adrenalin) (PHE) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Caffeine, theophylline and pentoxifylline |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Preparing Oocytes for Fertilization |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Beneficial effects of cumulus cells |
|
|
192 | (2) |
|
Cumulus-cell removal after fertilization |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
In Vitro Fertilization Culture Systems |
|
|
195 | (5) |
|
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
Temperature, light and osmolarity |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Somatic cells in the fertilization medium |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Activation of COCs with calcium ionophore (A23187) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Oxidative stress in the IVF culture system |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Other factors influencing efficacy of IVF system |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Interaction of Spermatozoon and Oocyte |
|
|
200 | (4) |
|
Sperm-oocyte recognition mechanisms |
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Early events in the fertilization process |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Changes in zona pellucida |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Crossing the interspecific sperm barrier |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Post-insemination Treatment of Oocytes |
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
Effect of sperm exposure time |
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
Micro-assisted Fertilization |
|
|
206 | (8) |
|
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Zona drilling and partial zona dissection |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Subzonal sperm insertion (SUZI) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Twelve thousand years into the past |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Successful cattle ICSI without artificial activation |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Gender preselection in cattle by ICSI |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
ICSI and factors influencing oocyte activation |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Efficiency of IVF Procedures |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Criteria for assessing fertilization |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Fertilization Abnormalities |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Polyspermy and parthenogenesis |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Variability in Bull Fertility |
|
|
215 | (5) |
|
Effect of bull on IVF outcome |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
In vitro fertilization test in predicting bull fertility |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Sperm chromatin structure |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
The bovine centrosome (centriole) |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Culturing and Evaluating the Early Bovine Embryo |
|
|
220 | (57) |
|
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Early Embryo Development in the Cow |
|
|
222 | (8) |
|
The oviductal microenvironment |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Cleavage of the bovine embryo |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Steroidogenic activity of embryo |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Nucleoli and nucleolus organizer regions in the early embryo |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Compaction and cavitation |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Factors in embryo mortality |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Embryo-pathogen interactions |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Losses after embryo transfer |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
|
230 | (4) |
|
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Elongation-stage bovine embryos |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
The isolated mouse oviduct |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Using oviducts of live mice |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Metabolism of the Early Embryo |
|
|
234 | (4) |
|
Monitoring embryo metabolism |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Energy metabolism-related gene expression |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Mvo-inositol, adenylyl cyclase |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Ultrastructural autoradiography of RNA synthesis |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Activation of the bovine embryonic genome |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
|
|
238 | (26) |
|
Embryo culture systems: past and present |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Serum-restricted culture systems |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Towards defined culture systems |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Microfluidic embryo manipulation |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
TCM-199 and SOF culture media |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
Co-culture with bovine oviductal cells |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Bovine oviductal cell monolayer |
|
|
243 | (2) |
|
Co-culture with non-oviductal cells |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
Serum-supplemented culture systems |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Duration of serum treatment |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Supplementation with bovine follicular fluid |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Serum-free culture systems |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
Hyaluronic acid supplementation |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Protection from oxidative stress |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Hormones, growth factors and cytokines |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Surface-active components |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Mineral and silicone oils |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Simplifying culture systems |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Evaluating Embryo Quality |
|
|
264 | (13) |
|
Morphological and morphometic parameters |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Variability in embryo grading |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Human embryo quality considerations |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Age and developmental stage attained |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Early cleavage and pregnancy rates in human assisted reproduction |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Assessing embryo quality at morula stage |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Timing of blastocyst formation |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Indications of embryo normality |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Chromosomal abnormalities and cell numbers |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Intercellular communication |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Proteins involved in embryo developmental competence |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
|
273 | (2) |
|
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Insulin-like growth factors |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
IVP and nuclear-transfer cattle embryos |
|
|
275 | (2) |
|
Preservation of Embryos and Oocytes |
|
|
277 | (26) |
|
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
Embryo cryopreservation: past and present |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Embryo cryopreservation: past and present |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
In vitro-produced embryos |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Advances in other farm mammals |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Advantages of embyro storage |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
280 | (3) |
|
Embryo storage at ambient temperature |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Embryo sensitivity to cooling |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Embryo storage at refrigerator temperature |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Conventional Freeze-Thaw Protocols |
|
|
283 | (5) |
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Two-step to one-step temperature decrease |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
One-step thawing procedures |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
Ethylene glycol as the cryoprotectant |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Thawing and cryoprotectant removal |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Freezing the IVP bovine embryo |
|
|
288 | (5) |
|
Morphological and functional differences |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Embryo ultrastructure after cryopreservation |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Embryo survival and pregnancy rates |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Embryo survival and pregnancy rates |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Freezing zygotes and early-cleavage embryos |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
Delipidizing the IVP bovine embryo |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Rapid freezing of IVP embryos |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Vitrification of in Vivo-Produced Embryos |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Vitrification and slow freezing as alternatives |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Vitrification of IVP Embryos |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
Developing an effective vitrification procedure |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Avoiding contamination of embryos |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Factors relevant to the success of vitrification |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Cryopreservation of the Bovine Oocyte |
|
|
297 | (5) |
|
Factors relevant to oocyte cryopreservation |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Ultrastructural evaluation |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
Previtrification additives |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Bovine vs. equine oocytes |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Ultrastructural evaluation |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Embryo Evaluation after Thawing |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Evaluation of IVP embryos |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Establishing Pregnancies with IVP Embryos |
|
|
303 | (19) |
|
|
|
303 | (3) |
|
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Requirements for on-farm applications |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
From research to practice |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Embryo transfer as a research tool |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Welfare implications of using IVP embryos |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Preparing Embryos for Transfer |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Antibiotic/antimicrobial cover |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Serum and serum substitutes |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Embryo encapsulation technology |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Predicting embryo hatching |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Number of embryos transferred |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Surgical and Non-surgical transfers |
|
|
308 | (3) |
|
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Endoscopy and tubal transfer of embryos |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Factors affecting success |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Donor-Recipient Synchrony |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Importance of synchronization |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Accuracy of oestrus detection |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Synchronization in the IVP embryo context |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Oestrus Synchroization Techniques |
|
|
312 | (3) |
|
Protocols for synchronizing oestrus |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
Selection and Management of Recipients |
|
|
315 | (3) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Factors affecting recipient suitability |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Minimizing stress in recipients |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Detecting early pregnancy in recipients |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Enhancing Pregnancy Rates in Recipients |
|
|
318 | (4) |
|
Progesterone supplementation |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Hormonal therapy in early dioestrus |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Hormonal therapy in late dioestrus |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Use of trophoblastic vesicles |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Oral treatment with propylene glycol |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Re-synchrony of non-pregnant recipients |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Embryos and Oocytes in Research and Commerce |
|
|
322 | (74) |
|
|
|
322 | (3) |
|
From research to commercial application |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Cattle products and human health |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Population growth and food resources |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Embryo Production Technology: Problems |
|
|
325 | (5) |
|
Differences between IVP-and in vivo-derived offspring |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
The large-offspring syndrome (LOS) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
IVP embryo laboratories and LOS |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Large-offspring syndrome: human implications? |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Embyro Production Technology: Prospects |
|
|
330 | (13) |
|
Animal-health considerations |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Problems posed by IVP cattle embryos |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Reducing infectivity associated with IVP embryos |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
IVP embryos in breeding-improvement programmes |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Open-nucleus breeding scheme |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Reducing the generation interval |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Post-mortem use of valuable genetic material |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Beef calves from dairy cows |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Twinning by embryo transfer |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms controlling double ovulations |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
Feasibility of twinning in farming practice |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Preserving genetic diversity |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Using immature sperm cells |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Embryos for tropical/subtropical regions |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Bypassing heat-stress problems |
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
Dealing with repeat breeders |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Cattle embryos and oocytes for research |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Interspecies nuclear transfer |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Sex Control by Sperm Spearation |
|
|
343 | (9) |
|
The case for semen sexing |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Beltsville sexing technology |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Sperm-membrance changes in sorted sperm |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Effect of Fert Plus peptide |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
In vitro fertilization with sorted bull sperm |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Alternatives to sexing by flow cytometry |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Separation by density gradients |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Spermatozoal head size and volume |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Effect of AI timing on sex ratio |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Sperm separation in other farm animals |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (4) |
|
Sexing by polymerase chain reaction technology |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Fluorescence in situ hybridization |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Sexing by male-specific antigen |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Cloning in Cattle: Progress and Problems |
|
|
356 | (17) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Essential steps in nuclear transfer |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Quality of recipient oocytes |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Introduction of donor nucleus |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Choice of donor cell and cell-cycle stage |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Fetal or adult somatic cells |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Quiescent or profliferating cells |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Non-viable cells as donors |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Simplifying nuclear-transfer protocols |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Preserving donor cells, cytoplasts and cloned embryos |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
In vitro culture and evaluation of nuclear-transfer embryos |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Ribosomal RNA gene activation |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial heteroplasmy |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Gestational and perinatal losses |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Development of clones after birth |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (9) |
|
Development of transgenic technology in cattle |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Potential advantages of transgenic cattle |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Methods of genetic modification in cattle |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Transfected cells for nuclear transfer |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Sperm-mediated DNA transfer |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Retroviral infection of early embryos |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Transgenic embryos in the laboratory |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Predicting transgene integration |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Losses in transgenic embryos, fetuses and calves |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Transgenic cattle on the farm |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Welfare of transgenic cattle |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
Appendix A: Embryo Production Protocols |
|
|
382 | (7) |
|
Appendix B: Preparation of Culture Media |
|
|
389 | (3) |
|
Appendix C: Cryopreservation Procedures |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
Appendix D: Journals, Books and On-line Sources of Information Relevant to the in Vitro Production and Transfer of Cattle Embryos |
|
|
394 | (2) |
| References |
|
396 | (141) |
| Index |
|
537 | |
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