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El. knyga: Laboratory Rat

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Edited by Patricia L. Foley, Edited by Mark A. Suckow (Associate Vice President for Research, Attending Veterinarian, University of Kentucky, USA), Edited by F. Claire Hankenson (Director, MSU Campus Animal Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA), Edited by Ronald P. Wilson (Professor and Chair, Department of Comparative Me)

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Serija: American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine
Išleidimo metai: 10-Nov-2019
Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
Kalba: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128143391

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Formatas: PDF+DRM
Serija: American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine
Išleidimo metai: 10-Nov-2019
Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
Kalba: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128143391

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The Laboratory Rat, Third Edition, features updated information on a variety of topics, including rats as research models in alcoholism, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, neuroscience, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, biomaterials evaluation and infectious disease. As a premier source of information on the laboratory rat, this book will be of interest to veterinary and medical students, senior graduate students, post-docs and researchers who utilize animals in biomedical research.

Contains a plethora of new information on the topic
Recognized as the premier source of information on the laboratory rat
Features updated information on a variety of topics, including rats as research models in alcoholism, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, neuroscience, and more

Contributors

Preface

Reviewers

xvii

I Background of the Laboratory Rat

1 Historical Foundations

Mark A. Suckow

Henry J. Baker

I Introduction

(1)

II Origins of the Laboratory Rat

(1)

III The Wistar Institute and the Development of Rats in Research

(8)

IV Neuroscience and Behavioral Research

(2)

V Nutrition and Biochemistry

(5)

VI Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology

(2)

VII Genetics

(4)

VIII Cancer Research Institutes

(4)

IX Gnotobiology: Rats Without Microflora

(5)

X Genealogy of Major Rat Stocks and Strains

(3)

XI Genetic Repositories and Standards

(1)

XII Securing Healthy Foundations

(3)

XIII The Role of the National Institutes of Health

(1)

XIV Information Dissemination and Exchange

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(5)

Further Reading

(1)

2 Taxonomy and Stocks and Strains

Hans J. Hedrich

I Introduction

(1)

II Taxonomy and Geographical Distribution

(4)

III Adaptation to the Laboratory

(1)

IV Stocks and Strains of Laboratory Rats

(18)

V Nomenclature

(2)

VI Synopsis

(1)

References

(5)

3 Translational Potential of Rats in Research

Sara A. Hashway

Laura A. Wilding

I Introduction

(1)

II Benefits of Rat Models

(2)

III Genomic Advances in the Rat

(3)

IV Translational Success and Ongoing Advancements Using Rat Models

(1)

V Conclusions

(1)

References

(8)

II Biology and Care

4 Functional Anatomy and Physiology

Robin Crisler

Nancy A. Johnston

Christine Sivula

Carl L. Budelsky

I Introduction

(1)

II General Appearance

(11)

III Digestive System

102

(4)

IV Respiratory System

106

(3)

V Cardiovascular System

109

(3)

VI Urinary and Reproductive Systems

112

(5)

VII Endocrine System

117

(2)

VIII Nervous System

119

(3)

Acknowledgments

122

(1)

References

122

(11)

5 Clinical Pathology of the Rat

Tara P. Arndt

Laura I. Boone

I Introduction

133

(1)

II Considerations of Blood and Urine Collection and Sample Handling

134

(2)

III Use of Reference Intervals in Data Interpretation

136

(1)

IV Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, Urinalysis, and Coagulation

137

(2)

V Interpretation of Disease States in the Rat

139

(10)

VI Summary

149

(1)

Acknowledgments

149

(1)

References

149

(6)

Further Reading

155

(2)

6 Reproduction and Breeding

Jeffrey J. Lohmiller

Sonya P. Swing

Marina M. Hanson

I Introduction

157

(1)

II Normative Biology

157

(7)

III Factors Affecting Breeding Performance

164

(4)

IV Breeding

168

(7)

References

175

(6)

7 Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Genetic Modifications in Rats

Yuksel Agca

I Introduction

181

(1)

II Assisted Reproductive Technologies

182

(9)

III Genome Banking

191

(3)

IV Genetic Modifications

194

(12)

V Conclusions

206

(1)

Acknowledgments

207

(1)

References

207

(8)

8 Analysis of Behavior in Laboratory Rats

Ian Q. Whishaw

Bryan Kolb

I Introduction

215

(1)

II General Methodological Approaches

216

(2)

III The Neurobehavioral Examination

218

(2)

IV Sensorimotor Behavior

220

(2)

V Immobility and Associated Reflexes

222

(2)

VI Locomotion

224

(3)

VII Skilled Movement

227

(2)

VIII Species-Typical Behaviors

229

(5)

IX Learning and Memory

234

(3)

X Comments on Generalizing From Behavioral Analysis

237

(1)

References

238

(4)

Further Reading

242

(1)

9 Nutrition

Barbara Mickelson

Tina Marie Herfel

Jennifer Booth

Ronald P. Wilson

I Introduction

243

(1)

II Nutrient Requirements

243

(49)

III Naturally Occurring Contaminants

292

(5)

IV Regulation of Food and Fluid Intake

297

(5)

V Considerations for Dosing via Diet

302

(1)

VI Diet-Induced Models of Disease

303

(2)

VII Classification and Selection of Diets

305

(3)

VIII Diet Formulation

308

(1)

IX Diet Manufacture

309

(1)

X Physical Forms of Rat Diets

310

(1)

XI Diet Sterilization

310

(4)

XII Diet Storage and Shelf Life

314

(1)

Acknowledgments

315

(1)

References

315

(34)

10 Housing and Environment

Robert E. Faith

Kenneth P. Allen

Jack R. Hessler

I Introduction

349

(1)

II Housing

350

(13)

III Environmental Factors

363

(18)

IV Feed, Water, and Bedding

381

(4)

V Chemical Factors in the Environment

385

(6)

VI Miscellaneous Environmental Factors

391

(6)

VII Conclusions

397

(1)

References

397

(20)

Further Reading

417

(4)

III Clinical Care and Disease

11 Medical Management and Diagnostic Approaches

Glen M. Otto

Matthew H. Myles

I Introduction

421

(1)

II Individual Animal Monitoring and Care

421

(1)

III Colony Health Management

422

(7)

IV Diagnostic Testing

429

(17)

V Management of Colony Disease Outbreaks

446

(1)

Acknowledgments

447

(1)

References

447

(4)

12 Bacterial, Mycoplasmal, and Mycotic Infections

Steven H. Weisbroth

Dennis F. Kohn

I Introduction

451

(5)

II Bacterial Infections

456

(41)

III Mycoplasmal Infections

497

(6)

IV Mycotic Infections

503

(9)

References

512

(26)

Further Reading

538

(3)

13 Viral Disease

James D. Macy Jr

Susan R. Compton

I Introduction

541

(1)

II DNA Virus Infections

541

(8)

III RNA Virus Infections

549

(11)

IV Rat Virome

560

(1)

Acknowledgments

560

(1)

References

560

(9)

14 Parasitic Diseases

Theresa M. Meade

Julie Watson

I Introduction

569

(1)

II Parasites of Parenteral Systems

570

(9)

III Parasites of the Alimentary System

579

(9)

IV Parasites of the Integument

588

(3)

V Pseudoparasites

591

(1)

Acknowledgments

592

(1)

References

593

(6)

Further Reading

599

(2)

15 Neoplastic Disease

Angela P. King-Herbert

Kyathanahalli S. Janardhan

Ronald A. Herbert

I Introduction

601

(2)

II The Rat as an Experimental Model in Oncology

603

(1)

III Integumentary System

603

(9)

IV Musculoskeletal System

612

(2)

V Respiratory System

614

(3)

VI Cardiovascular System

617

(1)

VII Digestive System

618

(7)

VIII Endocrine System

625

(5)

IX Hematopoietic and Lymphatic System

630

(1)

X Urinary System

631

(2)

XI Female Reproductive System

633

(3)

XII Mammary Gland

636

(1)

XIII Male Reproductive System

637

(2)

XIV Nervous System

639

(3)

Acknowledgments

642

(1)

References

642

(9)

16 Metabolic, Traumatic, and Miscellaneous Diseases

William W. King

Michael T. Drake

I Introduction

651

(2)

II Cardiovascular System

653

(6)

III Hemolymphatic System

659

(1)

IV Respiratory System

659

(3)

V Gastrointestinal System

662

(4)

VI Urinary System

666

(8)

VII Endocrine System

674

(1)

VIII Nervous System

675

(1)

IX Ocular System

676

(4)

X Musculoskeletal System

680

(1)

XI Integumentary System

681

(2)

XII Reproductive System

683

(1)

Acknowledgments

684

(1)

References

684

(15)

17 Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Euthanasia

Jennifer L.S. Lofgren

Patricia L. Foley

Huw Dr. Golledge

I Introduction

699

(1)

II Preoperative Considerations

699

(3)

III Drug Doses and Dose Preparation

702

(3)

IV Administration Routes and Equipment

705

(5)

V Inhalation Anesthetics

710

(2)

VI Parenteral Anesthetics

712

(7)

VII Special Anesthetic Considerations

719

(1)

VIII Pain Assessment and Treatment

720

(9)

IX Euthanasia

729

(6)

Acknowledgments

735

(1)

References

735

(10)

Further Reading

745

(2)

18 Care of Surgical and Other Fragile Models

Andrea R. Slate

Rivka L. Shoulson

I Introduction

747

(1)

II Surgical Considerations

747

(8)

III Pain Assessment and Treatment

755

(2)

IV Surgical and Other Fragile Models

757

(7)

References

764

(7)

IV Rats as Research Models

19 General Experimental Techniques

Felicia Duke Boynton

Misha Dunbar

Nathan Koewler

I Introduction

771

(1)

II Handling and Restraint

771

(3)

III Identification Methods

774

(2)

IV Specimen Collection

776

(21)

V Specialized Research Techniques

797

(3)

Acknowledgments

800

(1)

References

800

(11)

20 Integrating Biology With Rat Genomic Tools

Melinda R. Dwinell

Aron M. Geurts

I Background to the Rat Genome and Tools

811

(1)

II Rat Genome Assembly and Mapping Update

812

(2)

III Gene Expression and Functional Annotation

814

(1)

IV Genetic Manipulation

815

(1)

V Animal Models

816

(2)

VI Rat Genetic and Genomic Data

818

(2)

VII Rat Resources

820

(1)

VIII Summary

820

(1)

Acknowledgments

821

(1)

References

821

(6)

21 Gnotobiotics and the Microbiome

Philip B. Carter

Elisabeth Norin

Alton G. Swennes

Prologue

827

(1)

I Introduction

827

(4)

II The Germfree and Defined Flora Laboratory Rat

831

(7)

III Research Applications of Gnotobiotic Rats

838

(3)

IV Resources

841

(1)

V Conclusions

842

(1)

Acknowledgments

843

(1)

References

843

(6)

22 Toxicology

Angela King-Herbert

Mary Ann Vasbinder

I Introduction

849

(1)

II History

849

(1)

III Use of the Rat in Pharmacologic Testing: An Overview

850

(1)

IV Toxicological Studies

851

(5)

V Consideration of Variables in Toxicological Testing

856

(3)

VI 3Rs in Toxicology

859

(1)

VII Conclusion

859

(1)

Acknowledgments

859

(1)

References

860

(2)

Further Reading

862

(1)

23 Embryology and Teratology

Manu M. Sebastian

Tiffany Marie Borjeson

I Introduction

863

(1)

II Embryology

863

(14)

III Experimental Teratology

877

(8)

Acknowledgments

885

(1)

References

885

(6)

24 Rat Immunology

Angela M. Mexas

Karuna Patil

I Introduction

891

(1)

II Overview of the Rat's Immune System

892

(10)

III Rats as Animal Models in Immunology Research

902

(11)

IV Summary and Conclusions

913

(1)

Acknowledgments

913

(1)

References

913

(14)

25 Cardiovascular Research

Portia S. Allen

Louis J. Dell'italia

Marian Esvelt

Marisa L. Conte

Joan M. Cadillac

Daniel D. Myers Jr

I Introduction

927

(1)

II Macroscopic Anatomy

927

(4)

III Microscopic Anatomy

931

(3)

IV Methods for in Vivo Evaluation of the Cardiovascular System

934

(3)

V Methods for in Vitro Study of Myocardium

937

(2)

VI Genetic Models of Human Cardiovascular Disease

939

(5)

VII Transgenic Rat Models of Human Heart Disease

944

(1)

VIII Experimentally Induced Models for Cardiovascular Research

945

(6)

IX Use of the Rat for Miscellaneous Studies

951

(2)

X Special Considerations for Use of the Rat in Cardiovascular Research

953

(1)

XI Conclusions

954

(1)

Acknowledgments

954

(1)

References

954

(13)

26 Rat Models of Alcohol Use Disorder

Brendan J. Tunstall

Leandro F. Vendruscolo

Krystal Allen-Worthington

I Background

967

(3)

II History of the Use of Rats to Model AUD

970

(1)

III Experimenter Administration

971

(2)

IV Methodology and Animal Models of Different Aspects of Alcohol Use Disorders

973

(7)

V Summary and Future Directions

980

(1)

Acknowledgments

981

(1)

References

981

(6)

27 Rat Models of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes

Claudio E. Perez-Leighton

Amber D. Lockridge

Jennifer A. Teske

Emilyn U. Alejandro

Catherine M. Klotz

I Introduction: Models of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes

987

(1)

II Obesity Models

987

(3)

III Rat Models of Metabolic Syndrome

990

(2)

IV Diabetes Models

992

(6)

V Conclusion

998

(1)

References

998

(5)

28 The Rat in Neuroscience Research

Nadine El-Ayache

James J. Galligan

I Introduction

1003

(1)

II Models of Mental Illness

1003

(6)

III Neurodegenerative Diseases

1009

(4)

IV Somatic and Visceral Pain

1013

(4)

V Conclusion

1017

(1)

References

1017

(6)

29 Rat Models of Central Nervous System Injury

Blythe H. Philips

Kevin D. Browne

D. Kacy Cullen

Samer M. Jaber

I Overall Introduction

1023

(1)

II Spinal Cord Injury

1023

(23)

III Traumatic Brain Injury

1046

(13)

IV Conclusions

1059

(1)

References

1060

(17)

30 Use of the Rat as a Model in Regenerative Medicine

Jodi A. Scholz

Carlos Cuellar Ramos

Caitlin J. Vanlith

Rodolfo E. De La Vega

Suelen Lucio Boschen

Christopher H. Evans

Raymond D. Hickey

I Introduction

1077

(1)

II Liver

1078

(3)

III Heart

1081

(2)

IV Spinal Cord

1083

(6)

V Parkinson's Disease

1089

(4)

VI Bone

1093

(3)

VII Wound Healing

1096

(1)

VIII Other Models

1097

(1)

References

1097

(10)

31 Rat Models of Infectious Disease

Jolaine M. Wilson

Paul E. Makidon

Ingrid L. Bergin

I Introduction: The Rat in Infectious Disease Research

1107

(1)

II Central Nervous System

1107

(4)

III Respiratory System

1111

(6)

IV Multisystemic Conditions

1117

(5)

V Soft Tissue and Bone: Primary Infections and Biofilms

1122

(2)

VI Other Systems

1124

(3)

VII Conclusions and Future Approaches: The HIV-1 Tg Rat

1127

(1)

References

1128

(7)

Index

1135

Mark Suckow received his DVM from the University of Wisconsin in 1987 and subsequently completed a post-doctoral residency in laboratory animal medicine at the University of Michigan in 1990. He spent 8 years as a clinical laboratory animal veterinarian at Purdue University and then 17 years at the University of Notre Dame where he served as Director of the Freimann Life Science Center and later as Associate Vice President for Research Compliance. Prior to coming to the University of Kentucky, he was Professor of Veterinary Population Medicine and Director, Research Animal Resources at the University of Minnesota. With an interest in cancer models, biomaterials models, and vaccines, Dr. Suckow has functioned as an independent and collaborative investigator and has published in refereed journals and has seven issued patents related to vaccine adjuvants and cancer vaccines. He has written or edited over 20 books on topics related to research and laboratory animal medicine. Further, he served as the 2006 President of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science and the 2011 President of the American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners; and currently he serves on the AVMA Council on Research and is a member of the Council on Accreditation of AAALAC, International. F. Claire Hankenson, DVM, MS, is the Director of MSU Campus Animal Resources and Attending Veterinarian at the Michigan State University. Research interests are refinements in the case and use of animals involved in research studies, particularly rodent clinical medicine, tail biopsy evaluations and humane endpoints. Ronald P. Wilson, VMA, MS, DACLAM, is the Professor and Chair of Comparative Medicine at Pennsylvania State University. Research interests are related to experimental surgery, pain, analgesia and anesthesia of laboratory animals. Patricia L. Foley, DVM, DCLAM, is the Director, Division of Comparative Medicine at Georgetown University.

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