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El. knyga: Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional Status

(University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA)
  • Formatas: 512 pages
  • Serija: Modern Nutrition
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Dec-2018
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781351436007
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional StatusDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 512 pages
  • Serija: Modern Nutrition
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Dec-2018
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781351436007
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Compiles the latest information from investigations that were initiated by the US military in the 1950s. Updating the 1974 edition he co-authored, Sauberlich (nutrition sciences, U. of Alabama-Birmingham) describes tests for water-soluble, fat-soluble, and quasi- vitamin vitamins; minerals, among them body electrolytes, macrominerals, and trace and ultratrace elements; protein-energy malnutrition; and essential fatty acid deficiencies. For some substances and conditions, he reports the results of tests rather than set out the procedure of how to conduct any particular one of them. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Proper nutrition is the single most important component of preventative health care. Heart disease, diabetes, and other ailments are all linked to dietary habits. Accurate nutritional assessment can be a matter of life or death.
Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional Status explores the expanded number of nutrients that can now be evaluated. The author makes a compelling case for the practice and advancement of this critical health care tool. Nutritional assessment identifies undernutrition, overnutrition, specific nutrition deficiencies, and imbalances. Diligent assessment determines the appropriate nutrition intervention and monitors its effects.
This book is a total revision of the 1974 version of the same title co -authored by Sauberlich. Since then, remarkable progress has been made on the methodologies applicable to nutrition status assessment and to the expanded number of nutrients that can be evaluated, especially trace elements. The introduction of high-performance liquid chromatography, amperometric detectors, and other technologies has advanced nutritional assessment by leaps and bounds. Today, nutritionists can gauge the value of microminerals, trace elements, and ultratrace elements. Sauberlich's revision updates the reader to the latest and most important trends in nutrition. These laboratory methods for the assessment of nutritional status are vital for identifying individuals as well as populations with nutritional risks.
Series Preface xix
Preface xxi
The Author xxiii
Section I Introduction
Introduction
1(10)
Guidelines and Interpretation of Data
6(1)
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
7(1)
References
7(4)
Section II Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
11(26)
History of Vitamin C and Scurvy
11(1)
Vitamin C Deficiency
12(1)
Occurrence of Vitamin C Deficiency
12(1)
Dietary Sources of Vitamin C
13(1)
Vitamin C Functions and Metabolism
13(1)
Proline and Hydroxyproline and Vitamin C Deficiency
14(1)
Potential Pharmacological Benefits of Vitamin C
15(1)
Vitamin C Interactions
15(1)
Determination of Vitamin C in Biological Specimens
16(4)
Assessment of Vitamin C Status
20(2)
Vitamin C Concentrations in Whole Blood, Red Cells and Leucocytes and Plasma
22(4)
Urinary Excretion of Vitamin C
26(1)
Potential New Assessment Methods
27(1)
Vitamin C Toxicity and Safety
27(1)
Summary
27(1)
References
28(9)
Vitamin B-1 (Thiamin)
37(18)
History of Thiamin
37(1)
Sources of Thiamin
38(1)
Function of Thiamin
38(1)
Thiamin Deficiency
38(1)
Alcohol and Thiamin Status
38(1)
Assessment of Thiamin Nutritional Status
39(3)
Erythrocyte Transketolase Assay
42(1)
Sample Preparation and Storage
43(1)
Guides for Interpretation of Erythrocyte Transketolase Activity
44(1)
Blood Thiamin Measurements
45(1)
Urinary Excretion of Thiamin
45(2)
Toxicity
47(1)
Summary
47(1)
References
47(8)
Vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin)
55(16)
History of Riboflavin
55(1)
Riboflavin Functions
55(1)
Riboflavin Metabolism
56(1)
Riboflavin Deficiency
56(1)
Riboflavin Nutritional Assessment
57(1)
Riboflavin Analytical Methods
57(3)
Erythrocyte Glutathione Reductase Assays
60(4)
Riboflavin Toxicity
64(1)
Summary
64(1)
References
65(6)
Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine)
71(32)
Introduction
71(1)
Bioavailability and Source of Vitamin B-6
72(1)
Clinical Vitamin B-6 Deficiency
72(1)
Vitamin B-6 Metabolism and Utilization
73(1)
Assessment of Vitamin B-6 Nutritional Status
74(1)
Human Studies of Vitamin B-6 Nutritional Assessment Methods
74(4)
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and Vitamin B-6 Assessment
78(1)
Determination of Plasma Homocysteine
79(1)
Determination of Transaminase Activities
80(2)
Tryptophan Load and Xanthurenic Acid Excretion
82(1)
Merthionine Load Test
82(1)
Urinary Excretion of 4-Pyridoxic Acid
83(1)
Urinary Excretion of Vitamin B-6
83(1)
Vitamin B-6 Status
84(6)
Toxicity
90(1)
Summary
90(1)
References
91(12)
Folate (Folic Acid, Pteroylmonoglutamic Acid, Folacin)
103(32)
Introduction
104(1)
History of Folate
104(1)
Food Sources of Folate
104(1)
Folate Metabolism and Functions
105(2)
Occurrence of Folate Deficiency
107(1)
Folate Nutritional Status
108(1)
Factors Influencing Folate Status
109(2)
Evaluation of Folate Nutritional Status
111(4)
Determination of Plasma and Erythrocyte of Folate Concentrations
115(1)
Folate Status and Homocysteine Metabolism
116(4)
Hypersegmentation of Neutrophils
120(1)
Deoxyuridine Suppression Test (dUST)
120(1)
Formininoglutamic Acid Excretion (FIGLU Test)
121(1)
Urinary Excretion of Folate
122(1)
Folate Safety and Toxicity
122(1)
Summary
123(1)
References
124(11)
Vitamin B-12 (Cyanocobalamin, Corrinoids)
135(26)
History of Vitamin B-12
135(1)
Function of Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamin)
136(1)
Sources of Vitamin B-12
137(1)
Vitamin B-12 Deficiency
137(1)
Occurrence of Vitamin B-12 Deficiency
138(1)
Vegetarians/Vegans
139(1)
Nitrous Oxide and Vitamin B-12
139(1)
Laboratory Methods for Assessment of Vitamin B-12 Status
140(6)
Factors Influencing Vitamin B-12 Status
146(1)
Interpretation of Vitamin B-12 and Folate Assessment Results
147(1)
Toxicity
147(1)
Summary
148(1)
References
149(12)
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide)
161(14)
History of Niacin
161(2)
Sources of Niacin
163(1)
Niacin Deficiency (Pellagra)
163(1)
Functions
163(1)
Methods for the Assessment of Niacin Status
164(1)
Microbiological Methods
164(1)
Chemical Methods
164(1)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Procedures (HPLC)
165(1)
Measurement of N'-Methyl-4-Pyridone-5-Carboxamide
165(1)
Assessment of Niacin Status
166(2)
Plasma Metabolites and Niacin Status
168(1)
Pyridine Nucleotides and Niacin Status
168(1)
Children (10 to 13 Years)
168(1)
Pregnancy
169(1)
Toxicity (Niacin)
169(1)
Summary
170(1)
References
170(5)
Pantothenic Acid
175(10)
General
175(1)
Pantothenic Acid Deficiency
175(1)
Functions
176(1)
Methods for the Determination of Pantothenic Acid
177(1)
Assessment of Pantothenic Acid Status
178(1)
Pantothenic Acid Status in Population Groups
179(1)
Toxicity
180(1)
Summary
180(1)
References
181(4)
Biotin
185(10)
Introduction
185(1)
Biotin Deficiency
185(1)
Function of Biotin
186(1)
Biotin Determination
187(1)
Biotin Assessment
188(1)
Experimental Biotin Deficiency in the Human
188(2)
Toxicity
190(1)
Summary
191(1)
References
191(4)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Retinol (Vitamin A)
195(38)
Background/History/Function
195(2)
Vitamin A Sources
197(1)
Carotenoids: Nutrition and Measurement
197(1)
Vitamin A Deficiency
198(1)
Vitamin A Status
199(2)
Interactions of Vitamin A
201(2)
Assessment of Vitamin A Nutritional Status
203(4)
Biochemical Methods for the Assessment of Vitamin A Status
207(4)
Methods for the Measurement of Vitamin A in Plasma or Serum
211(1)
Toxicity of Vitamin A
212(1)
Relationship of Plasma Retinol Levels to Vitamin A Status
212(3)
Summary/Comments
215(1)
References
216(17)
Vitamin D
233(16)
Introduction
234(1)
Vitamin D Metabolism
234(1)
Vitamin D Deficiency
235(1)
Vitamin D and the Elderly
236(1)
Assessment of Vitamin D Status
236(1)
Measurement of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
237(1)
Alkaline Phosphatase
238(1)
Osteocalcin and Vitamin D
239(1)
Vitamin D Absorption Test
239(1)
Vitamin D in Salvia
239(1)
Vitamin D: Drug Interaction and Toxicity
239(1)
Assay Guidelines
240(1)
Summary
240(2)
Suggested Guidelines for Evaluating Vitamin D Status
242(1)
References
242(7)
Vitamin E (Tocopherols)
249(18)
Introduction
249(1)
Sources of Vitamin E
250(1)
Vitamin E Deficiency
250(1)
Infants and Children
251(1)
Assessment of Vitamin E Status
252(5)
Vitamin E Status: Functional Procedures
257(1)
Handling of Blood Specimens
258(1)
Vitamin E Toxicity
258(1)
Summary
258(1)
References
259(8)
Vitamin K
267(14)
Introduction
267(1)
Sources of Vitamin K
268(1)
Vitamin K Deficiency
269(1)
Blood Clotting Process
270(1)
Vitamin K and Anticoagulants
270(1)
Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylase
271(1)
Vitamin K and Bone Formation
271(1)
Methods for the Assessment of Vitamin K Status
272(1)
Determination of Vitamin K
273(1)
Studies on the Assessment of Vitamin K Status
274(1)
Vitamin K Toxicity
275(1)
Summary
275(1)
References
275(6)
Semi-or Quasi-Vitamins
Carnitine
281(6)
Neonates and Infants
281(1)
Carnitine Assays
282(1)
Toxicity
282(1)
Summary
282(2)
References
284(3)
Choline
287(6)
Determination of Choline
287(1)
Choline Requirements and Assessment
288(1)
Choline Toxicity
289(1)
Summary
289(1)
References
290(3)
Inositol (Myo-Inositol)
293(2)
References
294(1)
Taurine
295(6)
Assessment of Taurine Status
295(1)
Measurement of Taurine
296(1)
Summary
297(1)
References
297(4)
Section III Minerals
Body Electrolytes
Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride
301(12)
Assessment
301(1)
Potassium
302(2)
Sample Preparation for Sodium and Potassium Determinations
304(1)
Urine Measurements of Sodium and Potassium
304(1)
Chloride
305(1)
Toxicity
306(1)
Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride
306(1)
Summary
307(1)
References
308(5)
Macrominerals
Calcium
313(12)
Osteoporosis
313(1)
Hypocalcemia
314(1)
Hypercalcemia
315(1)
Calcium Determination
315(3)
Bone Density Measurements and Calcium Status
318(1)
Urinary Excretion of Calcium
319(1)
Calcium Toxicity
319(1)
Summary
319(1)
References
320(5)
Phosphorus
325(6)
Hypophosphatemia
325(1)
Phosphorus Measurement
326(1)
Hyperphosphatemia
326(1)
Serum Phosphate Determination
326(2)
Toxicity
328(1)
Urinary Phosphate
328(1)
Summary
328(1)
References
329(2)
Magnesium
331(12)
Metabolism
331(1)
Magnesium Deficiency
331(1)
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
332(1)
Evaluation of Magnesium Status
332(3)
Tissue Magnesium Levels
335(1)
Magnesium Loading Test
336(1)
Urine Magnesium Levels
336(1)
Magnesium Toxicity
336(1)
Summary
337(1)
References
337(6)
Trace Elements
Iron
343(28)
History of Iron Deficiency
343(1)
Dietary Sources of Iron
343(1)
Iron Deficiency and Metabolism
344(1)
Laboratory Procedures for the Assessment of Iron Status
344(6)
Factors Influencing the Interpretation of Hematological Data
350(2)
Iron Deficiency in Population Groups
352(1)
Iron Deficiency in the Elderly
353(1)
Iron Status in Volunteer Blood Donors
353(1)
Iron Assessment of Populations
353(1)
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
354(1)
Iron Overload/Iron Toxicity
354(7)
Summary
361(1)
References
361(10)
Iodine
371(12)
Introduction
371(1)
Iodine Deficiency
371(1)
Laboratory Procedures
372(3)
Assessment of Iodine Nutritional Status
375(1)
Iodine Excretion Guidelines
375(1)
Surveys
375(2)
Pregnancy
377(1)
Goitrogens
377(1)
Toxicity
377(1)
Summary
378(1)
References
378(5)
Zinc
383(14)
History of Zinc Essentiality
383(1)
Occurrence of Zinc Deficiency
383(2)
Zinc Essentiality and Functions
385(1)
Diet and Zinc Sources and Intakes
385(1)
Zinc Nutritional Assessment
386(4)
Toxicity
390(1)
Summary
390(1)
References
390(7)
Copper
397(12)
Metabolism
397(1)
Assessment of Copper Nutritional Status
398(2)
Other Measures
400(1)
Wilson's Disease
400(1)
Copper Toxicity
401(1)
Summary
401(4)
References
405(4)
Selenium
409(18)
Introduction
409(1)
Dietary Sources of Selenium
409(1)
Determination of Selenium
410(1)
Glutathione Peroxidase
411(2)
Platelet Glutathione Peroxidase
413(1)
Assessment of Selenium Status
413(2)
Infants and Children
415(1)
Elderly
415(1)
Adults
415(1)
Toxicity
416(1)
Summary
416(4)
References
420(7)
Manganese
427(6)
Determination of Manganese
428(1)
Toxicity of Manganese
428(2)
Summary
430(1)
References
430(3)
Chromium
433(4)
Determination of Chromium
434(1)
Toxicity of Chromium
434(1)
Summary
435(1)
References
435(2)
Molybdenum
437(4)
Determination of Molybdenum
437(1)
Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency
438(1)
Toxicity
439(1)
Summary
439(1)
References
439(2)
Ultratrace Elements
Arsenic, Boron, Fluorine, Nickel, Silicon, Tin, Vanadium, and Sulfur
441(6)
Arsenic
441(1)
Boron
441(1)
Fluorine
441(1)
Nickel
442(1)
Silicon
442(1)
Tin
442(1)
Vanadium
442(1)
Sulfur
442(1)
References
443(4)
Section IV Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
447(24)
Introduction
447(1)
Clinical Protein-Energy Malnutrition
448(1)
Anthropometric Parameters
448(1)
Biochemical Assessment of Protein-Energy Malnutrition
448(1)
Serum Total Protein
449(1)
Serum Albumin
450(1)
Plasma Amino Acids
450(1)
Plasma Alkaline Ribonuclease Activity
451(1)
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1, Somatomedin C)
451(1)
Plasma Transferrin
452(1)
3-Methylhistidine
452(1)
Plasma Retinol-Binding Protein
452(1)
Plasma Transthyretin (Prealbumin; Thyroxine-Binding Prealbumin)
453(1)
Nitrogen Balance
453(1)
Urinary Creatinine - Height Index
453(2)
Fasting Urinary Urea-Creatinine Ratio
455(1)
Urinary Hydroxyproline Index
456(1)
Pediatric Protein-Energy Malnutrition
456(1)
Adult Protein-Energy Malnutrition
457(1)
Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Geriatric Populations
457(1)
Hemodialysis and Protein-Energy Malnutrition
458(1)
Hair Changes with Protein-Energy Malnutrition
458(1)
Immunocompetence
459(1)
Summary
459(1)
References
460(11)
Section V Essential Fatty Acids Deficiencies
Essential Fatty Acids Deficiencies
471(10)
History
471(1)
Dietary Sources of Essential Fatty Acids
471(1)
Metabolism of Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid
472(1)
Deficiency of Linoleic acid and Linolenic Acid
473(1)
Assessment of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiencies
473(1)
Methods
474(1)
Summary
474(1)
References
474(7)
Index 481


Howerde E. Sauberlich
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