List of Contributors |
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Preface |
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1 Lactose: Production and Upgrading |
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1.1 Whey as Raw Material for Lactose Production |
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1 | (7) |
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1.1.1 Whey as End Product |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Whey Proteins and Peptides |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (4) |
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1.2 Technological Platform for Lactose Upgrading |
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8 | (7) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (3) |
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1.2.3 Other Products of Fermentation |
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12 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Single-Cell Protein |
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13 | (1) |
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1.2.5 Recombinant Proteins |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.3 Lactose Upgrading by Enzyme Biocatalysis |
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15 | (3) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Lactose Esterification |
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16 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Lactose Transgalactosylation |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (17) |
2 Functional Foods and Feeds: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics |
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2.1 New Trends in Human and Animal Feeding |
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35 | (1) |
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2.2 Health-Promoting Foods: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals |
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36 | (4) |
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2.3 Probiotics: Concept, Present Status, Technological Goals, and Challenges |
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40 | (9) |
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2.4 Prebiotics: Concept, Present Status, Technological Goals, and Challenges |
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49 | (15) |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Other NDOs With Prebiotic Potential |
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59 | (5) |
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2.5 Synbiotics: Concept, Evaluation, Present Status, Technological Goals, and Challenges |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (19) |
3 Lactose-Derived Nondigestible Oligosaccharides and Other High Added-Value Products |
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3.1 Production of Lactose-Derived Nondigestible Oligosaccharides: Chemical or Enzymatic? |
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87 | (2) |
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3.2 Present Status and Technological Perspectives |
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89 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Lactulose |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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3.2.6 Epilactose and Fructosyl-Galacto-Oligosaccharides |
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93 | (1) |
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3.3 Market Outlook: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives |
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93 | (11) |
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3.3.1 Galacto-Oligosaccharides |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (7) |
4 Enzymatic Production of Galacto-Oligosaccharides |
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4.1 Galacto-Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics |
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111 | (5) |
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4.2 Enzymatic Synthesis of Galacto-Oligosaccharides: Whole Cells, Free and Immobilized Enzymes |
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116 | (29) |
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4.2.1 Synthesis of Galacto-Oligosaccharides With Whole Cell Systems |
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117 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Synthesis of Galacto-Oligosaccharides With Isolated Enzymes |
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119 | (9) |
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4.2.3 Synthesis of Galacto-Oligosaccharides With Immobilized Enzymes |
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128 | (15) |
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4.2.4 Carrier-Free Immobilized β-Galactosidase |
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143 | (2) |
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4.3 Mechanisms and Optimization of the Synthesis Catalyzed by β-Galactosidases |
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145 | (4) |
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4.4 Downstream Processing for Galacto-Oligosaccharide Purification |
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149 | (10) |
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4.4.1 Purification of Galacto-Oligosaccharides by Chromatographic Techniques |
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150 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Purification of Galacto-Oligosaccharides by Membrane Nanofiltration |
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151 | (3) |
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4.4.3 Purification of Galacto-Oligosaccharides by Selective Fermentation |
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154 | (3) |
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4.4.4 Purification of Galacto-Oligosaccharides by Selective Precipitation and Adsorption |
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157 | (2) |
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4.5 Applications in Food and Feed |
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159 | (3) |
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162 | (29) |
5 Enzymatic Production of Lactulose |
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5.1 Lactulose Production: Chemical or Enzymatic |
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191 | (1) |
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5.2 Chemical Synthesis of Lactulose |
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192 | (4) |
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5.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Lactulose |
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196 | (10) |
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5.3.1 Synthesis With Free Enzyme |
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197 | (6) |
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5.3.2 Synthesis With Immobilized Enzyme |
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203 | (3) |
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5.4 Mechanisms of Lactulose Synthesis and Optimization |
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206 | (5) |
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207 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Enzymatic Synthesis |
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208 | (3) |
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5.5 Downstream Processing for Lactulose Purification |
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211 | (4) |
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5.6 Applications in Foods and Pharmaceuticals |
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215 | (5) |
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5.6.1 Lactulose in Food Applications |
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215 | (3) |
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5.6.2 Lactulose in Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (9) |
6 Enzymatic Production of Other Lactose-Derived Prebiotic Candidates |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (7) |
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242 | (2) |
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6.6 Fructosyl-Galacto-Oligosaccharides |
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244 | (3) |
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247 | (14) |
7 Technical and Economic Analysis of Industrial Production of Lactose-Derived Prebiotics With Focus on Galacto-Oligosaccharides |
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7.1 Technologies for Industrial Production of Galacto-Oligosaccharides |
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261 | (8) |
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7.1.1 Lactose Conditioning |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Galacto-Oligosaccharides Production |
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263 | (3) |
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7.1.4 Product Purification |
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266 | (3) |
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7.1.5 Commercial Products Purity and Characteristics |
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269 | (1) |
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7.2 A Case Study on Galacto-Oligosaccharides Production as a Stand-alone Process |
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269 | (9) |
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7.2.1 Galacto-Oligosaccharides Production Processes Under Analysis |
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269 | (5) |
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274 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Economic Assessment |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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7.2.5 Minimum Product Selling Price Versus Purity |
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276 | (1) |
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7.2.6 Galacto-Oligosaccharide Cost Versus Plant Capacity |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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7.3 A Case Study on Galacto-Oligosaccharides Production Within an Existing Dairy Industry |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (3) |
8 Future Trends and Concluding Remarks |
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8.1 Whey and Lactose as Raw Materials |
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285 | (1) |
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8.2 Functional Foods, Nondigestible Oligosaccharides, and Prebiotics |
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286 | (1) |
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8.3 Lactose-Derived Prebiotics: Galacto-Oligosaccharides |
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286 | (3) |
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8.4 Lactose-Derived Prebiotics: Lactulose |
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289 | (2) |
Index |
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291 | |