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|
xix | |
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|
xxxii | |
Abbreviations |
|
xxxix | |
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|
1 | (26) |
|
The Focus of Land Law: Private Rights to Use Land |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
Land Law as Part of the Legal Rules Relating to Land |
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|
2 | (1) |
|
Rules Linked by Concepts, Not Just by Contexts |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
Why Land Law? What is Special about Land? |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Types of Private Rights to Use Land: Personal Rights and Property Rights |
|
|
4 | (4) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
Property Rights: Three Key Questions |
|
|
8 | (3) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Priority and the Defences Question |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
Equity and the Content Question |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Equity and the Acquisition Question |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Equity and the Defences Question |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
The Importance of Registration |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
The Structure of Land Law: Three Examples |
|
|
15 | (6) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Defining Land: The Extent of Ownership |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Denning Land: What Objects Does the Land Include? |
|
|
23 | (3) |
|
Objects That Become Part of the Land |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Objects Found On or In the Land |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (34) |
|
|
27 | (2) |
|
Adjudication Under the Human Rights Act 1998 |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
The Justification Formula |
|
|
31 | (4) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
32 | (2) |
|
The Margin of Appreciation and the Strasbourg Court |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
`Weight' and the Domestic Courts |
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|
35 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
|
37 | (4) |
|
Direct Statutory Horizontality: Section 3 of the HRA 1998 |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
Public Liability Horizontality |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
Intermediate Horizontality |
|
|
38 | (2) |
|
The Courts and Remedial and Procedural Horizontality |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
The Courts and Indirect (or Direct) Horizontality |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
41 | (8) |
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
|
44 | (2) |
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When is an Interference Justified? |
|
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (7) |
|
When is Article 8 Engaged? |
|
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49 | (1) |
|
When is Repossession Justified? |
|
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50 | (1) |
|
Vertical Application: Proportionality in Possession Proceedings by a Public Authority |
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51 | (3) |
|
Horizontal Application: Proportionality in Possession Proceedings by a Private Landlord |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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|
57 | (1) |
|
The Impact of Human Rights |
|
|
58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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|
60 | (1) |
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3 Personal Rights and property Rights |
|
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61 | (32) |
|
The Distinction Between Personal Rights and Property Rights |
|
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62 | (5) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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The Basic Distinction: Two Warnings |
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64 | (2) |
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The Practical Importance of the Distinction |
|
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66 | (1) |
|
Property Rights: The Content Question |
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67 | (6) |
|
The Numerus Clausus Principle |
|
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67 | (2) |
|
Identifying Property Rights: No General Test |
|
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69 | (2) |
|
Evaluating the Current Approach |
|
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71 | (2) |
|
The Distinction Between Legal Property Rights and Equitable Property Rights |
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73 | (5) |
|
The Effect of Legal Property Rights and of Equitable Property Rights |
|
|
73 | (3) |
|
The Content of Legal Property Rights and of Equitable Property Rights |
|
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76 | (2) |
|
Legal Property Rights: Estates in Land |
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78 | (2) |
|
Legal Property Rights: Interests in Land |
|
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80 | (1) |
|
Equitable Property Rights: Rights under Trusts |
|
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80 | (1) |
|
Equitable Property Rights: Rights Based on Legal Estates or Interests |
|
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81 | (1) |
|
Other Equitable Property Rights |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Property Rights in Land: Conclusion |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Personal Rights: The Licence |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Contractual and Estoppel Licences: Effect on A |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Contractual and Estoppel Licences: Effect on X |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Contractual and Estoppel Licences: Effect on C |
|
|
87 | (3) |
|
The Contractual or Estoppel Licence Itself Cannot Bind C |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
B May Acquire a New, Direct Right Against C |
|
|
89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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|
92 | (1) |
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|
92 | (1) |
|
4 Registered Title and the Acquisitionof Legal Estates |
|
|
93 | (45) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
Formal Acquisition of Legal Title |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Contracts for the Sale of Land |
|
|
95 | (6) |
|
Contracts to Which Section |
|
|
2 | (95) |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Contracts by Correspondence |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
The Concept of an Exchange |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
The Definition of `Signed' |
|
|
99 | (2) |
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Effect of Non-Compliance with Section 2 |
|
|
101 | (5) |
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|
102 | (1) |
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|
102 | (1) |
|
|
103 | (3) |
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Completion: Creation or Transfer |
|
|
106 | (1) |
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|
107 | (6) |
|
The Evolution of Registered Land |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
Three Underlying Principles |
|
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108 | (1) |
|
Voluntary and Compulsory Registration |
|
|
109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Dispositions of Registered Titles |
|
|
111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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|
112 | (1) |
|
The Content of a Registered Title |
|
|
113 | (7) |
|
`Conclusiveness' of the Register and Indefeasibility of Title |
|
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114 | (3) |
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|
117 | (3) |
|
Informal Acquisition of Legal Title: Adverse Possession |
|
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120 | (1) |
|
Inception of Adverse Possession |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
Possession Must Be `Adverse' |
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
The Definition of `Possession' |
|
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124 | (3) |
|
Termination of Adverse Possession |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
The Effect of Adverse Possession |
|
|
128 | (4) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Registered Land: Land Registration Act 1925 |
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
Registered Land: Land Registration Act 2002 |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
Adverse Possession and the Criminalization of Residential Squatting |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
Human Rights and Adverse Possession |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
136 | (2) |
|
5 The Acquisition of Equitable Interests |
|
|
138 | (48) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
The Different Categories of Trust |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Presumed Intention Resulting Trusts |
|
|
142 | (4) |
|
Illegality and Resulting Trusts |
|
|
144 | (2) |
|
Common Intention Constructive Trusts |
|
|
146 | (16) |
|
The Scope of the Common Intention Constructive Trust |
|
|
148 | (3) |
|
Joint Legal Ownership: Question 1 |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
Joint Legal Ownership: Question 2 |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
Sole Legal Ownership: Question 1 |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Sole Legal Ownership: Question 2 |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Express Agreement Constructive Trusts: Questions 1 and 2 |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
Inferred Agreement Constructive Trusts: Questions 1 and 2 |
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
Common Intention Constructive Trusts: A Roadmap |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Common Intention Constructive Trusts: Recommendations for Reform |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Constructive Trusts Arising Under Rochefoucauld v Boustead |
|
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162 | (3) |
|
The Pallant v Morgan Constructive Trust |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
The Vendor-Purchaser Constructive Trust |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
The Doctrine of Anticipation |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
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170 | (13) |
|
The Requirements of Proprietary Estoppel |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Requirement 1: Promise or Assurance by A |
|
|
172 | (3) |
|
Requirement 2: Reliance by B |
|
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175 | (1) |
|
Requirement 3: The Prospect of Detriment to B |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Requirement 4: Unconscionability? |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Proprietary Estoppel and Formality Rules |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
The Effect of Proprietary Estoppel |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
Proprietary Estoppel and Third Parties |
|
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179 | (3) |
|
Proprietary Estoppel and Constructive Trusts |
|
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182 | (1) |
|
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183 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (2) |
|
|
186 | (37) |
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
Joint Tenants and Tenants in Common |
|
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189 | (1) |
|
Co-ownership of a Legal Estate |
|
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190 | (1) |
|
Co-ownership in Equity: Joint Tenants or Tenants in Common? |
|
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (10) |
|
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196 | (1) |
|
Severance by an Act of a Joint Tenant Operating on His or Her Share |
|
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197 | (3) |
|
Severance Through Mutual Agreement |
|
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200 | (1) |
|
Severance by Course of Dealings |
|
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201 | (1) |
|
Severance Through Unlawful Killing |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Severance and the Common Intention Constructive Trust |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
A Critique of the Severance Rules and of the Beneficial Joint Tenancy |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Termination of Co-ownership |
|
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (5) |
|
A Non-Exclusive Jurisdiction |
|
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (12) |
|
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213 | (1) |
|
Applications by Co-owners |
|
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213 | (1) |
|
Applications by Creditors |
|
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214 | (3) |
|
Applications by Trustees in Bankruptcy |
|
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217 | (3) |
|
Applications for Sale and Human Rights |
|
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220 | (2) |
|
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222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (51) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
The Content Question: Exclusive Possession |
|
|
226 | (7) |
|
The Concept of Exclusive Possession |
|
|
226 | (3) |
|
Exclusive Possession in Practice |
|
|
229 | (3) |
|
Exclusive Possession and Multiple Occupation |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
The Content Question: Certainty of Term |
|
|
233 | (5) |
|
The Content Question: No Need for Rent |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
The Content Question: The Role of Intention |
|
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238 | (2) |
|
Intention to Create Legal Relations is Required |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Intention to Create a Lease, or to Give B a `Stake in the Land', is Not Required |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
The Content Question: Other Legal Relationships? |
|
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240 | (1) |
|
The Content Question: The Bruton Lease |
|
|
241 | (4) |
|
The Decision in Bruton v London and Quadrant Housing Trust |
|
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241 | (2) |
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|
243 | (2) |
|
The Impact of the Decision |
|
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245 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (5) |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
Transferring a Legal Lease |
|
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247 | (1) |
|
Acquiring a New Equitable Lease |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Transferring an Equitable Lease |
|
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249 | (1) |
|
Priority and the Defences Question |
|
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250 | (1) |
|
Defences for C Where B has a Pre-Existing Legal Lease |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Defences for C Where B has a Pre-Existing Equitable Lease |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
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251 | (1) |
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|
252 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (10) |
|
Introduction to Leasehold Covenants |
|
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253 | (2) |
|
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255 | (1) |
|
Pre-1996 Contractual Enforceability (LO and TO) |
|
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256 | (1) |
|
Post-1996 Contractual Enforceability (LO and TO) |
|
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257 | (1) |
|
The Position of Assignees (LA and TA) |
|
|
258 | (4) |
|
Post-1996 Leases and the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
The Position of Sub-Tenants |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Remedies for Breach of Covenant |
|
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263 | (5) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
|
Flat Ownership: Residential Long Leases and Commonhold |
|
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268 | (4) |
|
The Long Leasehold Ownership of Flats |
|
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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|
272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
|
8 Mortages and Security Interests in Land |
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274 | (43) |
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274 | (3) |
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277 | (2) |
|
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277 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Legal Charge by Way of Mortgage of Land |
|
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279 | (1) |
|
Equitable Mortgages and Charges of Land |
|
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280 | (3) |
|
An Equitable Charge of the Legal Estate |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Equitable Mortgage of an Equitable Interest |
|
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281 | (1) |
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|
281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
|
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283 | (1) |
|
Lender's Rights and Remedies |
|
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284 | (12) |
|
Source of the Lender's Rights and Powers |
|
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285 | (1) |
|
Regulation of the Lender's Rights and Remedies |
|
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (5) |
|
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292 | (3) |
|
The Power to Appoint a Receiver |
|
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295 | (1) |
|
Protection of the Borrower |
|
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (6) |
|
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300 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Financial Ombudsman Service |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Regulation Under the Consumer Credit Act 1974 |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Surety Mortgages and Procedural Fairness |
|
|
304 | (5) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
The First Stage: Proof of Undue Influence |
|
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307 | (1) |
|
The Second Stage: Notice to the Bank |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
The Third Stage: The Steps the Bank Should Take |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Control of Mortgage Terms |
|
|
309 | (6) |
|
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311 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
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|
314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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317 | (23) |
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
|
319 | (7) |
|
There Must Be Dominant Land and Servient Land |
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
The Dominant and Servient Land Must Be Owned and Occupied by Different Persons |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
An Easement Must Accommodate the Dominant Land |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
The Right Must Be Capable of Forming the Subject Matter of a Grant |
|
|
323 | (3) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (7) |
|
Easements and Reservations of Necessity |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Intended Easements and Reservations |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Implying Easements (But Not Reservations) by the Rule in Wheeldon v Burrows |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
Section 62 of the Law of Property Act 1925 |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
Presumed Grant Prescription |
|
|
334 | (3) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Acquiescence and the Rationale for Prescription |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Prescription and Human Rights |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Extinguishment of Easements |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
340 | (26) |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Land Covenant Terminology and Structure |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
The Burden: Who Can Be Sued? |
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
The Covenant Must Relate to the Servient Land |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
The Covenant Must Benefit Adjoining Dominant Land |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
The Covenant Must Be Negative |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Indirect Enforcement of Positive Obligations |
|
|
347 | (3) |
|
Mutual Benefit and Burden |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Chain of Indemnity Covenants |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
The Benefit: Who Can Sue? |
|
|
351 | (9) |
|
Passing the Benefit at Law and in Equity |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (5) |
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
Statutory Contractual Solutions |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
Modification of Covenants |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
|
366 | (40) |
|
Introduction to the Priority Triangle |
|
|
367 | (3) |
|
Priorities and the Land Registration Act 2002 |
|
|
370 | (7) |
|
Section 29 of the Land Registration Act 2002 and the Timing of Interests |
|
|
373 | (4) |
|
Restrictions on an Owner's Powers |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
Overriding Interests: An Introduction |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Property Rights Held by Persons in Actual Occupation |
|
|
382 | (3) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Beneficial Interests as Overriding Interests |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Defining Actual Occupation |
|
|
385 | (5) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Legal Easements and Profits a Prendre |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Summary: Priority and Registered Dispositions |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
393 | (5) |
|
Which Interests are Capable of Being Overreached? |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
Transactions with Overreaching Effect |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Overreaching and Overriding Interests |
|
|
398 | (3) |
|
Overreaching and Breach of Trust |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Overreaching and Human Rights |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Alternative Causes of Action |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (19) |
|
|
406 | (5) |
|
The Importance of Concepts |
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
The Importance of Contexts |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Differing Judicial Approaches |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Judicial versus Legislative Reform |
|
|
411 | (3) |
|
The Impact of Statutory Reform |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
|
415 | (2) |
|
The Impact of Human Rights |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (2) |
Bibliography |
|
425 | (10) |
Index |
|
435 | |