Acknowledgements |
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Introduction |
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1 | (6) |
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PART I HISTORY, CONCEPTS, CONTEXTS AND APPROACHES |
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7 | (26) |
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1 Pioneers in the study of language maintenance and language shift |
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9 | (8) |
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1.1 The establishment of LM and LS as a separate field of enquiry |
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9 | (1) |
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1.2 Sprachinselforschung -- study of linguistic enclaves -- as a forerunner of the field |
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10 | (1) |
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1.3 The work of Heinz Kloss |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 The work of Einar Haugen and Uriel Weinreich |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.7 Pioneers of LM and LS in indigenous minority settings |
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13 | (4) |
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2 Concepts, contexts and approaches to the study of language maintenance and shift |
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17 | (16) |
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2.1 The study of LM and LS as a subfield of language contact studies |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2 Key concepts in the study of LM and LS |
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18 | (4) |
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2.3 Key settings for the study of LM and LS |
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22 | (3) |
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2.4 Diglossia and multilingualism in the study of LM and LS |
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25 | (4) |
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2.5 Approaches to the study of LM and LS |
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29 | (4) |
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PART II INVESTIGATING LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT: COLLECTING AND ANALYSING DATA |
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33 | (48) |
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3 Linguistic demography: Census surveys |
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35 | (13) |
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3.1 Linguistic demography and the study of LM |
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35 | (1) |
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3.2 Language data from Census surveys |
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35 | (6) |
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3.3 Using Census data in LM and LS research |
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41 | (7) |
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4 Reporting language use and exploring language attitudes: Questionnaires |
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48 | (16) |
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4.1 Challenges of using questionnaires in multilingual research |
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48 | (5) |
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4.2 Types of questions probing language use |
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53 | (5) |
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4.3 Questions exploring language attitudes and beliefs |
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58 | (3) |
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4.4 Processing questionnaire data |
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61 | (1) |
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4.5 A final note on questionnaires in LM research |
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62 | (2) |
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5 Beyond surveys: Interviews, participant observation and experiments |
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64 | (17) |
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5.1 Beyond surveys and questionnaires |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (5) |
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5.3 Participant observation |
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70 | (3) |
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5.4 Experiments -- matched-guise technique |
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73 | (3) |
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5.5 Biographic and autobiographic narratives |
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76 | (5) |
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PART III IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN THE DYNAMICS OF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT |
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81 | (34) |
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6 Trends and patterns in language maintenance and shift |
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83 | (17) |
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6.1 Who speaks what language to whom, when: speaker characteristics |
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84 | (6) |
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90 | (10) |
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7 Understanding the dynamics of language maintenance and shift |
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100 | (15) |
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7.1 Focusing on intergroup differences in LM and LS |
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100 | (1) |
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7.2 Taxonomies of group factors influencing LM and LS |
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101 | (4) |
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7.3 Language as a core value |
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105 | (3) |
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7.4 Ethnolinguistic vitality |
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108 | (3) |
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7.5 Other frameworks and approaches |
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111 | (1) |
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7.6 Working towards a predictive model? |
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111 | (4) |
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PART IV LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE EFFORTS AND REVERSING LANGUAGE SHIFT |
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115 | (50) |
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8 Efforts, agencies and institutions for language maintenance |
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117 | (37) |
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8.1 Keeping the heritage or minority language going in the family |
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117 | (12) |
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129 | (6) |
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135 | (4) |
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8.4 Secular community-based organisations |
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139 | (2) |
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8.5 The domain of minority media |
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141 | (4) |
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8.6 Beyond the community: majority support for LM |
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145 | (9) |
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9 Reversing language shift |
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154 | (11) |
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9.1 Can LS be reversed? The Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale |
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155 | (5) |
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9.2 Should LS be reversed? |
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160 | (5) |
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PART V FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT |
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165 | (21) |
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10 Opportunities and challenges for the future study of language maintenance and shift |
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167 | (19) |
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10.1 Globalisation and the study of multilingualism |
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168 | (1) |
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10.2 From migration to mobility |
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168 | (3) |
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10.3 Communicating via technology |
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171 | (6) |
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10.4 Challenges for the future study of LM and LS |
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177 | (5) |
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10.5 New directions for the study of LM and LS |
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182 | (4) |
References |
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186 | (22) |
Index |
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208 | |