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El. knyga: Language Planning as Nation Building: Ideology, policy and implementation in the Netherlands, 1750-1850

(Leiden University Centre for Linguistics)

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The decades around 1800 constitute the seminal period of European nationalism. The linguistic corollary of this was the rise of standard language ideology, from Finland to Spain, and from Iceland to the Habsburg Empire. Amidst these international events, the case of Dutch in the Netherlands offers a unique example. After the rise of the ideology from the 1750s onwards, the new discourse of one language–one nation was swiftly transformed into concrete top-down policies aimed at the dissemination of the newly devised standard language across the entire population of the newly established Dutch nation-state. Thus, the Dutch case offers an exciting perspective on the concomitant rise of cultural nationalism, national language planning and standard language ideology.
This study offers a comprehensive yet detailed analysis of these phenomena by focussing on the ideology underpinning the new language policy, the institutionalisation of this ideology in metalinguistic discourse, the implementation of the policy in education, and the effects of the policy on actual language use.
Preface ix
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(12)
1.1 Language, nation, nationalism
1(2)
1.2 The schrijftaalregeling
3(5)
1.3 Overview of the book
8(5)
Part I Setting the stage
Chapter 2 Language and nation in Late Modern times
13(20)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Political changes
13(6)
2.3 Language and nation
19(6)
2.4 Education
25(2)
2.5 Policy
27(4)
2.6 Final remarks
31(2)
Chapter 3 Sociolinguistic space
33(18)
3.1 Introduction
33(1)
3.2 Diglossia and diaglossia
34(2)
3.3 English and German diaglossia
36(4)
3.4 Dutch diaglossia
40(2)
3.5 Supralocalisation
42(2)
3.6 Codifications and audiences
44(4)
3.7 Final remarks: From diaglossia to diglossia
48(3)
Chapter 4 Metalinguistic space
51(24)
4.1 Introduction
51(1)
4.2 The three stages of normative grammar
51(3)
4.3 From elitist to civil' grammar
54(5)
4.4 From civil' to national grammar
59(4)
4.5 Nominal inflection as a test case
63(8)
4.6 Final remarks
71(4)
Part II Myth building
Chapter 5 The Golden Age Myth
75(28)
5.1 Introduction
75(2)
5.2 Language myths and the history of Dutch
77(3)
5.3 The Golden Age Myth
80(20)
5.3.1 Looking back on the Golden Age
82(4)
5.3.2 Nationalising the Golden Age
86(11)
5.3.3 The Golden Age continues
97(3)
5.4 Final remarks
100(3)
Chapter 6 The Myth of Neutrality
103(28)
6.1 Introduction
103(1)
6.2 Neutrality in Dutch
104(1)
6.3 Two types of neutrality
105(4)
6.4 Neutrality as a shared space
109(9)
6.4.1 From regionality to neutrality as patchwork
110(1)
6.4.2 The mother tongue and hierarchisation
111(2)
6.4.3 Developing neutrality through erasure
113(3)
6.4.4 Polishing the mother tongue
116(1)
6.4.5 Reconceptualising the mother tongue
117(1)
6.5 Neutrality as unmarkedness
118(10)
6.5.1 Educational discourse and policy
119(4)
6.5.2 Enlightenment, emancipation, anonymity - and authenticity
123(5)
6.6 Final remarks
128(3)
Part III Discipline formation
Chapter 7 Nationalising the lexicon
131(12)
7.1 Introduction
131(2)
7.2 The first plans (1760s--1770s)
133(6)
7.2.1 Van Iperen's proposal
133(1)
7.2.2 Van den Berg's letter
134(1)
7.2.3 The well-reasoned plan
135(3)
7.2.4 The concise plan
138(1)
7.3 The first problems (1770s--1790s)
139(4)
7.3.1 The linguistic questions
139(2)
7.3.2 A new plan
141(2)
74 The first publication (1799)
143(22)
7.5 New plans (1800s--1840s)
145(3)
7.6 The final plan (1849--1852)
148(15)
7.6.1 Congress 1849
148(2)
7.6.2 Congress 1850
150(4)
7.6.3 Congress 1851
154(8)
7.6.4 Volume I of the WNT (1882)
162(1)
7.7 Final remarks
163(2)
Chapter 8 Standard language linguistics
165(26)
8.1 Introduction
165(4)
8.2 Dutch studies in periodicals
169(7)
8.2.1 The study of Dutch vis-a-vis other cultural fields
171(1)
8.2.2 The national language
172(2)
8.2.3 Linguistics
174(1)
8.2.4 The historical model of linguistic and cultural change
175(1)
8.2.5 Conclusions
175(1)
8.3 Matthijs Siegenbeek and the Dutch language
176(13)
8.3.1 Siegenbeek's linguistic heritage
180(2)
8.3.2 The Myth of the Golden Age
182(2)
8.3.3 Dutch in contact with French and German
184(3)
8.3.4 The language of the nation
187(2)
8.3.5 Conclusions
189(1)
8.4 Final remarks
189(2)
Chapter 9 The folklorisation of non-standard language
191(26)
9.1 Introduction
191(1)
9.2 Variation, folklorisation and two types of authenticity
192(4)
9.3 Representing regional variation in the eighteenth century
196(10)
9.3.1 Erasing variation
196(2)
9.3.2 Embracing variation
198(3)
9.3.3 Enregistering variation
201(5)
9.4 The emergence of the study of regional varieties
206(6)
9.5 Final remarks
212(5)
Part IV Perspectives from below
Chapter 10 Policy and its implementation in education
217(26)
Bob Schoemaker
10.1 Introduction
217(2)
10.2 Educational policy: Major changes
219(6)
10.2.1 Education in the eighteenth century
219(1)
10.2.2 A discourse of change
220(2)
10.2.3 Changes in educational policy
222(3)
10.3 Language norms and language use in the national school system
225(11)
10.3.1 The school inspection system
226(1)
10.3.2 Transmission of language norms
227(5)
10.3.3 Language use in the classroom
232(4)
10.4 Language norms in teaching materials
236(6)
10.5 Final remarks
242(1)
Chapter 11 The effects of planning on usage
243(26)
Andreas Krogull
11.1 Introduction
243(1)
11.2 The Going Dutch Corpus
244(6)
11.3 Orthography
250(10)
11.3.1 Vowels
251(2)
11.3.2 Consonants
253(7)
11.4 Morphosyntax
260(6)
11.4.1 The genitive
260(2)
11.4.2 Relativisation
262(4)
11.5 Final remarks
266(3)
Chapter 12 Standard language ideology in the Netherlands: Themes and research directions
269(1)
Splitting the continuum 270(2)
Authority and authenticity 272(2)
Agency 274(1)
Implementation 275(4)
References 279(28)
Index 307