| List of Tables |
|
xv | |
| Preface to the Sixth Edition |
|
xvii | |
| Preface to the First Edition |
|
xxi | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxiii | |
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xxiv | |
| About the Authors |
|
xxv | |
| Basics |
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3 | (2) |
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Use of Reference Laboratories and Regulations for Transport |
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5 | (4) |
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9 | (2) |
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Taxonomy and Nomenclature |
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11 | (6) |
| Part I: Direct Microscopic Examination of Clinical Specimens |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (4) |
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Tissue Reactions to Fungal Infection |
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23 | (4) |
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27 | (1) |
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Table 1 Stains for direct microscopic observation of fungi and/or filamentous bacteria in tissue |
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28 | (45) |
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Guide to Interpretation of Direct Microscopic Examination |
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29 | (8) |
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37 | (34) |
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39 | (1) |
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Mycetoma (Actinomycotic or Eumycotic) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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Miscellaneous Hyalohyphomycoses (Other than Aspergillosis) |
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46 | (2) |
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Dermatophytosis (Tinea, Ringworm) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (2) |
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Talaromycosis (Penicilliosis) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
| Part II: Identification of Fungi in Culture |
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73 | (260) |
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Guide to Identification of Fungi in Culture |
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75 | (34) |
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109 | (224) |
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111 | (56) |
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113 | (2) |
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Table 2 Differentiation of filamentous aerobic actinomycetes encountered in clinical specimens |
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115 | (3) |
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116 | (2) |
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Table 3 Phenotypic characteristics of most common clinically encountered Nocardia spp. |
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118 | (10) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Nocardiopsis dassonvillei |
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121 | (2) |
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Yeasts and Yeastlike Organisms |
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123 | (2) |
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Introduction to Yeasts and Yeastlike Organisms |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (1) |
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Table 4 Characteristics of the genera of clinically encountered yeasts and yeastlike organisms |
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128 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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Table 5 Characteristics of Candida spp. most commonly encountered in |
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130 | (2) |
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Table 6 Characteristics that assist in differentiating Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans |
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132 | (5) |
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133 | (1) |
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Candida parapsilosis complex |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Table 7 Differentiating characteristics of Blastoschizomyces capitatus versus Candida krusei |
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137 | (1) |
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Table 8 Differentiating characteristics of Candida krusei, Candida inconspicua, and Candida norvegensis |
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137 | (5) |
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Candida kefyr (formerly Candida pseudotropicalis) |
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138 | (1) |
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Candida rugosa species complex |
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139 | (2) |
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Candida guilliermondii complex |
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141 | (1) |
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Table 9 Differentiating characteristics of Candida guilliermondii versus Candida famata |
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142 | (9) |
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Candida lipolytica (Yarrowia lipolytica) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Candida glabrata complex (formerly Torulopsis glabrata) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Candid haemulonii (haemulonis) complex |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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Cryptococcus gattii (formerly C. neoformans var. gattii) |
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150 | (1) |
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Table 10 Characteristics of Cryptococcus spp. |
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151 | (1) |
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Table 11 Characteristics of yeasts and yeastlike organisms other than Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. |
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152 | (12) |
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153 | (1) |
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Sporobolomyces salmonicolor |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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Wickerhamomyces anomalus (sexual state; formerly Pichia anomala and Hansenula anomala); Candida pelliculosa (asexual state) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Table 12 Key characteristics of the most common clinically encountered Trichosporon spp. |
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164 | (3) |
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Blastoschizomyces capitatus |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Thermally Dimorphic Fungi |
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167 | (14) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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Blastomyces dermatitidis and Blastomyces gilchristi |
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172 | (2) |
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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis |
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174 | (2) |
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Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei |
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176 | (2) |
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Sporothrix schenckii complex |
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178 | (2) |
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Table 13 Characteristics for differentiating species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex |
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180 | (1) |
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Thermally Monomorphic Moulds |
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181 | (22) |
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183 | (20) |
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Introduction to Mucormycetes |
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185 | (2) |
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Table 14 Differential characteristics of similar organisms in the class Mucormycetes |
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187 | (1) |
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Table 15 Differential characteristics of the clinically encountered Rhizopus spp. |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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Lichtheimia corymbifera complex (formerly Absidia corymbifera) |
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191 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Cunninghamella bertholletiae |
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198 | (1) |
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Syncephalastrum racemosum |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (54) |
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Introduction to Dematiaceous Fungi |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (2) |
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Fonsecaea compacta (now considered a mutant form of F. pedrosoi) |
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209 | (1) |
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Rhinocladiella spp. (some species formerly Acrotheca spp.; others Ramichloridium spp.) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Table 16 Characteristics of Phialophora, Pleurostomophora, Phaeoacremonium, Acremonium, Phialemonium, and Lecythophora |
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212 | (6) |
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Pleurostomophora richardsiae (formerly Phialophora richardsiae) |
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213 | (1) |
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Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (formerly Phialophora parasitica) |
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214 | (1) |
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Phialemonium spp. (genus intermediate between Phialophora and Acremonium) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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Table 17 Characteristics of Cladosporium spp. and Cladophialophora spp. |
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218 | (6) |
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Cladophialophora carrionii (formerly Cladosporium carrionii) |
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219 | (1) |
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Cladophialophora bantiana (previously known as Xylohypha bantiana, Cladosporium bantianum, and Cladosporium trichoides) |
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220 | (1) |
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Cladophialophora boppii (formerly Taeniolella boppii) |
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221 | (1) |
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Scedosporium spp. complex (also known as Scedosporium apiospermum complex) |
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222 | (2) |
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Table 18 Differentiating phenotypic characteristics of the clinically encountered members of the Scedosporium spp. complex and Lomentospora prolificans |
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224 | (3) |
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Lomentospora prolificans (formerly Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium inflatum) |
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225 | (1) |
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Verruconis gallopava (formerly Ocbroconis gallopava and Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava) |
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226 | (1) |
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Table 19 Differentiation of the clinically encountered Verruconis species |
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227 | (1) |
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Table 20 Characteristics of some of the "black yeasts" |
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227 | (9) |
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Exophiala jeanselmei complex |
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228 | (1) |
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Exophiala dermatitidis (Wangiella dermatitidis) |
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229 | (1) |
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Hortaea werneckii (Pbaeoannellomyces werneckii) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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Table 21 Differential characteristics of Aureobasidium pullulans versus Hormonema dematioides |
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236 | (10) |
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237 | (1) |
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Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (formerly Scytalidium dimidiatum) |
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238 | (2) |
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Botrytis spp. (Botrytis cinerea) |
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240 | (1) |
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Stachybotrys chartarum (S. alternans, S. atra) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (2) |
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Table 22 Characteristics of Bipolaris, Drechslera, and Exserohilum spp. |
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246 | (11) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (26) |
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Introduction to Dermatophytes |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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Microsporum canis var. canis |
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262 | (1) |
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Microsporum canis var. distortum |
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263 | (1) |
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Microsporum cookei (also known as Paraphyton cookei and Lophophyton cookei) |
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264 | (1) |
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Microsporum gypseum complex (synonymous with Nannizzia gypsea) |
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265 | (1) |
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Microsporum gallinae (synonymous with Lophophyton gallinae) |
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266 | (1) |
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Microsporum nanum (synonymous with Nannizzia nanum) |
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267 | (1) |
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Microsporum vanbreuseghemii |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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Trichopbyton mentagrophytes |
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270 | (1) |
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Table 23 Differentiation of similar conidia-producing Trichophyton spp. |
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271 | (6) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Trichophyton terrestre (synonymous with Arthroderma insingulare) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Table 24 Growth patterns of Trichophyton species on nutritional test media |
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277 | (6) |
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Trichophyton schoenleinii |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Trichophyton violaceum (synonymous with Trichophyton yaoundei) |
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280 | (1) |
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Trichophyton ajelloi (synonymous with Arthroderma uncinatum) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (3) |
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Introduction to Hyaline Hyphomycetes |
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285 | (1) |
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Fungi in which arthroconidia predominate |
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286 | (7) |
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286 | (2) |
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Table 25 Differential characteristics of fungi in which arthroconidia predominate |
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288 | (5) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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Hormographiella aspergillata |
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292 | (1) |
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Common species of Aspergillus |
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293 | (16) |
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293 | (2) |
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Aspergillus fumigatus complex |
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295 | (2) |
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Aspergillus niger complex |
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297 | (1) |
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Aspergillus flavus complex |
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298 | (1) |
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Table 26 Differentiating characteristics of the most common species of Aspergillus |
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299 | (10) |
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301 | (1) |
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Aspergillus calidoustus (previously considered Aspergillus ustus) |
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302 | (1) |
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Aspergillus tanneri (sp. nov.) |
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303 | (2) |
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Aspergillus nidulans complex |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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Aspergillus terreus complex |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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Other common hyaline hyphomycetes |
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309 | (32) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (2) |
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Table 27 Differential characteristics of Paecilomyces variotii versus Purpureocillium lilacinum |
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314 | (1) |
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Table 28 Differential characteristics of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis versus Scopulariopsis brumptii |
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314 | (14) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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Acremonium spp. (formerly Cephalosporium spp.) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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Table 29 Differential characteristics of Chrysosporium versus Sporotrichum |
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328 | (13) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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Chrysonilia sitophila (formerly Monilia sitophila) |
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331 | (2) |
| Part III: Basics of Molecular Methods for Fungal Identification |
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333 | (26) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (4) |
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Overview of Classic Molecular Identification Methods |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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Selected Current Molecular Methodologies |
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341 | (18) |
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Amplification and Non-Sequencing-Based Identification Methods |
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341 | (4) |
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PCR (polymerase chain reaction) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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Sequencing-Based Identification Methods |
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345 | (3) |
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345 | (1) |
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Next-generation sequencing |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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Applications of DNA Sequencing |
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348 | (3) |
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Accurate molecular identification |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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Commercial Platforms and Recently Developed Techniques |
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351 | (3) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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Broad-panel molecular testing and other emerging sample-to-answer technologies |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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Selected References for Further Information |
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354 | (5) |
| Part IV: Laboratory Technique |
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359 | (68) |
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361 | (24) |
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Collection and Preparation of Specimens |
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363 | (3) |
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Methods for Direct Microscopic Examination of Specimens |
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366 | (2) |
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368 | (2) |
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Table 30 Media for primary isolation of fungi |
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370 | (1) |
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Table 31 Inhibitory mould agar versus Sabouraud dextrose agar as a primary medium for isolation of fungi |
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371 | (14) |
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Macroscopic Examination of Cultures |
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372 | (1) |
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Microscopic Examination of Growth |
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372 | (2) |
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Procedure for Identification of Yeasts |
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374 | (2) |
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Direct Identification of Yeasts from Blood Culture (by PNA FISH) |
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376 | (1) |
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Isolation of Yeast When Mixed with Bacteria |
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377 | (1) |
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Germ Tube Test for the Presumptive Identification of Candida albicans |
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378 | (1) |
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Rapid Enzyme Tests for the Presumptive Identification of Candida albicans |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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Olive Oil Disks for Culturing Malassezia spp. |
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380 | (1) |
|
Conversion of Thermally Dimorphic Fungi in Culture |
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381 | (1) |
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Sporulation Inducement Method for Apophysomyces and Saksenaea |
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381 | (1) |
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In Vitro Hair Perforation Test (for Differentiation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum) |
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382 | (1) |
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Germ Tube Test for Differentiation of Some Dematiaceous Fungi |
|
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382 | (1) |
|
Temperature Tolerance Testing |
|
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383 | (1) |
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Maintenance of Stock Fungal Cultures |
|
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (10) |
|
Acid-Fast Modified Kinyoun Stain for Nocardia spp. |
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387 | (1) |
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Acid-Fast Stain for Ascospores |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS) Stain |
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390 | (2) |
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Gram Stain (Hucker Modification) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
|
Lactophenol Cotton Blue with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) (Huber's PVA Mounting Medium, Modified) |
|
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393 | (1) |
|
Rehydration of Paraffin-Embedded Tissue (Deparaffination) |
|
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (32) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
|
Assimilation Media (for Yeasts) |
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399 | (4) |
|
Birdseed Agar (Niger Seed Agar; Staib Agar) |
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403 | (1) |
|
Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Agar |
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404 | (1) |
|
Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE) Agar |
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404 | (1) |
|
Canavanine Glycine Bromothymol Blue (CGB) Agar |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
|
Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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|
410 | (1) |
|
Fermentation Broth for Yeasts |
|
|
411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
|
Inhibitory Mould Agar (IMA) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Leeming-Notman Agar (Modified) |
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|
414 | (1) |
|
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414 | (1) |
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|
415 | (1) |
|
Middlebrook Agar Opacity Test for Nocardia farcinica |
|
|
415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
|
Nitrate Broth (for Nitrate Reduction Test) |
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|
416 | (1) |
|
Polished Rice, or Rice Grain, Medium |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Potato Dextrose Agar and Potato Flake Agar |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Rapid Assimilation of Trehalose (RAT) Broth |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
Rapid Sporulation Medium (RSM) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with 15% NaCl |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Tyrosine, Xanthine, or Hypoxanthine Agar |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Yeast Extract-Phosphate Agar with Ammonia |
|
|
425 | (2) |
| Color Plates |
|
427 | (30) |
| Glossary |
|
457 | (12) |
| Bibliography |
|
469 | (26) |
| Selected Websites |
|
495 | (4) |
| Index |
|
499 | |
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