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El. knyga: Laser-Matter Interaction for Radiation and Energy

(INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, New Delhi,)
  • Formatas: 354 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Mar-2021
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315396002
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Laser-Matter Interaction for Radiation and EnergyDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 354 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Mar-2021
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315396002
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The interaction of high-power lasers with matter can generate Terahertz radiations that efficiently contribute to THz Time-Domain Spectroscopy and also would replace X-rays in medical and security applications. When a short intense laser pulse ionizes a gas, it may produce new frequencies even in VUV to XUV domain. The duration of XUV pulses can be confined down to the isolated attosecond pulse levels, required to study the electronic re-arrangement and ultrafast processes. Another important aspect of laser-matter interaction is the laser thermonuclear fusion control where accelerated particles also find an efficient use.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the most essential topics, including











Electromagnetic waves and lasers





THz radiation using semiconducting materials / nanostructures / gases / plasmas





Surface plasmon resonance





THz radiation detection





Particle acceleration technologies





X-ray lasers





High harmonics and attosecond lasers





Laser based techniques of thermonuclear fusion





Controlled fusion devices including NIF and ITER

The book comprises of 11 chapters and every chapter starts with a lucid introduction to the main topic. Then sub-topics are sedulously discussed keeping in mind their basics, methodology, state-of-the-art and future perspective that will prove to be salutary for readers. High quality solved examples are appended to the chapters for their deep understanding and relevant applications. In view of the nature of the topics and their level of discussion, this book is expected to have pre-eminent potential for researchers along with postgraduate and undergraduate students all over the world.
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Author Biography xxi
1 Electromagnetic Waves and Lasers
1(52)
1.1 Maxwell's Equations
1(1)
1.2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Vacuum and Dielectric Medium
2(2)
1.3 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Conductor
4(2)
1.4 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Plasma
6(7)
1.4.1 Absence of Magnetic Field B0: Ordinary Waves
8(1)
1.4.2 Perpendicular Magnetic Field (k $$ B0): Extraordinary Waves
9(1)
1.4.3 Parallel Magnetic Field (k $$ B0): R and L Waves
10(1)
1.4.4 Parallel Magnetic Field (k $$ B0): Alfven Waves
11(1)
1.4.5 Perpendicular Magnetic Field (k $$ B0): Magnetosonic Waves
12(1)
1.5 Laser: A Source of EM Radiation
13(2)
1.6 Various Laser Operations
15(7)
1.6.1 CW Operation
15(1)
1.6.2 Quasi-Continuous Wave Operation
16(1)
1.6.3 Pulsed Operation
17(1)
1.6.3.1 Q-switching
17(1)
1.6.3.2 Mode Locking
18(3)
1.6.3.3 Pulsed Pumping
21(1)
1.6.4 Comparison of CW and Pulsed Lasers
21(1)
1.7 Laser Field and Profile
22(3)
1.7.1 Ponderomotive Force
22(1)
Electrostriction
22(1)
Kerr Effect
22(1)
1.7.1.1 Nonrelativistic Regime
23(1)
1.7.1.2 Relativistic Regime
24(1)
1.8 Laser Interaction: Basic Facts
25(1)
1.9 Dielectric Tensor of Plasma
26(4)
1.9.1 Magnetic Field along Direction of Wave Propagation
28(2)
1.9.2 Magnetic Field Perpendicular to Direction of Wave Propagation
30(1)
1.9.3 Physical Significance
30(1)
1.10 Polarization of Laset Lights
30(2)
1.10.1 Linearly Polarized Light
31(1)
1.10.2 Circularly Polarized Light
31(1)
1.10.3 Elliptically Polarized Light
32(1)
1.10.4 The s and p Designations for Laser Light
32(1)
1.11 Production of Polarized Laser Light
32(1)
1.11.1 Interaction with Matter
32(1)
Anisotropic Absorption - Dichroism
33(1)
Reflection
33(1)
1.12 Visualization of Laser's Polarization
33(3)
1.12.1 Factors Affecting Polarized Emission of Radiation
35(1)
1.12.2 Polarization Optics for Lasers
35(1)
1.12.2.1 Absorptive Polarizers
36(1)
1.12.2.2 Beam Splitters Polarizers
36(1)
1.13 Fabry-Perot Cavity and Laser Oscillations
36(2)
1.14 Properties of Laser Beam
38(1)
1.14.1 Coherence
38(1)
1.14.2 Directionality
38(1)
1.14.3 Laser Output Power and Threshold
39(1)
1.15 Applications of Polarized Lasers
39(1)
1.16 Conclusions
40(2)
1.17 Selected Problems and Solutions
42(9)
Suggested Reading Material
51(2)
2 Terahertz Radiation Generation Using Semiconducting Materials and Nanostructures
53(38)
2.1 Introduction
53(1)
2.2 Pulsed THz Generation
54(6)
2.2.1 Photoconductive Emission Mechanism
54(2)
2.2.2 Optical Rectification Mechanism
56(2)
2.2.3 Transient Current Effect
58(1)
2.2.3.1 Surface Field (SF) Effect
58(1)
2.2.3.2 Photo-Dember Effect
59(1)
2.3 THz Radiation Generation by Metallic Nanoparticles
60(12)
2.3.1 Analytical Treatment for Laser and Nanoparticle Interaction
61(2)
2.3.2 Special Cases
63(2)
2.3.3 THz Generation and Efficiency of the Scheme
65(2)
2.3.3.1 Results and Discussion
67(5)
2.4 THz Radiation Generation by Metal Gratings
72(2)
2.5 THz Radiation Generation by Quantum Dot Materials
74(2)
2.6 THz Radiation Generation by Random 2D Metallic Structures
76(1)
2.7 THz Radiation Generation by Carbon Nanotube Array
77(4)
2.7.1 Mathematical Treatment
78(3)
2.8 Conclusions
81(1)
2.9 Selected Problems and Solutions
82(5)
Suggested Reading Material
87(4)
3 Surface Plasmon Resonance and THz Radiation
91(18)
3.1 Introduction
91(1)
3.2 What Is Surface Plasmon Resonance and How Does It Work?
91(1)
3.3 Necessary Condition for Excitation of Surface Plasmons
92(2)
3.4 Dispersion Relation for Surface Plasmons
94(1)
3.5 How Do We Excite Surface Plasmons?
95(1)
3.6 Configurations of SPR
96(2)
3.6.1 Grating Configuration
96(1)
3.6.2 Otto Configuration
97(1)
3.6.3 Kretschmann Configuration
97(1)
3.7 Light Wave Coupling
98(1)
3.8 Surface Plasmon-Assisted THz Radiation Generation
98(2)
3.9 THz SPR Near-Field Sensor
100(3)
3.10 Conclusions
103(1)
3.11 Selected Problems and Solutions
104(3)
Suggested Reading Material
107(2)
4 THz Radiation Using Gases/Plasmas
109(38)
4.1 Introduction
109(1)
4.2 Tunnel Ionization
109(7)
4.2.1 Keldysh Parameter
111(1)
4.2.2 Frequency of Oscillations
112(2)
4.2.3 Emission of THz Radiation by Dipole Oscillations
114(2)
4.3 Laser Beating Process
116(8)
4.3.1 Resonance Condition for THz Emission
118(1)
4.3.2 Frequency and Power of THz Radiation
118(1)
4.3.3 Efficiency of Mechanism
119(1)
4.3.4 Multiple Resonance-Led THz Radiation
120(4)
4.4 Role of Magnetic Field
124(6)
4.4.1 Tunnel Ionization-Based Emission
124(3)
4.4.2 Laser Beating-Based Emission
127(3)
4.5 Role of Laser Pulse Profile
130(8)
4.5.1 Temporal and Spatial-Gaussian Profiles of Laser Beams
130(2)
4.5.2 Spatial-Triangular Laser Beams
132(1)
4.5.3 Super-Gaussian Laser Beams
133(2)
4.5.4 cosh-Gaussian and Skew cosh-Gaussian Laser Beams
135(1)
4.5.4.1 Nonrelativistic Case
136(1)
4.5.4.2 Relativistic Case
137(1)
4.6 Control of Polarization of THz Radiation
138(4)
4.7 Conclusions
142(1)
4.8 Selected Problems and Solutions
143(1)
Suggested Reading Material
144(3)
5 Terahertz Radiation and Its Detection
147(28)
5.1 Introduction
147(1)
5.2 Production of THz Radiation
148(9)
5.2.1 THz Generation Through Laser-Wakefield Oscillations in Plasma
148(3)
5.2.2 Terahertz Generation in Plasma With Density Perturbations
151(1)
5.2.3 THz Generation Through Nonlinear Effects in Plasma
152(3)
5.2.4 THz Emission Using Field Effect Transistors
155(2)
5.3 Detection of Terahertz Radiajion
157(6)
5.3.1 Photoconductive Detection/Sampling
157(1)
5.3.2 Electro-Optic Detection/Sampling
158(1)
5.3.3 Terahertz Detection Using Sum-Frequency Generation in Nonlinear Crystals
158(2)
5.3.4 Terahertz Detection Using ABCD
160(3)
5.4 Absorption Processes of Dielectrics in the THz Region
163(2)
5.4.1 Drude Model
163(1)
5.4.2 Debye Model
164(1)
5.4.3 Lattice Vibration Model
164(1)
5.5 Artificial Materials at Terahertz Frequencies
165(4)
5.5.1 Metamaterials
165(3)
5.5.2 Plasmonics
168(1)
5.6 Applications of THz Radiation for Detection
169(1)
5.7 Conclusions
169(1)
5.8 Selected Problems and Solutions
169(1)
Suggested Reading Material
170(5)
6 Plasma-Based Particle Acceleration Technology
175(30)
6.1 Introduction
175(3)
6.2 Theory of Plasma-Based Accelerators
178(1)
6.3 Wakefield Acceleration Using Intense Laser Systems
179(1)
6.4 Plasma-Based Particle Acceleration Techniques
179(14)
6.4.1 Plasma Beat-Wave Accelerator (PBWA)
179(4)
6.4.2 Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield Acceleration (SM-LFWA)
183(5)
6.4.3 Laser Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA)
188(4)
6.4.4 Plasma Wakefield Accelerator (PWFA)
192(1)
6.5 Photon Acceleration
193(4)
6.6 Plasma-Based Ion Acceleration
197(1)
6.7 Conclusions
198(1)
6.8 Selected Problems and Solutions
198(4)
Suggested Reading Material
202(3)
7 X-Ray Lasers
205(22)
7.1 Introduction
205(1)
7.2 Need of Plasma for X-Ray Lasers
205(2)
7.2.1 Collision Excitation and Recombination Methods
206(1)
7.3 Some Aspects of X-Ray Lasers
207(1)
7.4 Generation of Coherent Soft X-Rays
208(5)
7.4.1 Free-electron Lasers (FELs)
208(1)
7.4.1.1 Repetition Rate, Wavelength, and Coherence of X-Rays
209(2)
7.4.2 Plasma-Based Soft X-Ray Lasers (SXRL)
211(1)
7.4.2.1 Electrical Discharges and Pump Laser Pulses
211(2)
7.5 Chirped Pulse Amplification and Mach-Zehnder Techniques
213(4)
7.5.1 Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) Technique
213(1)
7.5.2 Mach-Zehnder Technique
214(1)
7.5.2.1 Working
214(1)
7.5.2.2 Coherence Enhancement
215(1)
7.5.3 Lasing in Plasma Waveguide
216(1)
7.6 Applications of the X-Ray Laser
217(3)
7.6.1 Molecular Movie
217(1)
7.6.2 Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI)
217(1)
7.6.3 High-Resolution Microscopy
218(1)
7.6.4 Phase-Resolved X-Ray Imaging
218(1)
7.6.5 Diagnostic Tool for Highly Dense Plasmas
218(1)
7.6.5.1 Mechanism of Imaging
218(2)
7.7 Current Achieved Parameters of X-Ray Lasers
220(1)
7.7.1 Hard X-Ray Lasers
220(1)
7.7.2 Soft X-Ray Lasers
220(1)
7.8 Future Aspects for X-Ray Lasers
220(2)
7.9 Conclusions
222(1)
7.10 Selected Problems and Solutions
223(1)
Suggested Reading Material
224(3)
8 High Harmonic Generation
227(22)
8.1 Introduction
227(1)
8.2 Nonlinear Absorption
227(4)
8.2.1 Saturable Absorption (SA)
228(1)
8.2.2 Reverse Saturable Absorption (RSA)
228(1)
8.2.3 Two-Photon Absorption (2PA)
229(1)
8.2.4 Multiphoton Absorption (MPA)
230(1)
8.2.5 Excited State Absorption (ESA)
230(1)
8.2.6 Free Carrier Absorption (FCA)
231(1)
8.3 Harmonic Generation
231(2)
8.4 Frequency Mixer/Generation: Theoretical Understanding
233(1)
8.5 Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG): Theoretical Understanding
234(1)
8.6 Applications of Second-Harmonic Generation
235(1)
8.7 Third-Harmonic Generation (THG)
236(5)
8.7.1 Theory of Third-Harmonic Generation
236(4)
8.7.2 Application of Third-Harmonic Generation
240(1)
8.8 Four-Wave Mixing (FWM)
241(1)
8.9 Harmonic Generation Control
242(1)
8.10 Conclusions
243(1)
8.11 Selected Problems and Solutions
243(4)
Suggested Reading Material
247(2)
9 Attosecond Laser Generation
249(26)
9.1 Introduction and Update on Laser Intensity
249(1)
9.2 Need for Attosecond Lasers
249(1)
9.3 X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL)
250(3)
9.3.1 Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE)
250(3)
9.3.2 Development of First Hard X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL)
253(1)
9.4 Attosecond X-Ray Laser
253(1)
9.5 Methods for Attosecond X-Ray Pulse Generation in XFEL
254(13)
9.5.1 Methods Based on Energy and Density Modulation
254(1)
9.5.1.1 Current E-SASE
254(1)
9.5.1.2 Electron Beam Delayed Scheme in XFEL
255(2)
9.5.1.3 Current Modulation by Frequency-Chirped Laser in XFffL
257(2)
9.5.1.4 Optical Beam Delayed Scheme in XFEL
259(1)
9.5.1.5 Current Enhanced Scheme with Undulator Tapering in XFEL
260(2)
9.5.1.6 Mode-Locked Technique in XFEL
262(1)
9.5.2 Other Methods for Attosecond Pulse in an XFEL
263(1)
9.5.2.1 Use of Multi-Slotted Foil for Emittance Spoil
263(2)
9.5.2.2 Tilting Electron Beam Inside Undulator Method in XFEL
265(2)
9.6 Applications of Attosecond XFEL Pulse
267(1)
9.6.1 To Observe the Electron Clouds in Atoms and Molecules
267(1)
9.6.2 To Observe the Dynamics of Hollow Atoms and Warm Dense Matter
267(1)
9.6.3 Single-Molecule Imaging
267(1)
9.7 Alternative Improved X-Ray: y-Ray Light Source
268(1)
9.8 Conclusions
269(1)
9.9 Selected Problems and Solutions
269(3)
Suggested Reading Material
272(3)
10 Lasers for Thermonuclear Fusion
275(40)
10.1 Introduction
275(1)
10.2 Physics of Fusion
276(1)
10.3 Condition for Fusion and Lawson Criterion
277(2)
10.3.1 Confinement Time for Fusion
278(1)
10.3.2 Lawson Criterion
278(1)
10.4 Principle of Laser-Driven Thermonuclear Fusion
279(2)
10.5 Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) and Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF)
281(1)
10.5.1 Drivers for ICF
282(1)
10.6 Conditions for Fusion Control
282(1)
10.7 Laser Plasma Interaction and Physics of Fusion
283(1)
10.8 Central Hot-Spot Ignition (CHSI)
284(9)
10.8.1 Fast Ignition (FI)
287(3)
10.8.2 Shock Ignition (SI)
290(2)
10.8.3 Impact Ignition (II)
292(1)
10.9 Implosion and Burn of ICF Targets
293(3)
10.10 Direct and Indirect Drive Implosions
296(1)
10.11 The Implosion Process
297(2)
10.11.1 Linear Compression
297(1)
10.11.2 Cylindrical Compression
298(1)
10.11.3 Spherical Compression
298(1)
10.12 Physics of Implosion
299(4)
10.12.1 Laser Plasma Interaction
301(1)
10.12.2 Electron Energy Transport
301(1)
10.12.3 Dynamics of Implosion
302(1)
10.12.4 Hydrodynamic Instability
302(1)
10.12.5 Atomic Physics and Radiation Transport
303(1)
10.12.6 Target Design
303(1)
10.13 Energy Gain Systematic: Propagation From a Hot Spot
303(2)
10.14 Energy Gain Scaling and Driver Size: Burn Fraction Increases With Scale Size
305(1)
10.15 Conclusions
306(1)
10.16 Selected Problems and Solutions
306(7)
Suggested Reading Material
313(2)
11 Important Controlled Fusion Devices
315(14)
11.1 Absorption of Laser in D-T Plasma
315(1)
11.2 Laser-Driven Thermonuclear Fusion: Present Status, Technical Challenges, and Current Research
315(2)
11.3 Fuel Cycle and Economics
317(3)
11.4 National Ignition Facility (NIF)
320(2)
11.5 Steps towards an Inertial Fusion Power Plant
322(1)
11.6 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)
323(2)
11.7 Conclusions
325(1)
11.8 Selected Problems and Solutions
326(2)
Suggested Reading Material
328(1)
Index 329
Hitendra K. Malik is currently a professor of physics at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, from where he earned a PhD degree in the field of plasma physics in 1995. He has been a merit scholarship holder throughout his academic career. Owing to his worldwide recognition, his name was included in Marquis Whos Who in 2011. Based on the survey conducted by ResearchGate in 2016, his scientific score was found within the top 5% of scientists and researchers all over the world. Professor Malik is highly cited in India and abroad for his research work and books with an h-index of 33 and an i10-index of 98. He has accomplished 14 sponsored research projects by arranging funds from various agencies such as Department of Science and Technology (DST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD), Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research (IFCPAR / CEFIPRA), and so forth from the governments of India, Germany, and France. He has been on the editorial board of six reputed research journals and is recently working with two journals from Springer and Taylor and Francis. In recognition of his outstanding research and teaching contributions, he has been asked to deliver more than 65 keynote and invited talks in India, Japan, South Korea, the United States, France, Germany, South Africa, and Turkey. Also, he has been chief guest at various universities, the mentor of faculty colleagues of engineering institutions, and a member of organizing and advisory committees of national and international conferences held in India and abroad. He has guided more than 115 theses including 29 at the Ph.D. level in the areas of laser / microwave plasma interactions, particle acceleration, solitons, terahertz radiation, Hall thrusters, plasma material interaction, and nanotechnology. He has published more than 440 scientific papers in very reputed journals and conferences, including more than 20 independent articles. He has been a reviewer for 86 journals of international repute, several sponsored projects (Indian and foreign agencies), and 36 Ph.D. theses. He is an expert member of academic and administrative bodies of 14 different universities and institutions from 8 states of India including University Grants Commission (UGC).

Professor Malik is the recipient of the prestigious 2018 Whos Who in the World Top 3%, in the United States; a Career Award from AICTE, Government of India (for his teaching and research); Outstanding Scientist Award from VIF, India (for his contributions to science); and the 2017 Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award from the United States. In addition, he received the prestigious Erasmus Mundus Visiting Fellowship from the European Union (Germany and France), the JSPS Fellowship (two times) from Japan, the FRD Fellowship from South Africa, the DAAD Fellowship from Germany, and many others.

Apart from this textbook on Laser-Matter Interaction for Radiation and Energy published by Taylor and Francis (CRC Press), he has also authored a textbook on Engineering Physics (McGraw Hill), three chapters in the books Wave Propagation, InTechOpen Science, Croatia (featured as a highly downloaded chapter); Society, Sustainability and Environment, Shivalik Prakashan, New Delhi; and Plasma Science and Nanotechnology, Apple Academic Press, exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a Taylor & Francis Group.
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