Series Preface |
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xxi | |
Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
Authors |
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xxvii | |
Chapter 1 Introduction |
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1 | (8) |
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1.1 Lasers And Their Impact On Spectroscopy And Imaging |
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2 | (2) |
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1.1.1 Laser properties of importance to spectroscopy |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Concepts of laser spectroscopy and imaging |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Organization Of The Book |
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4 | (5) |
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1.2.1 Introduction to photon-matter interaction processes, laser sources, and detection methodologies |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Spectroscopic techniques and their applications |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2.3 Laser-spectroscopic imaging |
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7 | (2) |
Chapter 2 Interaction of Light with Matter |
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9 | (20) |
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2.1 Absorption And Emission Of Radiation |
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9 | (5) |
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2.1.1 Einstein coefficients and transition probabilities |
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10 | (2) |
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2.1.2 Quantitative description of light absorption-The Beer-Lambert law |
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12 | (2) |
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2.2 Fluorescence And Phosphorescence |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (6) |
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2.3.1 Rayleigh scattering |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Reflection and refraction |
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20 | (2) |
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2.4 Light Scattering: Inelastic Processes |
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22 | (3) |
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2.4.1 Brillouin scattering |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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2.5 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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25 | (4) |
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2.5.1 Breakthrough: Color in prehistoric times |
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26 | (1) |
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2.5.2 At the cutting edge: Single-photon spectroscopy of a single molecule |
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26 | (3) |
Chapter 3 The Basics of Lasers |
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29 | (40) |
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3.1 Framework For Laser Action |
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30 | (8) |
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30 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Population inversion in the steady-state limit |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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3.1.5 Cavity dynamics and the evolution of laser photons |
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35 | (3) |
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3.2 Laser Cavities: Spatial Field Distributions And Laser Beams |
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38 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Transverse mode structure |
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38 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Gaussian beams and their propagation |
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40 | (3) |
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3.3 Laser Cavities: Mode Frequencies, Line Shapes, And Spectra |
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43 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Frequency mode structure |
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43 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Line profiles and widths |
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45 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Laser linewidth, gain bandwidth, and laser spectrum |
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47 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Single-mode laser operation |
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49 | (1) |
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3.4 Laser Cavities: Temporal Characteristics |
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50 | (11) |
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3.4.1 CW operation and laser output modulation |
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50 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Pulsed laser operation |
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52 | (3) |
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3.4.3 Mode locking: Generation of ultrashort picosecond and femtosecond pulses |
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55 | (5) |
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3.4.4 Group delay dispersion: Shortening and lengthening ultrashort (chirped) pulses |
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60 | (1) |
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3.5 Polarization And Coherence Properties Of Lasers And Laser Beams |
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61 | (5) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Tailoring the polarization of a laser beam: Linear, circular, and radial polarization |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (2) |
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3.6 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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66 | (3) |
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3.6.1 Breakthrough: Theoretical description of modes in a laser cavity |
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66 | (1) |
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3.6.2 At the cutting edge: Steady-state ab initio laser theory for complex gain media |
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66 | (3) |
Chapter 4 Laser Sources Based on Gaseous, Liquid, or Solid-State Active Media |
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69 | (30) |
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4.1 Parameters Of Importance For Laser Spectroscopy And Laser Imaging |
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70 | (2) |
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4.2 Gas Laser Sources (Mostly Fixed Frequency) |
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72 | (2) |
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4.3 Dye Lasers (Tunable Frequency) |
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74 | (4) |
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4.4 Solid-State Laser Sources (Fixed And Tunable Frequency) |
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78 | (6) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (11) |
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4.5.1 Wavelength selection and tunability |
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87 | (3) |
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4.5.2 Q-Switched and mode-locked pulse generation |
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90 | (2) |
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4.5.3 Supercontinuum sources |
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92 | (2) |
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4.5.4 Fiber lasers versus bulk solid-state lasers |
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94 | (1) |
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4.6 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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95 | (4) |
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4.6.1 Breakthrough: Ti:sapphire lasers |
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95 | (1) |
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4.6.2 At the cutting edge: OFCs for high-resolution spectroscopy |
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96 | (3) |
Chapter 5 Laser Sources Based on Semiconductor Media and Nonlinear Optic Phenomena |
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99 | (30) |
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5.1 Semiconductor Laser Sources |
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100 | (10) |
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5.1.1 Principles of laser diodes |
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101 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Laser diode resonators |
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102 | (2) |
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5.1.3 Monolithic diode laser devices |
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104 | (2) |
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5.1.4 External cavity diode lasers (ECDL) |
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106 | (2) |
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5.1.5 Optically pumped ECDLs |
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108 | (2) |
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5.2 Quantum Cascade Lasers |
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110 | (3) |
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5.3 Laser Sources Based On NLO: Sum And Difference Frequency Conversion |
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113 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Basic principles of frequency conversion in nonlinear media |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Selected nonlinear crystals and their common uses |
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115 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Conversion efficiency and ways to increase it |
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116 | (1) |
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5.3.5 Outside- and inside-cavity NLO-crystal configurations |
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117 | (1) |
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5.4 Laser Sources Based On NLO: Optical Parametric Amplification (Down-Conversion) |
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117 | (4) |
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118 | (3) |
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5.5 Remarks On Laser Safety |
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121 | (5) |
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5.5.1 How do laser wavelengths affect our eyes? |
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121 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Maximum permissible exposure and accessible emission limit |
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122 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Laser classification |
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124 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Laser safety eyewear |
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124 | (2) |
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5.6 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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126 | (3) |
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5.6.1 Breakthrough: Semiconductor laser diodes |
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126 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Breakthrough: Widely tunable QCLs |
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127 | (1) |
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5.6.3 At the cutting edge: HHG and attosecond pulses |
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127 | (2) |
Chapter 6 Common Spectroscopic and Imaging Detection Techniques |
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129 | (34) |
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6.1 Spectral And Image Information: How To Recover Them From Experimental Data |
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129 | (7) |
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6.1.1 Spectral information and its retrieval from photon events |
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130 | (3) |
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6.1.2 Image information and its retrieval from photon events |
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133 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Spectral/image information and its retrieval from charged-particle events |
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134 | (2) |
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6.2 Photon Detection: Single Element Devices |
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136 | (7) |
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6.2.1 PDs and their principal modes of operation |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (3) |
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6.2.3 Important operating parameters of PDs |
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140 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Photomultiplier tubes |
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141 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Important operating parameters of photomultipliers |
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142 | (1) |
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6.3 Photon Detection: Multielement Array Devices |
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143 | (6) |
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144 | (1) |
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6.3.2 CCD and CMOS array sensors |
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144 | (3) |
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6.3.3 On-chip amplified image sensors: EMCCD and e-APD devices |
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147 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Externally amplified and gated image sensors: ICCD devices |
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148 | (1) |
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6.4 Charged Particle Detection |
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149 | (2) |
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6.4.1 Direct charge detectors- Faraday cup |
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150 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Single-element amplifying detectors-Channeltron |
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150 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Multiple-element amplifying detectors-MCP |
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150 | (1) |
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6.5 Detection By Indirect Phenomena |
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151 | (3) |
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6.5.1 Photothermal/photoacoustic spectroscopy |
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152 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Photoacoustic imaging |
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153 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Photoacoustic Raman (stimulated Raman) scattering |
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154 | (1) |
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6.6 Signals, Noise, And Signal Recovery Methodologies |
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154 | (5) |
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154 | (3) |
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6.6.2 Low-intensity "continuous" signals-Lock-in methods |
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157 | (1) |
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6.6.3 Low-intensity pulsed signals-Gating methods |
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158 | (1) |
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6.7 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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159 | (4) |
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6.7.1 Breakthrough: First transistorized lock-in amplifier |
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160 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Breakthrough: First demonstration of CCD imaging |
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160 | (1) |
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6.7.3 At the cutting edge: Nanoscale light detectors and imaging devices |
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160 | (3) |
Chapter 7 Absorption Spectroscopy and Its Implementation |
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163 | (30) |
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7.1 Concepts Of Linear Absorption Spectroscopy |
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163 | (1) |
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7.1.1 Absorption coefficient and cross section |
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163 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Spectral line profiles |
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164 | (1) |
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7.2 Line Broadening And Line Shapes In Absorption Spectroscopy |
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164 | (6) |
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165 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Collisional or pressure broadening |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Combined line profiles- The Voigt convolution profile |
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168 | (1) |
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7.2.5 Other effects impacting on linewidth |
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169 | (1) |
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7.3 Nonlinear Absorption Spectroscopy |
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170 | (8) |
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7.3.1 Saturation spectroscopy |
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171 | (6) |
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7.3.2 Polarization spectroscopy |
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177 | (1) |
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7.4 Multiphoton Absorption Processes |
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178 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Two-photon absorption spectroscopy |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Multiphoton absorption and molecular dissociation |
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180 | (3) |
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7.5 Key Parameters And Experimental Methodologies In Absorption Spectroscopy |
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183 | (8) |
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183 | (2) |
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7.5.2 Spectral resolving power |
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185 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Experimental methodologies |
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185 | (6) |
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7.6 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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191 | (2) |
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7.6.1 Breakthrough: Absorption spectroscopy utilizing SC sources |
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191 | (1) |
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7.6.2 At the cutting edge: Precision laser spectroscopy of hydrogen: Challenging QED? |
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191 | (2) |
Chapter 8 Selected Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy |
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193 | (36) |
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8.1 Basic Methodologies Based On Broadband Sources |
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194 | (3) |
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8.1.1 BB-AS utilizing SC sources |
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195 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Minimum detectable concentrations and LODs |
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196 | (1) |
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8.2 Absorption Spectroscopy Using Frequency Combs |
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197 | (8) |
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8.2.1 Basic concepts of frequency combs |
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198 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Measuring and controlling frequency-comb parameters |
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199 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Spectroscopic metrology based on frequency combs |
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200 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Direct frequency comb spectroscopy-DFCS |
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201 | (4) |
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8.3 Absorption Spectroscopy Using Tunable Diode And Quantum- Cascade Laser (QCL) Sources |
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205 | (8) |
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8.3.1 Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy |
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206 | (4) |
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8.3.2 QCL in absorption spectroscopy |
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210 | (1) |
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8.3.3 cw-QCL absorption spectroscopy |
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210 | (1) |
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8.3.4 EC-QCL absorption spectroscopy |
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211 | (1) |
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8.3.5 p-QCL absorption spectroscopy |
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212 | (1) |
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8.4 Cavity-Enhancement Techniques |
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213 | (3) |
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8.4.1 Intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy |
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213 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Cavity ring-down spectroscopy |
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214 | (2) |
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8.5 Terahertz Spectroscopy |
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216 | (6) |
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8.5.1 Basic features and experimental methodologies |
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216 | (3) |
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8.5.2 Applications of terahertz spectroscopy in molecular structure and chemical analysis |
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219 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Applications of terahertz spectroscopy in biology and medicine |
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220 | (2) |
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8.6 Photoacoustic And Photothermal Spectroscopy With Lasers |
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222 | (3) |
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8.6.1 Quartz-enhanced PAS |
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224 | (1) |
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8.7 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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225 | (4) |
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8.7.1 Breakthrough: Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy utilizing SC sources |
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225 | (1) |
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8.7.2 At the cutting edge: CRDS of optically trapped aerosol particles |
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226 | (3) |
Chapter 9 Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Its Implementation |
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229 | (18) |
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9.1 Fundamental Aspects Of Fluorescence Emission |
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230 | (3) |
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9.1.1 The concept of fluorophores |
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230 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Principal processes in excited- state fluorescence |
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231 | (2) |
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9.2 Structure Of Fluorescence Spectra |
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233 | (1) |
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9.3 Radiative Lifetimes And Quantum Yields |
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234 | (3) |
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9.4 Quenching, Transfer, And Delay Of Fluorescence |
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237 | (3) |
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9.4.1 Fluorescence quenching and the Stern-Volmer law |
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237 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Forster resonance energy transfer |
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238 | (2) |
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9.4.3 Delayed fluorescence |
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240 | (1) |
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9.5 Fluorescence Polarization And Anisotropy |
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240 | (2) |
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9.6 Single-Molecule Fluorescence |
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242 | (2) |
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9.7 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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244 | (3) |
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9.7.1 Breakthrough: Coining the term "fluorescence" |
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244 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Breakthroughs: First LIF spectroscopy |
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244 | (1) |
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9.7.3 At the cutting edge: Laser-stimulated fluorescence on the macroscopic level-Fluorescing fossils |
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245 | (2) |
Chapter 10 Selected Applications of Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
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247 | (20) |
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10.1 LIF Measurement Instrumentation In Spectrofluorimetry |
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247 | (2) |
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10.2 Steady-State Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
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249 | (6) |
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10.2.1 LIF in gas-phase molecular spectroscopy |
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250 | (1) |
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10.2.2 LIF applied to reaction dynamics |
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250 | (3) |
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10.2.3 LIF in analytical chemistry |
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253 | (1) |
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10.2.4 LIF for medical diagnosis |
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254 | (1) |
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10.3 Time-Resolved Lif Spectroscopy |
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255 | (5) |
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10.3.1 Measurements of lifetimes in the FD |
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256 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Measurements of lifetimes in the time domain: TCSPC |
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257 | (2) |
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10.3.3 LIF applied to femtosecond transition-state spectroscopy |
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259 | (1) |
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10.4 LIF Spectroscopy At The Small Scale |
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260 | (4) |
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261 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Fluorescence-correlation spectroscopy |
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262 | (2) |
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10.5 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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264 | (3) |
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10.5.1 Breakthrough: First LIF measurements to resolve the internal state distribution of reaction products |
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264 | (1) |
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10.5.2 At the cutting edge: FRET measurements of gaseous ionized proteins |
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265 | (2) |
Chapter 11 Raman Spectroscopy and Its Implementation |
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267 | (28) |
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11.1 Fundamentals Of The Raman Process: Excitation And Detection |
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268 | (3) |
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11.2 The Structure Of Raman Spectra |
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271 | (6) |
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11.2.1 Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering |
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273 | (1) |
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11.2.2 "Pure" rotational Raman spectra |
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273 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Ro-vibrational Raman bands |
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274 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Hot bands, overtones, and combination bands |
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275 | (1) |
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11.2.5 Peculiarities in the Raman spectra from liquids and solid samples |
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276 | (1) |
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11.2.6 Polarization effects in Raman spectra |
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277 | (1) |
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11.3 Basic Experimental Implementations: Key Issues On Excitation And Detection |
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277 | (6) |
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11.3.1 Laser excitation sources |
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278 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Delivery of excitation laser light |
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279 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Samples and their incorporation into the overall setup |
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280 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Raman light collection |
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280 | (1) |
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11.3.5 Wavelength separation/selection devices |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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11.3.7 Signal acquisition and data analysis equipment |
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283 | (1) |
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11.4 Raman Spectroscopy And Its Variants |
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283 | (5) |
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11.4.1 Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy variants |
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283 | (1) |
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11.4.2 "Enhanced" Raman techniques |
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284 | (2) |
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11.4.3 Nonlinear Raman techniques |
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286 | (2) |
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11.5 Advantages And Drawbacks, And Comparison To Other "Vibrational" Analysis Techniques |
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288 | (4) |
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11.5.1 The problem of fluorescence |
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289 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Advantages and drawbacks of Raman spectroscopy, and comparison to (IR) absorption spectroscopy |
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290 | (2) |
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11.6 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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292 | (3) |
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11.6.1 Breakthrough: UV Raman spectroscopy |
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292 | (1) |
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11.6.2 At the cutting edge: Atomic properties probed by Raman spectroscopy |
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293 | (2) |
Chapter 12 Linear Raman Spectroscopy |
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295 | (38) |
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12.1 The Framework For Qualitative And Quantitative Raman Spectroscopy |
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297 | (7) |
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12.1.1 Determining and calibrating the Raman excitation laser wavelength |
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298 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Calibrating the spectrometer wavelength and Raman shift scales |
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299 | (1) |
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12.1.3 Intensity calibration for quantitative Raman spectra |
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300 | (3) |
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12.1.4 Quantification of molecular constituents in a sample |
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303 | (1) |
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12.2 Measuring Molecular Properties Using Linear Raman Spectroscopy |
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304 | (10) |
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12.2.1 Raman scattering of polarized light waves |
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305 | (2) |
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12.2.2 Depolarization ratios |
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307 | (3) |
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12.2.3 Measuring depolarization ratio |
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310 | (2) |
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12.2.4 Raman optical activity |
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312 | (2) |
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12.3 Raman Spectroscopy Of Gaseous Samples |
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314 | (6) |
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12.3.1 Spectroscopy of rotational and vibrational features |
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315 | (2) |
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12.3.2 Analytical Raman spectroscopy and process monitoring |
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317 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Remote sensing using Raman spectroscopy-The Raman LIDAR |
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318 | (2) |
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12.4 Raman Spectroscopy Of Liquid Samples |
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320 | (6) |
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12.4.1 Spectroscopic aspects of Raman spectroscopy in liquids |
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321 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Analytical aspects of Raman spectroscopy in liquids |
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322 | (2) |
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12.4.3 "Super-resolution" Raman spectroscopy |
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324 | (2) |
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12.5 Raman Spectroscopy Of Solid Samples |
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326 | (4) |
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12.5.1 Spectroscopic and structural information for "ordered" materials |
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327 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Analytical and diagnostic applications for "soft tissue" samples |
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328 | (2) |
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12.6 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
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330 | (3) |
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12.6.1 Breakthrough: Raman spectroscopy in the terahertz range |
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330 | (1) |
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12.6.2 At the cutting edge: Raman spectroscopy in the search for life on Mars |
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331 | (2) |
Chapter 13 Enhancement Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy |
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333 | (32) |
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13.1 Waveguide-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy |
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334 | (13) |
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13.1.1 Raman spectroscopy using liquid-core waveguides (LC-OF) |
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336 | (3) |
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13.1.2 Hollow-core metal-lined waveguides |
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339 | (3) |
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13.1.3 Hollow-core photonic-crystal fibers |
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342 | (3) |
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13.1.4 Measures to reduce fluorescence contributions in backward Raman setups |
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
13.2 Cavity-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy |
|
|
347 | (5) |
|
13.3 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy |
|
|
352 | (9) |
|
13.3.1 Basic concepts of resonance Raman scattering |
|
|
352 | (3) |
|
13.3.2 Applications of RRS to probing of excited electronic state quantum levels |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
13.3.3 Applications of RRS to obtain structural information for large molecules |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
13.3.4 Applications of RRS to analytical problems |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
13.4 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
13.4.1 Breakthrough: First RRS of heme-proteins |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
13.4.2 At the cutting edge: Low-concentration gas sensors based on HC-PCFs |
|
|
362 | (3) |
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy |
|
365 | (40) |
|
14.1 Basic Concepts And Classification Of Nonlinear Raman Responses |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
14.1.1 Incoherent vs. coherent signal character |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
14.1.2 Spontaneous vs. stimulated scattering processes |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
14.1.3 Homodyne vs. heterodyne detection |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
14.2 Nonlinear Interaction With Surfaces: SERS |
|
|
369 | (8) |
|
14.2.1 Trying to understand SERS spectra |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
14.2.2 Single spherical nanoparticle model for SERS |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
14.2.3 E4-enhancement in the Raman response |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
14.2.4 Wavelength dependence of the E4-enhancement |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
14.2.5 Distance dependence of the E4-enhancement |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
14.2.6 Chemical enhancement in the Raman response |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
14.3 Variants Of Sers-Toward Ultralow Concentration And Ultrahigh Spatial Resolution RS |
|
|
377 | (7) |
|
14.3.1 Preconcentration of ultralow concentration samples-SLIPSERS |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
14.3.2 Single-molecule SERS |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
14.3.3 Principles of tip-enhanced RS |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
14.4 Hyper-Raman Spectroscopy: HRS |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
14.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering And Spectroscopy: SRS |
|
|
386 | (5) |
|
14.5.1 SRS using tunable probe laser sources |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
14.5.2 SRS using ps- and fs-laser sources (fs-SRS) |
|
|
388 | (3) |
|
14.6 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering And Spectroscopy: Cars |
|
|
391 | (10) |
|
14.6.1 Basic framework for CARS |
|
|
393 | (3) |
|
14.6.2 Tuned single-mode and ns-pulse CARS |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
14.6.3 Broadband fs-pulse CARS and time-resolved CARS |
|
|
398 | (3) |
|
14.6.4 Spontaneous, stimulated, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopies in comparison |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
14.7 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
|
|
401 | (4) |
|
14.7.1 Breakthrough: SERS using silver films over nanospheres (AgFON) |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
14.7.2 Breakthrough: Toward "pen-on-paper" SERS substrates |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
14.7.3 At the cutting edge: Seeing a single molecule vibrate utilizing tr-CARS |
|
|
403 | (2) |
Chapter 15 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy |
|
405 | (22) |
|
|
405 | (8) |
|
15.1.1 Basic concepts: Plasma generation and characterization |
|
|
406 | (4) |
|
15.1.2 Basic experimental setups and ranging approaches |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
15.1.3 Double-pulse excitation |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
15.1.4 Portable, remote, and standoff LIBS |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
15.2 Qualitative And Quantitative LIBS Analyses |
|
|
413 | (4) |
|
15.3 Selected Libs Applications |
|
|
417 | (8) |
|
15.3.1 Application of LIBS to liquids and samples submerged in liquids |
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
15.3.2 Detection of hazardous substances by ST-LIBS |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
15.3.3 Space applications |
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
15.3.4 Industrial applications |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
15.4 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
15.4.1 Breakthrough: Quantitative LIBS analysis using nanosecond- and femtosecond-pulse lasers |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
15.4.2 At the cutting edge: Elemental chemical mapping of biological samples using LIBS |
|
|
426 | (1) |
Chapter 16 Laser Ionization Techniques |
|
427 | (42) |
|
16.1 Basic Concepts Of REMPI |
|
|
427 | (9) |
|
16.1.1 Quantitative description of REMPI in the framework of rate equations |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
16.1.2 REMPI signal intensity |
|
|
430 | (3) |
|
16.1.3 Selection rules for the ionization step in REMPI |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
16.1.4 Conceptual experimental REMPI setups |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
16.2 Applications Of Rempi In Molecular Spectroscopy And To Chemical Interaction Processes |
|
|
436 | (10) |
|
16.2.1 Molecular spectroscopy utilizing REMPI |
|
|
436 | (4) |
|
16.2.2 Investigation of chemical reactions utilizing REMPI |
|
|
440 | (4) |
|
16.2.3 Photodissociation studies utilizing REMPI |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
16.2.4 REMPI spectroscopy of catalytic reactions |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
16.3 REMPI And Analytical Chemistry |
|
|
446 | (6) |
|
16.3.1 REMPI spectroscopy with isotopologue and isomeric selectivity |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
16.3.2 REMPI spectroscopy in trace and environmental analyses |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
16.3.3 Following biological processes by using REMPI spectroscopy |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
|
452 | (10) |
|
16.4.1 Methodology of ZEKE spectroscopy |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
16.4.2 Measurement modality of pulsed-field ionization: PFI-ZEKE |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
16.4.3 Examples of high-resolution ZEKE spectroscopy |
|
|
456 | (4) |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
16.5 Technique Of H Atom Rydberg Tagging |
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
16.5.1 Reaction H + D2 HD + D |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
16.5.2 Reaction of F atoms with H2 molecules: Dynamical resonances |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
16.5.3 Four-atom reaction OH + D2 HOD + D |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
16.6 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
|
|
465 | (4) |
|
16.6.1 Breakthrough: First state-resolved REMPI spectrum of a molecule |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
16.6.2 At the cutting edge: Ultrahigh sensitivity PAH analysis using GC-APLI-MS |
|
|
466 | (3) |
Chapter 17 Basic Concepts of Laser Imaging |
|
469 | (30) |
|
17.1 Concepts Of Imaging With Laser Light |
|
|
470 | (8) |
|
17.1.1 Laser illumination concepts: Point, line, and sheet patterns in transparent gas and liquid samples |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
17.1.2 Laser illumination concepts: Point, line, and sheet patterns in condensed-phase samples |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
17.1.3 Image sensing and recording concepts |
|
|
473 | (3) |
|
17.1.4 Multispectral and hyperspectral recording |
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
17.2 Image Generation, Image Sampling, And Image Reconstruction |
|
|
478 | (9) |
|
17.2.1 Sampling and its relation to signal digitization |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
17.2.2 Sampling and its relation to spatial resolution |
|
|
480 | (4) |
|
17.2.3 Sampling and its relation to spectral resolution |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
17.2.4 Image reconstruction |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
17.3 Superresolution Imaging |
|
|
487 | (8) |
|
17.3.1 Sub-Abbe limit localization and "classical" superresolution strategies |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
17.3.2 Imaging and reconstruction strategies for structured illumination methods |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
17.3.3 Imaging and reconstruction strategies for local-saturation methods |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
17.3.4 Imaging and reconstruction strategies for single-molecule response methods |
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
17.4 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
|
|
495 | (4) |
|
17.4.1 Breakthrough: Airy-scan detection in confocal laser microscopy |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
17.4.2 At the cutting edge: Single-pixel detector multispectral imaging |
|
|
496 | (3) |
Chapter 18 Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging |
|
499 | (30) |
|
18.1 Two- And Three-Dimensional Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging |
|
|
500 | (8) |
|
18.1.1 PLIF ilmaging in gaseous samples |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
18.1.2 Selected examples for PLIF of gaseous samples |
|
|
502 | (4) |
|
18.1.3 PLIF imaging of biological tissues |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
18.2 Fluorescence Molecular Tomography |
|
|
508 | (3) |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
18.3 Superresolution Microscopy |
|
|
511 | (7) |
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
18.3.2 RESOLFT microscopy |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
18.4 Superresolution Fluorescence Microscopy Based On Single-Molecule Imaging |
|
|
518 | (7) |
|
18.4.1 Basic principles of STORM/PALM |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
18.4.2 Fluorophore localization |
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
18.4.3 Factors affecting the resolution in STORM/PALM imaging |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
18.4.4 Toward 3D superresolution imaging: Interferometric PALM |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
18.5 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
|
|
525 | (4) |
|
18.5.1 Breakthrough: GFP as a marker for gene expression |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
18.5.2 At the cutting edge: Nanometer resolution imaging |
|
|
526 | (3) |
Chapter 19 Raman Imaging and Microscopy |
|
529 | (34) |
|
19.1 Raman Microscopic Imaging |
|
|
529 | (11) |
|
19.1.1 Concepts of Raman imaging and microscopy |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
19.1.2 Confocal Raman imaging |
|
|
531 | (2) |
|
19.1.3 Hyperspectral Raman imaging in two dimensions and three dimensions |
|
|
533 | (4) |
|
19.1.4 Examples of Raman imaging in biology and medicine |
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
19.1.5 Nonbiological applications of Raman imaging |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
19.2 Surface- And Tip-Enhanced (Sers And Ters) Raman Imaging |
|
|
540 | (8) |
|
19.2.1 Biomedical imaging based on SERS |
|
|
540 | (3) |
|
19.2.2 Raman imaging at the nanoscale: TERS imaging |
|
|
543 | (5) |
|
19.3 SRL (Stimulated Raman Loss) Imaging |
|
|
548 | (6) |
|
19.3.1 Concepts of SRL imaging |
|
|
548 | (3) |
|
19.3.2 Selected applications of SRL imaging |
|
|
551 | (3) |
|
|
554 | (6) |
|
19.4.1 Concepts of CARS imaging |
|
|
554 | (3) |
|
19.4.2 Selected applications of CARS microscopic imaging |
|
|
557 | (3) |
|
19.5 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
|
|
560 | (3) |
|
19.5.1 Breakthrough: Hyperspectral CARS imaging utilizing frequency combs |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
19.5.2 At the cutting edge: Superresolution Raman microscopy |
|
|
561 | (2) |
Chapter 20 Diffuse Optical Imaging |
|
563 | (34) |
|
|
563 | (3) |
|
20.1.1 Scattering and absorption in biological tissue |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
20.1.2 What can we learn from diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy? |
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
20.1.3 Historical snapshots in the development of DOI |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
20.2 Basic Implementation And Experimental Methodologies |
|
|
566 | (8) |
|
20.2.1 Key equipment components for DOI |
|
|
567 | (4) |
|
20.2.2 Experimental methodology 1: CW systems |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
20.2.3 Experimental methodology 2: FD systems |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
20.2.4 Experimental methodology 3: TD systems |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
20.2.5 Comparison between the three experimental methods |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
20.3 Modeling Of Diffuse Scattering And Image Reconstruction |
|
|
574 | (7) |
|
20.3.1 Modeling light transport through tissue |
|
|
574 | (3) |
|
20.3.2 The forward problem |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
20.3.3 The reverse problem-Principles of image reconstruction |
|
|
578 | (3) |
|
20.4 Clinical Applications Of DOI And Spectroscopy |
|
|
581 | (5) |
|
20.4.1 DOT and spectroscopy of breast cancer |
|
|
582 | (3) |
|
20.4.2 Diffuse optical topography and tomography of the brain |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
20.5 Nonclinical Applications Of DOI And Spectroscopy |
|
|
586 | (4) |
|
20.5.1 Single-point bulk measurements on fruits |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
20.5.2 Multipoint measurements on fruits yielding 2D images |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
20.5.3 MSI and HSI of fruits |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
20.6 Brief Comparison With Other Medical Imaging Techniques |
|
|
590 | (3) |
|
20.7 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
|
|
593 | (4) |
|
20.7.1 Breakthrough: DOI of brain activities |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
20.7.2 At the cutting edge: Photoacoustic tomography-Toward DOI with high spatial resolution |
|
|
594 | (3) |
Chapter 21 Imaging Based on Absorption and Ion Detection Methods |
|
597 | (42) |
|
21.1 Imaging Exploiting Absorption Spectroscopy: From The Macro- To The Nanoscale |
|
|
597 | (10) |
|
21.1.1 Experimental implementation of imaging exploiting absorption spectroscopy |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
21.1.2 IR/NIR chemical imaging |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
21.1.3 Detecting "hidden" structures using terahertz imaging |
|
|
601 | (3) |
|
21.1.4 IR Imaging at the nanoscale |
|
|
604 | (3) |
|
21.2 Imaging Exploiting Absorption Spectroscopy: Selected Applications In Biology And Medicine |
|
|
607 | (8) |
|
21.2.1 Imaging based on FTIR methodologies |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
21.2.2 Imaging based on terahertz methodologies |
|
|
609 | (3) |
|
21.2.3 Imaging based on photoacoustic methodologies |
|
|
612 | (3) |
|
21.3 Charged Particle Imaging: Basic Concepts And Implementation |
|
|
615 | (11) |
|
21.3.1 Basic concepts of unimolecular and bimolecular collisions |
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
21.3.3 Basic experimental setups |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
21.3.4 Methods for improving the resolution in ion imaging |
|
|
620 | (3) |
|
21.3.5 Measuring time and position: Direct 3D ion imaging |
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
21.3.6 Product-pair correlation by ion imaging |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
21.4 Charged Particle Imaging: Selected Examples For Ion And Electron Imaging |
|
|
626 | (10) |
|
21.4.1 Photodissociation with oriented molecules |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
21.4.2 Imaging of the pair-correlated fragment channels in photodissociation |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
21.4.3 Nonreactive scattering: Energy transfer in bimolecular collisions |
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
21.4.4 Reactive scattering: Bimolecular reactions |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
21.4.5 Product-pair correlation in bimolecular reactions |
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
21.4.6 Imaging the motion of electrons across semiconductor heterojunctions |
|
|
634 | (2) |
|
21.5 Breakthroughs And The Cutting Edge |
|
|
636 | (3) |
|
21.5.1 Breakthrough: First ion imaging experiment |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
21.5.2 At the cutting edge: PAM-toward label-free superresolution imaging |
|
|
637 | (2) |
Bibliography |
|
639 | (54) |
Index |
|
693 | |