| Abstract |
|
v | |
| Acknowledgements |
|
vii | |
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|
|
ix | |
| U.K. cases |
|
ix | |
| E.C. cases |
|
xi | |
| U.S. cases |
|
xii | |
| Canada cases |
|
xix | |
|
|
|
xxiii | |
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|
xxv | |
| Abbreviations / Acronyms Commonly Encountered |
|
xxvii | |
| Preface I A brief explanation of purpose and need for study |
|
xxix | |
| Preface II Explanation of case citations for the non-lawyer reader |
|
xxxiii | |
| SECTION I |
|
1 | (24) |
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3 | (22) |
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Opening Statement of the Case |
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|
3 | (6) |
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A Brief Outline Of The Problem |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (10) |
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21 | (4) |
| SECTION II AN HISTORICAL REVIEW---EARLY MAN TO RECENT REGULATIONS |
|
25 | (240) |
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A Brief History of Mineral Lands and Regulation |
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27 | (45) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (11) |
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27 | (6) |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (7) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (24) |
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46 | (4) |
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50 | (4) |
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The U.S. conservation movement and increased regulation |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (5) |
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Provincial Acts and Regulations Governing Minerals and Lands |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Canadian conservation movement and increased regulation |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (3) |
|
A Brief History of Environmental Damage and Litigated Pollution Claims from Non-Fuel Surface Mining with Emphasis on Water Resources |
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72 | (32) |
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72 | (1) |
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A Review of Historical Mining Pollution Claims |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (4) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Nuisance-Trespass Detail and Differences |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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A Review of Litigated Claims Against Mining Damages |
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78 | (19) |
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79 | (4) |
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83 | (9) |
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92 | (5) |
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97 | (7) |
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A Brief History of the Disposal of Wastes by Earth Burial |
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104 | (12) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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A Review of the Environmental ERA Regulatory Actions for Surface Mining with Litigated Interpretations |
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116 | (88) |
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116 | (2) |
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An Overview of Early Environmental Regulation to 1990 for Open-Pit Mining, Quarry Tipping and Backfilling with Waste Materials |
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118 | (5) |
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Public Health, Tort and Planning/Zoning Law |
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118 | (1) |
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Additional Environmental Law Problem Areas |
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118 | (1) |
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Land Use---Planning and Zoning Law |
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119 | (4) |
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123 | (13) |
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123 | (1) |
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Statutory Regulation of Mines and Quarries |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Planning---Change of Development and Use |
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125 | (2) |
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Recent United Kingdom Cases |
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127 | (5) |
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Mineral and Mining Land Use |
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132 | (4) |
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United States---In General |
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136 | (49) |
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The National Environmental Policy Act 1969 |
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136 | (2) |
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Other Environmental Regulations Affecting Mining |
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138 | (1) |
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Problem Areas for Surface Mining |
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139 | (1) |
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Mineral Land Takings by Environmental Regulation |
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139 | (10) |
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149 | (1) |
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Florida Rock Inds. v. U.S., 21 Cl. Ct. 161 (1990)---Mining not a nuisance |
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149 | (2) |
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Analysis of noxious and public nuisance use of limestone mining land |
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151 | (3) |
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Planning Law or Zoning Regulation Limitations |
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154 | (5) |
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159 | (11) |
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State Control of Mining versus Local Control |
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170 | (7) |
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Limitations of ``Grandfathering'' Acts for Active Mining Operations |
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177 | (1) |
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Grandfather Act---New Hampshire's test for permitting of expansion of operations |
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178 | (2) |
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Mining permit required for removal of 24-year-old stockpiles |
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180 | (1) |
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Mining permit---attempted revocation by citizens groups |
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181 | (1) |
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Intensified reclamation of mining properties |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (13) |
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Mineral Land Takings (Expropriation) by Environmental Regulation |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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Planning Law or Zoning Limitations |
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188 | (2) |
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Mining-Environmental Regulation Problems---Water and Pollution |
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190 | (7) |
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Planning Law, Land Use, and Mineral Properties |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (6) |
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A Review of the Environmental ERA Regulatory Actions for Landfilling with Litigated Interpretations |
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204 | (26) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (3) |
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Waste Disposal Under the EPA 1990 |
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205 | (2) |
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Evidence That Sand and Gravel Pits Are Compatible for Landfilling |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (11) |
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Cases Illustrating Landfilling Conflicts Under the EPA's More Stringent Regulations |
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208 | (5) |
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Interstate Commerce Movement of MSW |
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213 | (5) |
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218 | (10) |
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228 | (2) |
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Legislative Environmental Responses---A Review of Subsequent Legislation to Update the Initial Regulations |
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230 | (35) |
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230 | (3) |
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233 | (10) |
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The European Community Environmental Law's Effect on the UK |
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233 | (2) |
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The EC's Environmental Administration |
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235 | (2) |
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UK Water Standards and Pollution under EC Directives |
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|
237 | (1) |
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UK Waste Disposal Standards Under EC Directives |
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238 | (1) |
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UK Environmental Impact Assessment |
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|
238 | (1) |
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The UK's Environmental Protection Act 1990 (UKEPA) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
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The U.K.'s Environmental Planning Concerns for Surface Mining |
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|
240 | (1) |
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U.K. Wildlife and Countryside Protection |
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241 | (1) |
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Derelict Lands and Reclamation Regulation |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (9) |
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Regulated Protection for Water Quality from Mining Effects |
|
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245 | (1) |
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Navigable waters pollution---mining discharge violation |
|
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246 | (1) |
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National Pollutant Discharge Eliminations Systems (NPDES) |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (3) |
|
Canada---Environmental Impact Assessments |
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|
252 | (7) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (3) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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A Negative Legislative Response---Withdrawal of Potential Mineral Lands |
|
|
259 | (2) |
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261 | (4) |
| SECTION III TRANSITION FROM PRESENT TO FUTURE |
|
265 | (42) |
|
Today's Environmental Regulatory Strengths and Weaknesses for Tomorrow's Needs |
|
|
267 | (40) |
|
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267 | (1) |
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The Public Inquiry Process (PIP) |
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|
267 | (6) |
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A Prime Example of Disruptive Public Hearing |
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269 | (2) |
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Other Examples of Public Protest Interference |
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271 | (2) |
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Land-Use Planning---In General |
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273 | (11) |
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274 | (3) |
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Planning: Voluntary versus Mandatory Compensatory Measures |
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277 | (3) |
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Planning: Consideration of Private Property Rights |
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280 | (1) |
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U.K.---TCPA Environmental Assessments |
|
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280 | (1) |
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Land-Use Planning---U.S.: Narrow Jurisdictional versus Regional Needs |
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281 | (2) |
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Land-Use Planning---Canada |
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283 | (1) |
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United Kingdom---General Environmental Protection |
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284 | (6) |
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289 | (1) |
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United States---Weaknesses of Surface Mine Permitting Procedures |
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290 | (6) |
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The Detrimental Cost-Effect of Currently Prevalent Zoning Denials |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (2) |
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Legislative Weakness of Land Withdrawal from Mining Activities |
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|
299 | (2) |
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The Future Development And Enforceability of Environmental Law |
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|
301 | (6) |
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Criminal Penalties for Environmental Violations |
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302 | (1) |
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U.K. Environmental Crime Punishment |
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302 | (2) |
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U.S. Environmental Crime Punishment |
|
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304 | (1) |
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Canada Environmental Crime Punishment |
|
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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|
306 | (1) |
| SECTION IV TRENDS AND FUTURE NEEDS |
|
307 | (152) |
|
Present and Future Mineral and Waste Trends |
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309 | (19) |
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309 | (1) |
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Present and Future Global Mineral Needs |
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309 | (6) |
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Future Aggregate Site Alternatives |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (3) |
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315 | (5) |
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U.K.---Current and Prospective Mineral Production |
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315 | (1) |
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U.K.---Mineral Land Planning and Permitting Trend Indications |
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316 | (4) |
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320 | (3) |
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U.S. Aggregate Production---Potential Landfill Sites in the Making |
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321 | (2) |
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Canada---Current Mineral Production |
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323 | (3) |
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Canadian Future Construction Mineral Trends |
|
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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Current and Future Trends for Waste Disposal: The Urgency for Landfill Space |
|
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328 | (56) |
|
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328 | (1) |
|
Current Methods to Relieve the Urgency for Landfill Space |
|
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329 | (2) |
|
Current Landfill Information |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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Reclamation of Old Refuse-Filled Mine Pits: A Beginning Trend for Safe Waste Disposal in Today's Mine Pits? |
|
|
336 | (28) |
|
Examples of Old Refuse-Filled and Derelict Mined Land Reclamation Technology |
|
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336 | (1) |
|
Bowmans Harbour Project, Wolverhampton, England |
|
|
336 | (5) |
|
The project environmental assessment and plan |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
The non-technical summary of Bowmans Harbour project |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Environmental assessment of Bowmans Harbour |
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
1996 Update on Bowmans Harbour |
|
|
347 | (3) |
|
The Poynter Street Reclamation Site, St. Helens, Merseyside, England |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Miscellaneous U.K. Reclaimed Old Mine Sites |
|
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350 | (1) |
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A Planned Reclamation---``The British'' Site, Abersychan, Torfaen Borough, Gwent County, Wales |
|
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350 | (6) |
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A U.S. Beginning Trend---Using Abandoned Surface Coal Mines for Landfills |
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356 | (7) |
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A Money-Saving and Money-Making Solution for a National Environmental Problem |
|
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363 | (1) |
|
The U.S. Public Hearing Process Applied to Landfills |
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364 | (16) |
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NIMBY Syndrome Examples Defeating a Proposed Waste Site |
|
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364 | (5) |
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Another Example of a Landfill Siting Defeat by NIMBY and Zoning Squabbling |
|
|
369 | (11) |
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380 | (4) |
|
Landfill Technology and Open-Pit Feasibility |
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|
384 | (50) |
|
|
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384 | (1) |
|
Problems of Solid Waste Landfilling |
|
|
385 | (4) |
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Highlights of Hydrology and Prevention of Ground Water Pollution in Landfills |
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|
386 | (3) |
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Landfill Liners and Waste Water Treatment---In General |
|
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389 | (11) |
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Liners---Natural and Synthetic Materials |
|
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391 | (2) |
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Peat---The New Waste Treatment ``Wonder'' Material |
|
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393 | (4) |
|
Future Treatment of Mine Waters |
|
|
397 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
|
Landfill Gas and Collection as an Energy Source |
|
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399 | (1) |
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Miscellaneous Advantages of Using Mineral Quarries and Pits |
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|
400 | (4) |
|
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (1) |
|
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406 | (1) |
|
A Canadian Solution for Safer Treatment of Uranium Tailings |
|
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407 | (1) |
|
Present-Day Examples of Safe Waste Depositing in Surface Mining Pits |
|
|
407 | (25) |
|
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408 | (2) |
|
Judkins Quarry and Greenways Landfill |
|
|
410 | (4) |
|
Allerton Park Sand & Gravel Pit, Near Knaresborough, North Yorkshire |
|
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414 | (4) |
|
Miscellaneous U.K. Combined Open Pit---Landfill Operations |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
U.S. Example of Combined Quarrying and Landfilling |
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|
420 | (4) |
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Miscellaneous Reported Examples of Quarries Used for Landfills |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
A Canadian Example of a Successful Combined Quarry-Landfill Operation |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
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425 | (7) |
|
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432 | (2) |
|
Future Legislative Problems |
|
|
434 | (25) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
U.K.---Planning and Permitting of Future Surface Mining |
|
|
435 | (5) |
|
A Case in Point: Defeat of a Multi-Appealed Mining Application in Scotland |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
U.S. Zoning/Planning Permission |
|
|
440 | (4) |
|
U.S.---Withdrawal of Mineral Lands |
|
|
441 | (3) |
|
Canada---Withdrawal of Mineral Lands |
|
|
444 | (7) |
|
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
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|
449 | (2) |
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451 | (4) |
|
U.S. Aboriginal Land Claims |
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|
451 | (2) |
|
Canadian Aboriginal Land Claims |
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|
453 | (1) |
|
Northwest territories aboriginal land claims update |
|
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454 | (1) |
|
Proposed Mineral Evaluation of Public and Crown Lands Before Preservation Purposes |
|
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455 | (1) |
|
U.S. Mine Site Reclamation Legislation Proposed |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (2) |
| SECTION V CLOSING ARGUMENTS FOR SOLUTION AND THESIS SOLUTION |
|
459 | (22) |
|
New Directions for Environmental Law Policy in Regard to Surface Mined Land Reclamation and Solid Waste Disposal |
|
|
461 | (20) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
Minerals Must Be Excavated Where They Occur |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Consideration of Private Property Rights |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Command and Control Environmental Regulation |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
The Spreading of the NIMBY Syndrome as an International Problem |
|
|
465 | (3) |
|
A Continuing Landfill Siting Problem---The Public Hearing Process, or the NIMBY Syndrome Takes Over |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
An Offered Solution to Combat the NIMBY Syndrome |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Deciding the Procedure for Permission of Projects |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
The Main Issue for Joint Quarrying and Landfilling Approval |
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
A Reclamation Alternative for Sand and Gravel pits |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
The Best Practicable Environmental Option |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Final Argument for Thesis Proposal |
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
Summary of Supportive Evidence |
|
|
474 | (4) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
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475 | (1) |
|
|
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476 | (1) |
|
After-Use of Conserved Land |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (3) |
| APPENDICES |
|
481 | (30) |
|
A A Proposed Best Practice Model Law for Land Conservation and Reclamation of Surface Mined Land by Solid Waste In-Filling |
|
|
483 | (12) |
|
|
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485 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
487 | (6) |
|
|
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493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
B An Overview of the U.S. General Mining Law, 1872 |
|
|
495 | (7) |
|
|
|
502 | (9) |
| Vita |
|
511 | |
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