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Legal Research and Writing Handbook: A Basic Approach for Paralegals, Sixth Edition 6th Revised ed. [Minkštas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 587 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 254x175x25 mm, weight: 885 g, Illustrations
  • Serija: Aspen College
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Dec-2011
  • Leidėjas: Aspen Publishers Inc.,U.S.
  • ISBN-10: 0735507899
  • ISBN-13: 9780735507890
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Legal Research and Writing Handbook: A Basic Approach for Paralegals, Sixth Edition 6th Revised ed.Didesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 587 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 254x175x25 mm, weight: 885 g, Illustrations
  • Serija: Aspen College
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Dec-2011
  • Leidėjas: Aspen Publishers Inc.,U.S.
  • ISBN-10: 0735507899
  • ISBN-13: 9780735507890
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780735507890.html
Raktažodžiai:
Yelin (Loyola U., Chicago) and Samborn supply paralegals with a guide to legal research and writing skills that begins with the legal system and authorities and covers print and online resources, legal memoranda and letters, and the writing process using a specific method and exercises. This edition has new sample pages, current citation coverage that reflects the Fourth Edition of the Association of Legal Writing Directors Citation Manual and the 19th edition of the Bluebook, recent developments in legal research, more on the practical aspects of outlining, and revised and updated references, links, examples, and exercises. Aspen Publishers is now Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
List of Illustrations
xxxi
Preface xxxvii
Acknowledgments xxxix
PART 1 LEGAL RESEARCH
1(330)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Legal Research
3(16)
Chapter overview
3(1)
A Introduction to Legal Research And Writing
4(1)
1 The Role of the Paralegal in Legal Research and Writing
4(1)
Why Do Paralegals Perform Research?
4(1)
What Tasks Do Paralegals Handle in the Legal Research and Writing Process?
4(1)
What Are You Trying to Accomplish with Your Research?
5(1)
B Introduction to The U.S. Legal System
5(14)
1 The Organization of the Legal System
5(1)
How Did the Federal and State Systems Originate?
5(1)
2 Components of the Federal System and Governing Law
6(1)
a The Legislative Branch
6(1)
How Is a Law Created?
7(1)
b The Executive Branch
7(2)
c The Judicial Branch
9(2)
Who Can Bring an Action in Federal Court?
11(1)
i The Trial Courts
11(1)
ii The Appellate Courts
11(1)
iii The Supreme Court
12(1)
3 Relationship Between Federal and State Governments
12(1)
Can a Federal Court Decide an Issue of State Law?
12(2)
What Effect Does a Federal Decision Have on State Law?
14(1)
Are Federal and State Agencies Part of One Governing Body?
14(1)
4 Organization of State Governments
14(1)
What Are the Duties of the State Courts?
15(1)
Can State Courts Decide Issues of Federal Law?
16(1)
Chapter Summary
16(1)
Key Terms
16(1)
Exercises
17(2)
Chapter 2 Legal Authorities and How to Use Them
19(16)
Chapter Overview
19(1)
A Determination of Governing Law
20(5)
1 Jurisdiction
20(1)
What Factors Determine Which Jurisdiction Governs Your Case?
20(1)
2 Precedent
20(1)
3 Hierarchy of Authorities
21(1)
a Currency
21(1)
b Levels of Court
22(1)
c Conflicting Decisions Between Circuits
23(1)
d State and Federal Decisions Concerning an Issue
24(1)
e Conflicts in Federal and State Authority
24(1)
f State Court Decisions
25(1)
4 Dicta
25(1)
B Goal Of Your Research
25(4)
1 Primary Authority
25(1)
How Do You Determine Whether a Case Is Mandatory or Binding?
26(1)
2 Secondary Authority
27(1)
3 Finding Tools
28(1)
4 Hybrid Sources of Authority
29(1)
5 Nonlegal Sources
29(1)
C Use of Authority or Sources in Your Legal Writing
29(6)
1 Essential Sources to Cite
29(1)
2 Valuable Sources to Cite
29(1)
3 Sources Never to Cite
30(1)
4 Checklist
30(1)
In-Class Exercises
31(1)
Chapter Summary
31(1)
Key Terms
32(1)
Exercises
32(3)
Chapter 3 Court Decisions
35(38)
Chapter Overview
35(1)
A Reporters
35(38)
1 Slip Opinions
36(1)
a Supreme Court Slip Opinions
36(3)
b Other Slip Opinions
39(1)
How Are Pending or Unreported Opinions Such as Slip Opinions Cited?
39(1)
2 Advance Sheets
40(1)
3 Bound Reporters
40(1)
a U.S. Supreme Court Decisions
40(3)
Is U.S. Supreme Court Docket Information Available on the Internet?
43(1)
What Happens If the Language of a Decision in the Commercial Reporters Varies from the Language in U.S. Reports?
43(1)
Why Use the Commercial Reporters Rather Than the Official Reports?
43(4)
How Do You Locate a Reported Case?
47(6)
How Are U.S. Supreme Court Cases Cited?
53(1)
b Other Federal Case Reports
53(1)
Where Do You Find Decisions of Other Federal Courts?
53(1)
How Are Federal Reporter and Federal Supplement Decisions Cited?
54(1)
Are Decisions Published in Any Other Reporters?
55(1)
4 Computerized Reporting
55(1)
Can You Find Decisions on the Internet and Through Fee-Based Computer Services?
55(4)
How Do You Know Whether a Case Is Published or Only Available Online?
59(1)
How Are Decisions Reported Only on Westlaw or LEXIS Cited?
59(1)
5 State Reporters
60(1)
Where Can You Find State Court Decisions?
60(1)
Are There Any Unofficial Reports of State Cases?
60(1)
Why Would You Use the Regional Reporter Rather Than the Official State Reporter?
61(8)
How Are State Cases Cited?
69(2)
Chapter Summary
71(1)
Key Terns
71(1)
Exercises
72(1)
Chapter 4 Digests
73(42)
Chapter Overview
73(1)
A Content of Digests and Organization
74(8)
What Are Digests, and What Do They Contain?
74(1)
1 Headnotes and Key Numbers
75(2)
2 Types of Digests
77(1)
3 Organization of Digests
78(1)
How Are Digest Systems Organized?
78(4)
B Step-By-Step Guide To The Digest System
82(33)
How Do You Use a Digest System?
82(1)
1 Descriptive Word Index Method
82(1)
What Is the Descriptive Word Index Method?
82(3)
2 Topic Outline Method
85(1)
What Is the Topic Outline Method?
85(1)
3 One Good Case Method
85(1)
What Is the One Good Case Method?
85(6)
Are There Any Other Ways to Find Cases in the Digests?
91(1)
Once You Have a Relevant Topic or Key Number, What Comes Next?
91(1)
What Are Pocket Parts?
91(1)
How Do You Use the Pocket Parts?
91(9)
4 Online Digest Search
100(1)
Can Digests Be Searched Online?
100(12)
Chapter Summary
112(1)
Key Terms
112(1)
Exercises
112(3)
Chapter 5 Validating
115(34)
Chapter Overview
115(1)
A Shepard's
115(17)
What Is a Citator?
115(1)
What Do You Learn from Reviewing Shepard's Citations?
116(9)
How Do You Use Shepard's in Print?
125(7)
Which Citator Should You Consult for State Cases?
132(1)
B Shepard's Online
132(3)
How Do You Use Shepard's Online?
132(1)
Is Shepard's Online More Current Than Shepard's in Print?
132(1)
How Is Shepard's Different Online Than in Hard Copy?
132(3)
C Keycite
135(8)
What Is the Difference Between Shepard's and KeyCite?
143(1)
Why Would You Use Both KeyCite and Shepard's?
143(1)
How Do I Access KeyCite?
143(1)
D Globalcite
143(6)
Chapter Summary
145(1)
Key Terms
145(1)
Exercises
146(3)
Chapter 6 Secondary Authority
149(40)
Chapter Overview
149(1)
A Secondary Authority: What it is and Where to Find it
150(1)
What Is Secondary Authority?
150(1)
Why and When Do You Use a Secondary Source?
150(1)
What Are the Sources of Secondary Authority?
151(1)
B Dictionaries
151(1)
What Is a Legal Dictionary?
151(1)
When Would a Legal Dictionary Be Used?
151(1)
How Would You Cite to a Legal Dictionary?
152(1)
Are Legal Dictionaries Available Online?
152(1)
C The Legal Thesaurus
152(3)
What Is a Thesaurus?
152(1)
Why Would You Use a Thesaurus?
152(3)
D Encyclopedias
155(13)
1 Generally
155(1)
What Is a Legal Encyclopedia?
155(1)
Why Would You Use an Encyclopedia?
155(1)
When Do You Cite an Encyclopedia as Authority?
155(1)
2 American Jurisprudence
156(1)
What Is Contained in American Jurisprudence?
156(2)
How Do You Use Am. Jur.?
158(1)
What Is the Citation Format for Am. Jur.?
159(6)
3 Corpus Juris Secundum
165(1)
What Is Contained in Corpus Juris Secundum?
165(1)
How Do You Use C.J.S.?
165(1)
How Is C.J.S. Cited?
165(3)
4 State Law Encyclopedias
168(1)
Are There Any Legal Encyclopedias for State Law?
168(1)
5 Online Encyclopedia Services
168(1)
Are Legal Encyclopedias Available on LEXIS or Westlaw?
168(1)
E American Law Reports
168(7)
What Are American Law Reports?
168(2)
How Do You Use A.L.R.?
170(3)
Why Would You Use A.L.R.?
173(2)
How Do You Cite to an A.L.R. Annotation?
175(1)
How Do You Update an A.L.R. Annotation?
175(1)
Can A.L.R. Annotations Be Shepardized?
175(1)
F Treatises and Hornbooks
175(3)
What Are Treatises and Hornbooks?
175(1)
How Do You Find a Thorough Treatise or Hornbook?
176(1)
Which Treatises Are Most Noteworthy?
176(1)
Why Do You Use a Treatise?
176(1)
How Do You Use a Treatise or Hornbook?
177(1)
Are Treatises Ever Relied on as Authority?
177(1)
How Do You Cite to a Hornbook and a Treatise?
177(1)
Are Treatises Available Online?
177(1)
How Are Treatises and Hornbooks Updated?
178(1)
G Restatements of the Law
178(4)
What Are Restatements?
178(1)
How Are the Restatements Updated?
178(1)
How Do You Use the Restatements?
178(3)
Can the Restatements Be Shepardized?
181(1)
Are the Restatements Available Online?
181(1)
How Are the Restatements Cited?
182(1)
H Legal Periodicals
182(7)
What Are Legal Periodicals?
182(1)
Why Would You Use a Legal Periodical?
182(1)
How Do You Obtain Relevant Legal Periodical Articles?
183(1)
Are Legal Periodicals Available on LEXIS and Westlaw?
184(1)
How Do You Cite to a Law Review or Law Journal?
184(1)
Chapter Summary
185(1)
Key Terms
185(1)
Exercises
186(3)
Chapter 7 Constitutions and Statutes
189(42)
Chapter Overview
189(1)
A Constitutions
190(6)
What Is a Constitution?
190(1)
What Is the Relationship Between the Federal Constitution and the State Constitutions?
190(1)
Who Determines Whether a Statute Violates the U.S. Constitution?
190(1)
Can Federal and State Constitutions Be Validated?
190(1)
Where Are Federal and State Constitutions Found?
190(5)
How Do You Cite Federal or State Constitutions?
195(1)
Are Constitutions Available on LEXIS and Westlaw?
195(1)
Are There Any Hard-Copy Digests or Other Finding Tools That Assist with Researching Federal Constitutional Issues?
196(1)
B Statutes
196(35)
What Are Statutes?
196(1)
1 The Legislative Process
196(1)
How Is a Statute Created Through the Federal Legislative Process?
196(1)
What Are Slip Laws?
197(1)
What Are Session Laws?
198(1)
What Are the Statutes at Large?
198(1)
What Is Codification?
198(8)
2 Reading and Understanding Statutes
206(1)
How Do You Read a Statute?
206(5)
What Type of Legal Authority Are Statutes?
211(1)
What Is the Relationship Between Statutes and Case Law?
211(1)
3 How to Find Federal Statutes
211(1)
Where Are Federal Statutes Found?
211(1)
How Often Is the U.S.C. Updated?
212(1)
Is the U.S.C. the Only Codified Version of the Federal Statutes?
212(1)
What Do the Unofficial Codes Contain?
213(1)
Is There Any Difference Between the U.S.C.S. and the U.S.C.A.?
213(1)
Why Would You Use an Annotated Set of the U.S.C.?
214(1)
How Useful Are Annotated Statutes as Finding Tools?
214(1)
What Are the Research Methods Used to Find Relevant Statutes?
214(2)
How Do You Cite Federal Statutes?
216(4)
4 Validating and Updating Statutes
220(1)
How and Why Would You Validate Federal Statutes?
220(1)
How Do You Update Statutes with Print Resources?
220(6)
5 How to Find State Statutes
226(1)
How Does State Statutory Research Compare with Federal Statutory Research?
226(1)
How Can You Tell Whether a State Code Is the Official or the Unofficial Statutory Compilation?
226(2)
6 Researching Statutes Online
228(1)
Are the Federal Statutes Available on LEXIS and Westlaw?
228(1)
Are State Statutes Available on LEXIS and Westlaw?
228(1)
Can Statutes Be Validated on LEXIS and Westlaw?
228(1)
How Do You Update Federal Statutes Online?
228(1)
Are Statutes Available on the Internet?
229(1)
Chapter Summary
229(1)
Key Terms
229(1)
Exercises
229(2)
Chapter 8 Legislative History
231(12)
Chapter Overview
231(1)
A Legislative Information
231(2)
1 Finding the Text of Pending Legislation
232(1)
2 Tracking Pending Legislation
233(1)
B Legislative Histories
233(10)
Where Do You Find Copies of Public Laws?
233(1)
How Do You Research Legislative Histories of Laws That Are Already Enacted?
234(1)
How Do You Use U.S.C.C.A.N. in Conjunction with the U.S.C.A.?
234(1)
What Are Other Ways to Find Relevant Legislative History in U.S.C.C.A.N.?
235(1)
Is Legislative History Primary Authority?
236(2)
How Do You Cite Legislative History Found in U.S.C.C.A.N.?
238(1)
How Do You Cite to a Legislative History of a Statute?
238(1)
What Are Some Other Sources of Legislative Information?
238(1)
How Do You Research State Legislative Histories?
238(4)
What Additional Sources for Legislative Information Are Available?
242(1)
Chapter Summary
242(1)
Key Terms
242(1)
Exercises
242(1)
Chapter 9 Administrative Materials and Looseleaf Services
243(24)
Chapter Overview
243(1)
A Introduction
244(1)
What Is Administrative Law?
244(1)
How Can Administrative Agencies Create Law When This Is the Job of Congress?
244(1)
How Do Administrative Agencies Operate?
244(1)
B Regulations
245(1)
How Are Regulations Adopted?
245(1)
What Type of Authority Is an Administrative Regulation or Rule?
245(1)
C Finding Administrative Law
245(16)
1 Generally
245(1)
Where Do You Find Federal Administrative Law?
245(3)
Where Do You Find State Administrative Law?
248(1)
2 Specific Sources
248(1)
a Federal Register
248(1)
How Do You Use the Federal Register in Print?
249(3)
How Do You Search the Federal Register on the Internet?
252(2)
How Can You Use LEXIS and Westlaw to Retrieve the Federal Register?
254(1)
b Code of Federal Regulations
254(1)
How Often Is the C.F.R. Updated?
255(1)
How Do You Use the C.F.R. in Print?
255(2)
How Do You Search the C.F.R. on the Computer?
257(1)
Why Would You Use Old Regulations?
257(1)
How Do You Update and Validate Regulations?
257(2)
How Is the Updating Performed in Practice?
259(1)
How Do You Validate or Shepardize a C.F.R. Citation?
259(2)
How Are the C.F.R. and the Federal Register Cited?
261(1)
D Decisions
261(1)
What Else Do Administrative Agencies Do?
261(1)
What Kind of Authority Are Administrative Decisions?
262(1)
Can Administrative Agency Decisions Be Shepardized?
262(1)
Other Than the Agency Itself, Where Can You Find Administrative Agency Decisions?
262(1)
E Looseleaf Services
262(5)
What Are Looseleaf Services?
262(1)
How Are Looseleaf Services Used?
263(1)
Can Looseleafs Be Retrieved Online?
263(1)
What Type of Authority Are Looseleaf Services?
264(1)
Researching Administrative Law: Summary
264(1)
Chapter Summary
264(1)
Key Terms
265(1)
Exercises
265(2)
Chapter 10 Computerized Legal Research
267(20)
Chapter Overview
267(1)
A Introduction
268(3)
What Are the Benefits of Using LEXIS and Westlaw?
269(1)
What Are the Major Disadvantages of Using LEXIS and Westlaw?
269(1)
1 Uses for LEXIS and Westlaw
270(1)
2 Additional Features
270(1)
B Using Westlaw and Lexis
271(16)
How Does Computerized Research Work?
271(1)
1 The Basics
272(1)
How Is Information Organized?
272(1)
2 Search Formulation
272(1)
What Is a Search or Query?
272(1)
a Connectors
273(2)
b Quotations
275(1)
c Plurals
275(1)
d Irregular Plurals
275(1)
e Hyphenated Words
276(1)
f Noise Words or Articles
276(1)
g Capitalizing Proper Names and Other Terms
276(1)
3 Other Ways to Restrict Your Search to Retrieve On-Point Information
276(1)
a Date and Court Restrictors
276(1)
b Other Restrictors
277(1)
c Fields
277(1)
Why Does Integrating Traditional and Computerized Resources Result in the Most Effective Computerized Legal Research?
278(1)
4 Retrieving the Results of Your Research
279(1)
Are There Any Other Ways to Retrieve Documents?
279(1)
5 Point-and-Click Enhancements
280(1)
6 Additional Features on LEXIS and Westlaw
281(1)
7 Comparing LEXIS and Westlaw
282(1)
a Differences Between LEXIS and Westlaw
282(1)
b Similarities Between LEXIS and Westlaw
282(1)
How Do You Use the Computer Most Efficiently?
283(1)
How Do You Cite to Cases Retrieved on LEXIS and Westlaw?
283(1)
How Do You Cite a Decision Reported on LEXIS?
283(1)
How Do You Indicate a Page or Screen Number for the Case?
284(1)
What Are the Other Sites for Computerized Legal Research?
284(1)
Chapter Summary
285(1)
Key Terms
285(1)
Exercises
285(2)
Chapter 11 Practice Rules
287(12)
Chapter Overview
287(1)
A Overview of Rules of Practice
288(2)
What Are Rules of Practice?
288(1)
What Rules Govern Procedures in the Federal Courts?
288(1)
Do the Federal Rules Control Proceedings in State Courts?
288(1)
What Federal Courts Follow the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure?
288(1)
Are the Federal Trial Courts Governed by Any Other Rules?
288(1)
What Rules of Procedure Do Federal Appellate Courts Follow?
289(1)
What Rules Govern Practice Before the U.S. Supreme Court?
289(1)
B Researching Rules of Practice
290(4)
1 Sources
290(1)
Where Do You Find These Rules in the Print Materials?
290(1)
Are the Federal Rules Available Online?
290(2)
2 Steps in Researching Rules and Court Decisions
292(1)
How Do You Research a Federal Rule?
292(1)
How Do You Find Cases or Secondary Authorities That Interpret and Explain the Federal Rules?
292(1)
What Sources Are Available to Help Interpret These Rules?
293(1)
How Would You Cite the Various Federal Rules?
294(1)
How Would You Cite a Decision Contained in the Federal Rules Decisions?
294(1)
C State Rules of Practice
294(1)
What Rules Control the Conduct of State Proceedings?
294(1)
Where Would You Find State Rules and Local Rules for State Courts?
295(1)
Are Annotations for State Rules Available?
295(1)
Are There Any Significant State Rule Treatises or Secondary Authorities?
295(1)
D Ensuring Currency
295(4)
How Do You Ensure That You Are Reviewing the Most Current Version of the Rule?
295(1)
Can Federal Rules Be Validated Online?
296(1)
Can State Rules Be Shepardized?
296(1)
Can State Rules Be Shepardized Online?
296(1)
Chapter Summary
296(1)
Key Terns
297(1)
Exercises
297(2)
Chapter 12 Ethical Rules
299(8)
Chapter Overview
299(1)
A Rules of Professional Responsibility
299(2)
Is There a National Code of Ethics for Attorneys or Paralegals?
300(1)
What Type of Authority Are These Rules and Cases?
300(1)
When Would You Review the Rules for Ethical Conduct and the Applicable Cases?
301(1)
B Researching Ethical Questions
301(6)
1 Primary Sources and Annotated Sources
301(1)
What Is the Value of an Annotated Source for the Rules and Codes?
301(1)
Where Can You Find the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility?
301(1)
What Other Secondary Sources Are Useful for Ethics Researchers?
302(1)
How Do You Use the Annotated Sources?
302(1)
2 Other Useful Authorities
302(1)
Do State Bar Associations Publish Ethics Opinions Similar to Those Prepared by the ABA?
303(1)
3 Research Process
303(1)
How Would You Research an Ethical Question?
303(1)
Can You Find State Ethical Rules on Westlaw and LEXIS?
303(1)
Can Ethics Rules Be Validated?
304(1)
4 Sample Research Problem
304(1)
How Would You Cite an Ethics Rule Found in the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct?
304(1)
How Would You Cite an ABA Ethics Opinion?
305(1)
Chapter Summary
305(1)
Key Terms
305(1)
Exercises
306(1)
Chapter 13 Practitioner's Materials
307(10)
Chapter Overview
307(1)
A Formbooks
307(3)
What Formbooks Are Available?
308(1)
How Do You Use Formbooks?
309(1)
B Other Practitioner's Materials
310(7)
1 Checklists
310(1)
Do Any Publications Contain Lists of What Steps You Should Follow to Complete a Project?
310(1)
2 Continuing Legal Education Materials
310(1)
Are CLE Materials Available Online?
310(1)
How Do You Find CLE Materials?
311(1)
3 Handbooks
311(1)
What Other Valuable Practitioner's Materials Are Available?
311(1)
4 Jury Instructions
311(1)
What Are Pattern Jury Instructions, and How Do They Differ from Other Jury Instructions?
311(1)
Do the Federal Courts Have Pattern Jury Instructions?
312(1)
Are jury Instructions Available Online?
313(1)
What Type of Research Should Be Done Before You Draft Jury Instructions?
313(1)
How Do You Find Jury Instructions?
313(1)
5 Other Tools
313(1)
What Other Tools Might a Paralegal Use in Researching a Problem?
313(1)
How Do You Locate Lawyers and Law Firms in Other States or Within a State?
313(1)
Chapter Summary
314(1)
Key Terms
314(1)
Exercises
314(3)
Chapter 14 Research Strategy
317(14)
Chapter Overview
317(1)
A Define the Issues and Determine Area of Law
318(1)
Where Do You Begin Your Research?
318(1)
B Refining Research
318(2)
How Do You Refine Your Research Strategy?
318(2)
C Diagramming the Research Process
320(2)
What Is the Purpose and Technique for Record Keeping?
320(2)
D Example of Research Strategy
322(9)
1 How to Phrase the Issue If You Are Researching the Fur Labeling Problem
322(1)
2 First Steps
322(1)
3 What Sources to Consult and Why
323(1)
4 What to Do After Completing Hard-Copy Research
324(1)
5 Combining Computerized Research Methods with Hard-Copy Method
324(1)
6 Using Online Services in the Fur Labeling Problem
325(2)
Chapter Summary
327(1)
Key Terms
327(1)
Exercises
328(3)
PART 2 LEGAL WRITING
331(200)
Chapter 15 Getting Ready to Write
333(10)
Chapter Overview
333(1)
A Writing Goals and How to Achieve them
334(1)
How Do You Plan Your Communication and Revise It?
334(1)
B The Writing Process
334(9)
1 Preparing to Write: Purpose and Audience
334(1)
How Do You Complete the Research Process and Make the Transition to Writing?
334(1)
a Purpose
335(1)
What Is the Purpose of the Document?
335(1)
b Audience
336(1)
To Whom Are You Speaking?
336(1)
2 Drafting a Detailed Outline
336(1)
How Do You Organize Your Ideas?
336(1)
3 Revision: The Final Part of the Process
336(1)
4 Example of Process Writing Techniques
337(2)
Chapter Summary
339(1)
Key Terms
340(1)
Exercises
340(3)
Chapter 16 Clear Writing and Editing
343(10)
Chapter Overview
343(1)
A Purpose of Editing
343(1)
B Process of Editing
344(1)
C Specific Items to Review While Editing
345(8)
1 Diction
345(1)
What Is Diction?
345(1)
What Are Concrete Verbs?
345(2)
How Do You Avoid Legalese or Legal Speak?
347(1)
2 Voice
347(1)
What Is the Difference Between Active Voice and Passive Voice?
347(1)
3 Paragraphs
348(1)
4 Sentences
348(1)
5 Other Key Rules
349(1)
Revision Checklist
349(1)
Chapter Summary
350(1)
Key Terms
350(1)
Exercises
350(3)
Chapter 17 Writing Basics
353(10)
Chapter Overview
353(1)
A Punctuation
354(3)
1 Commas
354(1)
2 Special Comma Rules
355(1)
3 Semicolons
356(1)
4 Colons
356(1)
5 Parentheses
357(1)
6 Double Quotation Marks
357(1)
7 Single Quotation Marks
357(1)
B Modifiers
357(1)
C Parallel Construction
358(1)
D Subject and Verb Agreement
358(5)
Chapter Summary
361(1)
Key Terms
361(1)
Exercises
361(2)
Chapter 18 Case Briefing and Analysis
363(36)
Chapter Overview
363(1)
A Purpose of a Case Brief
364(1)
B Diagram of a Decision
364(3)
C Anatomy of a Case Brief
367(24)
1 Citation
367(3)
2 Procedural History
370(2)
3 Issues
372(1)
How Do You Determine the Legal Issue or Issues Presented When Examining a Client's Problem?
372(1)
How Do You Draft a Statement of the Issue or Issues?
372(2)
4 Holding
374(1)
How Do You Draft a Holding?
374(1)
5 Facts
375(1)
What Are the Relevant Facts?
375(1)
How Do You Organize Your Facts Statement?
376(2)
6 Rationale
378(2)
7 Dicta
380(1)
8 Disposition
380(2)
In-Class Exercise
382(9)
D Case Analysis
391(8)
Chapter Summary
394(1)
Key Terms
394(1)
Exercises
395(4)
Chapter 19 The Legal Memorandum
399(12)
Chapter Overview
399(1)
A The Legal Memorandum
400(1)
What Is an Objective Legal Memorandum and Why Is It Written?
400(1)
B Audience
400(1)
Who Reads a Memorandum?
400(1)
C Components of a Memorandum
400(7)
What Is Included in a Memorandum?
400(2)
1 Heading
402(3)
2 Questions Presented or Issues
405(1)
3 Conclusion or Brief Answer
405(1)
What Is the Difference Between a Conclusion and a Brief Answer?
406(1)
4 Facts
406(1)
5 Discussion
407(1)
D Steps in Drafting a Memorandum
407(4)
What Steps Should You Take in Drafting a Memo?
407(1)
Checklist for Drafting a Memorandum
408(1)
1 Memo Drafting Tips
409(1)
Chapter Summary
409(1)
Key Terms
410(1)
Exercises
410(1)
Chapter 20 Questions Presented and Conclusions or Brief Answers
411(12)
Chapter Overview
411(1)
A Questions Presented or Issues
411(4)
Who Reads the Questions Presented Statement?
412(1)
1 First Draft 412 What Are Legally Significant Facts?
413(1)
2 Research the Issue and Revise It
413(1)
In-Class Exercise
414(1)
3 Specificity and Precision
414(1)
B Brief Answers and Conclusions
415(8)
1 Brief Answers
415(1)
2 Conclusions
416(1)
How Is a Conclusion Different from a Brief Answer?
416(1)
3 Drafting Conclusions
416(3)
In-Class Exercise
419(1)
Chapter Summary
419(1)
Key Terms
419(1)
Exercises
419(4)
Chapter 21 Facts
423(22)
Chapter Overview
423(1)
A Facts Statement
424(3)
1 Defining Fact
424(1)
2 Legally Significant Facts
424(1)
What Facts Should Be Included in the Facts Statement?
424(2)
3 Fact Versus a Legal Conclusion
426(1)
4 Source of Information for a Facts Statement
427(1)
B Organizing the Facts Statement
427(6)
What Are the Different Methods of Organizing a Fact Statement?
427(1)
1 Chronological Organization
427(1)
2 Organization by Claim or Defense
428(1)
3 Organization by Party
429(1)
4 Combination of Chronological and Claim or Party Organization
430(3)
C Writing the Facts Statement
433(12)
1 Prepare a List of Facts and Preliminary Statement
433(1)
2 Research the Issue
434(1)
3 Revise to Include Only Legally Significant Facts
435(1)
4 Organize the Facts
435(1)
5 Rewrite the Facts Statement
436(1)
Chapter Summary
436(1)
Key Terms
437(1)
Exercises
437(8)
Chapter 22 The IRAC Method
445(16)
Chapter Overview
445(1)
A Purposes of IRAC
446(1)
What Is IRAC?
446(1)
B IRAC Components
446(15)
What Does an IRAC Paragraph Look Like?
446(2)
1 Issues
448(1)
What Is the Difference Between the Question Presented and the Issues in IRAC Paragraphs?
448(1)
2 Rules of Law
449(1)
Why Is Citation Important?
450(1)
3 Application of the Law to the Problem's Facts
451(1)
How Do You Use the Legally Significant Facts?
451(1)
4 Conclusion
452(1)
Chapter Summary
452(1)
Key Terms
453(1)
Exercises
453(8)
Chapter 23 Synthesizing Cases and Authorities
461(16)
Chapter Overview
461(1)
A Synthesis
462(1)
What Is the Process of Synthesizing Legal Rules?
462(1)
Why Do We Synthesize Legal Authority?
462(1)
B Types of Synthesis
463(1)
What Are the Four Methods of Synthesizing Authority?
463(1)
C Step-By-Step Process to Synthesizing Legal Rules
463(1)
D Examples of Case Synthesis
464(13)
How Do You Synthesize Two Sources of Statutory Authority?
472(2)
Chapter Summary
474(1)
Key Terms
474(1)
Exercises
474(3)
Chapter 24 Outlining and Organizing A Memorandum
477(32)
Chapter Overview
477(1)
A Purpose of Outlining
478(1)
B Steps to Outlining
478(7)
1 Steps in Compiling a List of Legal Authorities
478(3)
2 Organize Issues
481(1)
What Steps Should You Follow in Preparing Your Outline of Each of the Issues?
482(1)
3 Draft a Thesis Paragraph
482(1)
4 Determine Which Element to Discuss First
483(1)
5 List Elements or Subissues
483(1)
6 Add Authority
484(1)
7 Refine Issues
484(1)
8 Arrange the Order of Elements
484(1)
9 Organize into JRAC Paragraph
484(1)
C Multi-Issue Memorandum
485(24)
How Do You Organize a Multi-Issue Memorandum?
485(12)
In-Class Exercise
497(2)
Chapter Summary
499(1)
Key Terms
499(1)
Exercises
500(9)
Chapter 25 Letter Writing
509(22)
Chapter Overview
509(1)
A Basics of Letter Writing
510(1)
What Formats Are Used?
510(1)
B Components of a Letter
510(6)
1 Letterhead and Headers
510(2)
2 Date
512(1)
3 Method of Transmission
512(1)
4 Inside Address
512(1)
5 Reference Line
513(1)
6 Greeting
513(1)
7 Body of Letter
513(1)
8 Closing
514(1)
9 Copies to Others and Enclosures
514(2)
C Types of Letters
516(15)
1 Confirming Letters
516(1)
2 Status Letters and Transaction Summary Letters
516(4)
3 Demand Letter
520(2)
4 Opinion Letters
522(3)
5 E-mail
525(1)
6 Social Media
526(1)
Chapter Summary
527(1)
Key Terms
528(1)
Exercises
528(3)
Appendix A Shepardizing and Cite Checking 531(2)
Appendix B Citation 533(16)
Appendix C Sample Memoranda 549(10)
Appendix D Helpful Web Sites 559(10)
Index 569