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xvii | |
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xviii | |
Contributors |
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xix | |
Foreword |
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xxvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxx | |
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xxxii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (8) |
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A new era in cannabis policy |
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1 | (1) |
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Legalization reforms are stimulating policy debates |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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How this book is organized |
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5 | (4) |
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PART I The new legal cannabis markets |
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9 | (122) |
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1 The uneven repeal of cannabis prohibition in the United States |
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11 | (28) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (4) |
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13 | (3) |
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Evolving public opinion and policy impasse |
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16 | (1) |
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State repeal efforts of non-medical cannabis |
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17 | (11) |
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17 | (3) |
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Second wave of voter initiatives |
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20 | (3) |
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Third wave of voter initiatives |
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23 | (3) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Comparative analysis of regulations |
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28 | (11) |
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2 Practical lessons learned from the first years of the regulated recreational cannabis market in Colorado |
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39 | (23) |
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Introduction and background |
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39 | (8) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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Colorado public health framework |
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44 | (2) |
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Evolution of Retail Marijuana Code (RMC) |
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46 | (1) |
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Tension between commercialism and public health |
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47 | (7) |
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Constitutional constraints on public health best practice |
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48 | (1) |
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Marketing and advertising |
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48 | (3) |
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Budtenders and the retail experience: observations from the field |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (8) |
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3 Recreational marijuana legalization in Washington State: benefits and harms |
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62 | (27) |
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62 | (1) |
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The path to marijuana legalization in Washington State |
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62 | (4) |
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Policy heterogeneity and local variation |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (6) |
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Marijuana-impaired driving |
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75 | (4) |
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79 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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Criminal justice system costs |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (8) |
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4 A century of cannabis control in Canada: a brief overview of history, context and policy frameworks from prohibition to legalization |
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89 | (27) |
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89 | (1) |
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Cannabis control in Canada --- early history |
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89 | (3) |
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Recent twenty-first century developments |
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92 | (1) |
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Medical cannabis: plant-based therapy or "side-door legalization"? |
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93 | (3) |
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The way to "non-medical" cannabis legalization |
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96 | (2) |
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The Canadian cannabis legalization framework |
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98 | (3) |
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The (heterogeneous) provincial regulation frameworks |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (4) |
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What is the practical feasibility and uptake of the proposed legalization framework? |
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104 | (1) |
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What will the public health effects of legalization be? |
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105 | (1) |
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What will happen to cannabis use among young people? |
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105 | (1) |
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How will the cannabis industry evolve and conduct itself? |
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106 | (1) |
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Will the heterogeneity of provincial regulation frameworks matter? |
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107 | (1) |
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How will Canada deal with the international treaties? |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (8) |
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5 Uruguay: the first country to legalize cannabis |
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116 | (15) |
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Uruguay: the first country to legalize recreational marijuana |
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116 | (2) |
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Legalizing to increase public security |
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118 | (2) |
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Three means of acquisition: clubs, pharmacies and home growers |
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120 | (2) |
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Strengths and weaknesses of the implementation |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (6) |
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PART II General models of reform |
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131 | (78) |
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6 Cannabis decriminalization policies across the globe |
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133 | (21) |
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133 | (1) |
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The criminalization of cannabis related activities --- a relatively recent phenomenon |
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134 | (1) |
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A declaration of "war" and a partial retreat |
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134 | (1) |
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What is meant by decriminalization? |
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135 | (1) |
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The different paths towards decriminalization --- a global experience |
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136 | (5) |
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Drivers for legislative reforms leading to decriminalization of possession offenses |
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136 | (2) |
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Constitutional Courts --- developing a rights-based approach to drug use and possession |
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138 | (2) |
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Dc facto decriminalization --- non-enforcement of the law |
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140 | (1) |
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The impact of decriminalization policies |
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141 | (1) |
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Effects of cannabis decriminalization on levels of consumption |
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141 | (4) |
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Social outcomes associated with decriminalization |
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143 | (1) |
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Economic benefits of the approach |
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144 | (1) |
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Decriminalization of personal use offenses for cannabis is not a silver bullet |
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145 | (9) |
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Implementation problems - thresholds, net-widening, sanctions and racial disparities |
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145 | (3) |
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Beyond decriminalization --- regulating the market |
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148 | (6) |
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7 "More than just counting the plants": different home cannabis cultivation policies, cannabis supply contexts and approaches to their evaluation |
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154 | (26) |
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Michaela Roubalova (Stefunkova) |
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154 | (4) |
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Home cultivation and cannabis policy options |
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155 | (1) |
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Outcomes of home cultivation policies --- analogies with medicinal marijuana |
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156 | (1) |
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Outcomes of home cultivation policies --- studies of cultivation for recreational use |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (6) |
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164 | (4) |
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Depenalization of home cultivation |
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164 | (1) |
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Decriminalization of home cultivation |
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165 | (1) |
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Legalization of home cultivation |
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166 | (1) |
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Number of cannabis plants |
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166 | (1) |
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Other circumstances of cannabis cultivation |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (6) |
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The complexity of home cultivation policies and impact on policy outcomes |
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169 | (1) |
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Evaluation of home cultivation policies --- cost of law enforcement |
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170 | (1) |
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Evaluation of home cultivation policies --- population-level outcomes |
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171 | (1) |
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Operational-level assessments of home cultivation policies |
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172 | (1) |
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Towards methodology of assessing home cultivation policies |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (6) |
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8 City--level policies of regulating recreational cannabis in Europe: from pilot projects to "local customization"? |
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180 | (29) |
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180 | (1) |
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Multi-level governance and local customization |
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181 | (3) |
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Policy shifts regarding recreational cannabis |
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184 | (2) |
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Drug policy and local authorities in Europe |
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186 | (2) |
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Cannabis policy at the local level: the Dutch experience |
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188 | (4) |
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Repression and regulation in Denmark |
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192 | (2) |
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Local authorities take the initiative |
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194 | (2) |
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Switzerland: towards local experiments |
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196 | (2) |
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Germany: the fight for pilot projects |
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198 | (2) |
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Towards "local customization"? |
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200 | (9) |
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PART III Lessons from alcohol, tobacco and legal highs |
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209 | (74) |
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9 Lessons learned from the alcohol regulation perspective |
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211 | (22) |
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211 | (1) |
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Similarities and differences between alcohol and cannabis |
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212 | (1) |
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The availability and the single distribution theories of alcohol consumption: do they apply to cannabis? |
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213 | (2) |
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Policy domain 1 What can be learned from alcohol pricing and taxation strategies? |
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215 | (4) |
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Excise and sales taxes: principles to consider |
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216 | (1) |
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Minimum or "floor" prices |
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217 | (2) |
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Policy domain 2 What can be learned from policies that influence the physical availability of alcohol? |
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219 | (1) |
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Policy domain 3 What can be learned from government controls of alcohol markets? |
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220 | (4) |
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Policy domain 4 Health messaging on product labels and at point-of-sale |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (7) |
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10 Lessons from tobacco regulation for cannabis product regulation |
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233 | (26) |
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233 | (1) |
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Evolution of the "cigarette epidemic" and public health responses |
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233 | (1) |
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Application to legal cannabis markets |
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234 | (2) |
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Demand reduction strategies |
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236 | (6) |
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Anti-smoking mass media campaigns |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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Controls on advertising and promotions |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Product regulation to reduce the attractiveness and addictiveness of tobacco products |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Supply reduction strategies |
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242 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Harm reduction strategies |
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244 | (3) |
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Smoke-free laws and policies |
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244 | (1) |
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Alternative nicotine products |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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Potential lessons from tobacco endgame discussions |
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247 | (3) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Restricting sales to non-profit enterprises with a health mandate |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Sinking lid and cap-and-trade schemes |
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249 | (1) |
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Reducing the nicotine in smoked tobacco products to non-addictive levels |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (9) |
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11 How not to legalize cannabis: lessons from New Zealand's experiment with regulating "legal highs" |
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259 | (24) |
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259 | (1) |
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Policy context: New Zealand drug market and the new drugs phenomenon |
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260 | (1) |
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Restricted Substances Regime (RSR): market regulation that didn't happen |
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261 | (1) |
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Psychoactive Substances Act (PSA): a promise of comprehensive legal control |
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262 | (1) |
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Issues with implementing the PSA during the "interim regime" |
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263 | (6) |
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Identifying and monitoring interim approved products |
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264 | (2) |
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Controlling interim retail sales |
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266 | (1) |
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Public communications and regulatory workload |
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267 | (1) |
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Psychoactive Substances Amendment Act 2014: policy U-turn |
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268 | (1) |
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Implications for other countries: how not to legalize cannabis? |
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269 | (7) |
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276 | (7) |
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PART IV Earlier innovations in cannabis law reform |
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283 | (2) |
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12 Coffeeshops in the Netherlands: regulating the front door and the back door |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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Cannabis criminalization and decriminalization |
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285 | (2) |
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From underground market to coffeeshops |
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287 | (1) |
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Rethinking the "Dutch model" |
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288 | (1) |
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Regulating the front door --- national and local policy |
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289 | (3) |
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Private club and residence criteria for coffeeshops |
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292 | (2) |
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Controlling the back door |
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294 | (1) |
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Local proposals for regulated supply to coffeeshops |
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295 | (1) |
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Manifest Joint Regulation and diverging views on international conventions |
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296 | (1) |
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Preparing a national experiment with regulated cannabis supply |
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297 | (4) |
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301 | (6) |
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13 Cannabis social clubs in Spain: recent legal developments |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Autonomous communities' regulations on CSCs |
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311 | (3) |
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314 | (1) |
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Recent legal developments |
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315 | (2) |
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The impacts of the changes in regulation and the court rulings on CSCs |
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317 | (2) |
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Discussion and conclusions |
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319 | (4) |
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14 Swiss cannabis policies |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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Cannabis policy reform at the federal level: the failed consensus |
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324 | (1) |
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Year 2008: a turning point for Swiss drug policy? |
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325 | (1) |
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Back to cannabis repression: the rise of the administrative logic |
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326 | (1) |
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Back to experimenting with drug policy: the "pilot-study strategy" |
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327 | (1) |
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The medical cannabinoids program overrun by its success |
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328 | (1) |
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The renewal of the Swiss cannabis sector: the CBD market |
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329 | (3) |
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Towards a new cannabis policy for Switzerland? |
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330 | (1) |
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A need for consensus and coalition building |
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331 | (1) |
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Building a cannabis regulation model for Switzerland |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (4) |
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15 The Australian experience and opportunities for cannabis law reform |
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337 | (38) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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The first wave of cannabis reform: prohibition with civil penalties schemes |
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338 | (3) |
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The second wave of cannabis reform: police cannabis diversion |
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341 | (2) |
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The third wave of reform: legalization of medical cannabis |
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343 | (2) |
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Other policy trajectories |
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345 | (18) |
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Policy expansions and streamlining of (therapeutic) diversion programs |
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345 | (16) |
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Policy reversals and contractions of the prohibition with civil penalty schemes |
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361 | (1) |
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Shifts in the discourse surrounding cannabis in Australia |
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362 | (1) |
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Lessons learned and future directions for cannabis legalization in Australia |
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363 | (6) |
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Model 1 Free market cannabis legalization |
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364 | (1) |
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Model 2 Legalization of home-grown cannabis |
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365 | (1) |
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Model 3 Government monopoly and public health approach to legalization and regulation |
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365 | (1) |
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Advantages and disadvantages |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (6) |
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16 Cannabis policy reform: Jamaica's experience |
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375 | (16) |
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375 | (1) |
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Jamaica --- ganja history |
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375 | (3) |
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Jamaica's motivation for change |
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378 | (4) |
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Jamaica takes on the United Nations to change the cannabis discourse |
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382 | (1) |
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Jamaica's current dilemma |
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383 | (4) |
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Jamaica's way forward with cannabis |
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387 | (4) |
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PART V New cannabis legalization proposals |
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391 | (36) |
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17 The risks of cannabis industry funding of community and drug treatment services: insights from gambling |
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393 | (16) |
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393 | (2) |
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The gaming machine gambling trust regulatory regime in New Zealand |
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395 | (1) |
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Alcohol licensing trust regulatory regime in New Zealand |
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396 | (2) |
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General features of the community trust model |
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398 | (1) |
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A community trust regulatory regime for recreational cannabis |
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399 | (1) |
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Risks of cannabis industry funding of community groups |
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400 | (3) |
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Minimizing the risks of cannabis industry funding of the community sector |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (4) |
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18 Insights for the design of Cannabis Social Club regulation |
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409 | (18) |
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409 | (1) |
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Regulatory pathways for the CSC model |
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410 | (8) |
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Legal frameworks for CSCs in Uruguay and Spain |
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410 | (6) |
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Decorte's "detailed scenario for a non-profit cannabis market" |
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416 | (2) |
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418 | (5) |
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A comparative analysis of CSC regulation |
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418 | (1) |
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What can we learn from the implementation of CSC legislation and CSCs' self-regulatory practices? |
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419 | (2) |
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The difficulty of finding the right balance: regulating while granting sufficient space for self-regulation |
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421 | (2) |
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423 | (4) |
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427 | (11) |
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The new legal cannabis markets |
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421 | (8) |
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Re-evaluating decriminalization and depenalization approaches |
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429 | (2) |
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Lessons from local pragmatic responses |
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431 | (2) |
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Lessons from alcohol, tobacco and legal highs |
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433 | (2) |
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New cannabis legalization proposals |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (2) |
Index |
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438 | |