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El. knyga: Letters as Loot: A sociolinguistic approach to seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Dutch

(Leiden University), (Leiden University)
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Letters as Loot: A sociolinguistic approach to seventeenth- and eighteenth-century DutchDidesnis paveikslėlis
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The study of letter writing is at the heart of the historical-sociolinguistic enterprise. Private letters, in particular, offer an unprecedented view on language history. This book presents an in-depth study of the language of letters focussing on a unique collection of Dutch private letters from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which comprises letters from the lower, middle and upper ranks, written by men as well as women.
The book discusses the key issues of formulaic language and the degree of orality of private letters, it questions the importance of letter-writing manuals, and reveals remarkable patterns of social, regional and gender variation in a wide range of linguistic features. Arguing for writing experience as an important factor in historical linguistics generally, the book offers numerous new perspectives on the history of Dutch.
The monograph is of interest to a wide readership, ranging from scholars of historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, Germanic linguistics, sociology and social history to (advanced) graduate and postgraduate students in courses on language variation and change.
Preface and Acknowledgements xi
Chapter 1 Letters as Loot: A historical-sociolinguistic challenge
1(18)
1 The Letters as Loot source
1(1)
2 Letters as Loot and language history 'from below'
2(3)
3 Selection of periods and phenomena
5(2)
4 Speech and writing
7(2)
5 The variables
9(4)
6 The autograph status of letters, corpora and presentation of results
13(4)
7 Outlook
17(2)
Chapter 2 Sounds and signs: From local to supralocal usage
19(56)
1 Introduction
19(1)
2 Standard languages, language standards and the degree of orality
19(2)
3 The degree of orality in the history of Dutch
21(2)
4 Case studies Zeeland
23(23)
4.1 The subcorpora used
23(1)
4.2 H-dropping in the seventeenth century: First case study
24(2)
4.3 H-dropping in the seventeenth century: Second case study
26(1)
4.3.1 Deletion of h
26(4)
4.3.2 Prothesis of h
30(1)
4.3.3 Substitution of (h) for (a)
31(1)
4.4 H-dropping in the eighteenth century, and diachronically
32(2)
4.5 Long e's in the seventeenth century
34(7)
4.6 Long e's in the eighteenth century, and diachronically
41(3)
4.7 Conclusions
44(2)
5 Case studies North Holland and Amsterdam
46(27)
5.1 The subcorpora used
47(2)
5.2 Germanic sk
49(1)
5.2.1 Seventeenth-century North Holland
50(1)
5.2.2 Seventeenth-century Amsterdam
51(1)
5.2.3 Eighteenth-century North Holland
52(1)
5.2.4 Eighteenth-century Amsterdam
53(1)
5.3 Germanic ft
54(1)
5.3.1 Seventeenth-century North Holland
55(1)
5.3.2 Seventeenth-century Amsterdam
56(1)
5.3.3 Eighteenth-century North Holland
57(1)
5.3.4 Eighteenth-century Amsterdam
58(1)
5.4 A-like vowels in the seventeenth century
58(1)
5.4.1 The representation of a-like vowels
58(3)
5.4.2 The writing systems used
61(4)
5.5 Prefix ge- in the seventeenth century
65(2)
5.6 Long e's in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
67(5)
5.7 Conclusions
72(1)
6 Conclusions
73(2)
Chapter 3 Epistolary formulae: Functions and text composition
75(54)
1 Introduction
75(2)
2 A sample letter
77(4)
3 The subcorpora
81(1)
4 Functions of epistolary formulae
81(4)
Text-constitutive formulae
82(1)
Intersubjective formulae
83(1)
Christian-ritual formulae
83(2)
5 Text composition
85(1)
6 Text-constitutive formulae
86(28)
6.1 Text-type formulae
86(1)
6.1.1 Address
87(1)
Prepositional phrases having the meaning "to"
87(1)
The addressee's name and social role
88(2)
The addressee's location
90(2)
The means by which the letter is sent
92(1)
Additional information
93(1)
6.1.2 Date
93(1)
Praise to God
94(1)
The writer's location
94(1)
The date
95(2)
Additional information
97(1)
6.1.3 Opening
97(1)
Addressing the recipient
98(2)
Greeting the recipient
100(1)
Referring to (earlier) communication
101(4)
6.1.4 Closing
105(3)
6.2 Text-structural formulae
108(1)
6.2.1 Initiating discourse
108(1)
6.2.2 Continuing discourse
109(2)
6.2.3 Ending discourse
111(3)
7 Intersubjective formulae
114(11)
7.1 Health formulae
114(1)
7.1.1 Health statements
114(3)
7.1.2 Health wishes
117(1)
7.1.3 Subordinate health formulae
118(3)
7.1.4 Health formulae in the eighteenth century
121(1)
7.2 Greeting formulae
121(2)
7.3 Contact formulae
123(2)
8 Christian-ritual formulae
125(2)
9 Conclusions
127(2)
Chapter 4 Variation and change in formulaic language
129(44)
1 Introduction
129(1)
2 Formulaic language and writing experience
130(5)
2.1 Previous research
130(1)
2.2 Processing effort and writing experience
131(2)
2.3 Writing experience and social variables
133(1)
2.4 Summing up -- hypotheses
134(1)
3 Case studies
135(29)
3.1 The subcorpora
136(1)
3.2 Greeting
137(4)
3.3 Communicating health
141(5)
3.4 Communicating sorrow
146(4)
3.5 Communicating God's omniscience
150(3)
3.6 Initiating discourse
153(5)
3.7 Continuing discourse
158(5)
3.8 Conclusions
163(1)
4 Variation and change as functions of writing experience
164(7)
4.1 The social literacy boundary
164(3)
4.2 Gender differences
167(2)
4.3 Incremental and levelling writing experience
169(1)
4.4 Writing experience vs. social identity and style
170(1)
5 Conclusions and further discussion
171(2)
Chapter 5 Detailing the writing process: Formulaic language, social and professional writers, and the influence of letter-writing manuals
173(30)
1 Introduction
173(1)
2 The non-autograph subcorpus
174(1)
3 Comparing autographs and non-autographs
174(6)
3.1 Greeting
174(1)
3.2 Communicating health
175(1)
3.3 Communicating sorrow
176(1)
3.4 Communicating God's omniscience
177(1)
3.5 Initiating discourse
177(1)
3.6 Continuing discourse
178(1)
3.7 Conclusion
179(1)
4 Writing in the name of: Social or professional writers
180(5)
5 Formulaic language, group practices and social routine
185(2)
6 Formulae in letter-writing manuals
187(15)
6.1 Elite manuals
188(2)
6.2 School books
190(5)
6.3 Jacobi and his successors
195(7)
7 Conclusions
202(1)
Chapter 6 Forms of address
203(44)
1 Introduction
203(1)
2 Forms of address in the history of Dutch
204(3)
3 Politeness as a variable
207(18)
3.1 Private vs business
208(1)
3.2 Within the core family
209(4)
3.3 The j-forms
213(1)
3.3.1 The seventeenth century
213(5)
3.3.2 The eighteenth century
218(4)
3.4 An increase in negative politeness?
222(1)
3.5 Politic behaviour and social stratification
223(2)
4 Sociolinguistic variation and change
225(18)
4.1 The overall diachronic picture
226(1)
4.2 Epistolary forms of address
227(1)
4.2.1 The seventeenth century
227(4)
4.2.2 The eighteenth century
231(4)
4.2.3 Social effects on the change from ul to ue
235(1)
4.2.4 The contexts in which epistolary forms appear
236(3)
4.3 The pronominal forms of address
239(4)
5 Politeness -- again
243(2)
6 Conclusions
245(2)
Chapter 7 Clause chaining between spoken and written language
247(42)
1 Introduction
247(3)
2 The subcorpora
250(1)
3 Clause linking in the letter corpus
251(6)
3.1 No bleached connectives and no punctuation
252(2)
3.2 Bleached connectives, but no punctuation
254(1)
3.3 Bleached connectives as well as punctuation
255(1)
3.4 Punctuation, but no bleached connectives
256(1)
4 Grammaticalisation of clause linkages and discourse markers
257(9)
5 The rise of punctuation
266(3)
6 Variation and change in clause chaining
269(15)
6.1 Discourse units
271(9)
6.2 Sociolinguistic patterns
280(4)
7 The interplay of punctuation and clause chaining
284(2)
8 Conclusions
286(3)
Chapter 8 Variation and change in the relative clause
289(34)
1 Introduction
289(1)
2 Relativisation in the history of Dutch
289(4)
3 Syntacticisation of the relative clause -- hypotheses
293(3)
4 Variation and change in the relative clause -- case studies
296(6)
4.1 Extracting d's and w's -- diachronic results
296(1)
4.2 Social and gender variation
297(5)
4.3 A change from above
302(1)
5 Relativisation and incremental writing experience
302(2)
6 Relativisation and formulaic language
304(9)
6.1 Epistolary formulae
305(8)
6.2 Constructional diffusion
313(1)
7 Relativisation and clause integration
313(7)
7.1 Integration of relative clauses
314(4)
7.2 Integration and syntacticisation
318(2)
8 Conclusions
320(3)
Chapter 9 Apocope of final schwa
323(40)
1 Introduction
323(2)
2 The subcorpora
325(1)
3 A regionally diffused phonological change
326(12)
3.1 The broad picture by time and region
326(5)
3.2 Right context
331(4)
3.3 Left context
335(3)
4 North Holland, including Amsterdam
338(3)
5 South Holland
341(3)
6 Zeeland
344(3)
7 Interpreting social and regional variation
347(3)
8 Epistolary conventions
350(10)
8.1 Formulaic language
350(5)
8.2 Zero subjects
355(5)
9 Conclusions
360(3)
Chapter 10 Clausal and local negation
363(30)
1 Introduction
363(1)
2 The subcorpora and the overall results
364(1)
3 Regional patterns
365(3)
4 Constructional patterns
368(5)
5 Lexical-semantic patterns
373(5)
5.1 The negators niet and geen
373(1)
5.2 Type of verb
374(4)
6 Phonological patterns
378(2)
7 Complexity effects
380(5)
7.1 Proximity
381(2)
7.2 Verbal cluster complexity
383(2)
8 Social patterns
385(3)
9 Social patterns in Amsterdam and Zeeland
388(3)
10 Conclusions
391(2)
Chapter 11 Harvesting: Reflection and evaluation
393(16)
1 Harvesting: Introduction
393(1)
2 Mapping variation and change
393(3)
3 Explanations: Community practices and politeness theory
396(2)
4 The writing process and different degrees of writing experience: Connecting all the data
398(6)
4.1 Acquiring writing skills
398(3)
4.2 Phenomena and the explanation of writing experience
401(3)
5 The complex nature of change
404(1)
6 The fruits of confiscated letters
405(3)
7 Conclusions
408(1)
References 409(16)
Index 425
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