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El. knyga: Limnology

(International Institute of Ecology, Sao Paulo, Brazil), (International Institute of Ecology, Sao Paulo, Brazil)
  • Formatas: 888 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-Jan-2012
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780203803950
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
LimnologyDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 888 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-Jan-2012
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780203803950
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Limnology provides an in-depth and current overview of the field of limnology. The result of a major tour de force by two renowned and experienced experts, this unique and richly illustrated reference presents a wealth of data on limnology history, water as a substrate, lakes’ origins and aquatic biota. Besides a general part, it gives special focus to neotropical limnology, prevalently applicable in countries in the Southern Hemisphere.

Starting with the essentials, some definitions and a historical account, this volume then details the main interaction mechanisms with physical and chemical factors, diversity and geographical distribution. With regard to the major continental aquatic systems, it treats the dynamics, variability and characterization of lakes, reservoirs, flooded areas, saline lakes, estuaries and coastal lagoons. The impact of human activity on water resources and the need for the rehabilitation of watersheds, watershed ecosystems and estuaries are addressed subsequently. To illustrate theory, the final part includes research examples in limnology, ecology and environmental sciences in different geographical contexts, as well as ideas for new investigations.

This reference volume is intended for researchers and professionals working on inland waters, lakes and rivers within the fields of biology, ecology, environment, forestry, geochemistry, geophysics, and water management. It will also benefit students in the aforementioned areas and readers involved with limnology in related disciplines, such as earth sciences, environmental, water and geological engineering.

Recenzijos

"An expansive and detailed account of limnology from a tropical viewpoint. Although it draws extensively upon the international literature, and is richly illustrated with examples, it gives special emphasis to tropical conditions. Here both Amazonia and the authors distinguished record and enterprises are prominent. It is primarily not a descriptive text, but a generalised classification of examples and a dynamic and functional approach. Issues of applied limnology especially with reservoirs are treated extensively, as well as past trends and future prospects in the science. These features, with the combination of length and exceptionally rich illustration, mark a unique contribution to the environmental literature, and especially apt for developing countries." Dr. Jack Talling, Freshwater Biological Association, Cumbria, UK

"This profusely illustrated volume will serve as an indispensable text book for the students of limnology not only in South and Central America but throughout the tropical world. Further, it is an invaluable reference work for researchers and professionals interested in inland waters, lakes and rivers irrespective of their disciplinary specialisation in biology, ecology, environment, geochemistry, geophysics, and water management. I heartily congratulate Prof. Tundisi and his coauthor wife, Prof. Matsumura-Tundisi for their painstaking efforts and valuable contribution to the cause of tropical limnology." International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 38 (4): 209-210, 2012

Acknowledgements vii
Foreword ix
Dr. Jack Talling
Foreword xi
Dr. Joan Armengol Bachero
Foreword xiii
Dr. Blanca Elena Jimenez Cisneros
Foreword xv
Dr. Odete Rocha
1 Limnology, definition and objective
1(20)
1.1 Concepts and Definitions
2(2)
1.2 Limnology: history and development
4(7)
1.3 Tropical limnology
11(1)
1.4 Limnology in the 21st century
12(1)
1.5 Limnology in Brazil
13(2)
1.6 Importance of limnology as a science
15(6)
2 Water as a medium
21(16)
2.1 Water's physical and chemical properties
22(5)
2.2 The water cycle and distribution of water on the planet
27(10)
3 The origin of lakes
37(24)
3.1 General features of lakes and drainage basins
38(1)
3.2 Origin of lakes
39(5)
3.3 Lake morphology and morphometry
44(5)
3.4 Zonation in lakes
49(6)
3.5 Artificial dams
55(3)
3.6 Global distribution of lakes by origin
58(3)
4 Physical processes and circulation in lakes
61(40)
4.1 Penetration of solar energy in water
62(8)
4.2 Heat balance in aquatics systems
70(2)
4.3 Physical processes in lakes, reservoirs and rivers
72(2)
4.4 Types of flow
74(2)
4.5 Turbulence in surface waters, Reynolds Number and Richardson Number, and effects of density and stratification
76(3)
4.6 Thermal stratification and vertical and horizontal circulation in inland aquatic ecosystems
79(8)
4.7 Thermal stratification and de-stratification in reservoirs
87(1)
4.8 Diel variations of temperature
88(2)
4.9 Stability of lakes and reservoirs
90(1)
4.10 Importance of the process of thermal stratification and de-stratification in the diurnal and noctural temperature cycles of water
90(2)
4.11 Ecological significance of the metalimnion and importance of meromixis
92(1)
4.12 Principal interactions of the processes of circulation, diffusion, chemical composition of water and of communities in lakes, reservoirs, and rivers
93(1)
4.13 Circulation in lakes, reservoirs and rivers
93(2)
4.14 Diffusion
95(1)
4.15 Intrusion in lakes and reservoirs
96(5)
5 The chemical composition of water
101(34)
5.1 Introduction
102(1)
5.2 Dissolved substances in water
103(14)
5.3 Ionic composition in saline lakes and inland wetlands
117(1)
5.4 The roles of cations and anions in biological systems
117(1)
5.5 Dissolved gas: air-water interactions and the solubility of gases in water
118(8)
5.6 The CO2 system
126(5)
5.7 Seasonal and diurnal variations in O2 and CO2
131(3)
5.8 Other gases dissolved in water
134(1)
6 Organisms and communities in inland aquatic ecosystems and estuaries
135(60)
6.1 Colonization of aquatic environments
136(4)
6.2 Diversity and distribution of organisms: limiting and controlling factors
140(3)
6.3 Communities in inland aquatic ecosystems
143(1)
6.4 Dispersal, extinction, speciation and isolation of aquatic biota
143(1)
6.5 Principal groups of organisms in aquatic communities
144(30)
6.6 Spatial organization of aquatic communities
174(17)
6.7 Aquatic biodiversity in the state of Sao Paulo
191(1)
6.8 Fauna in groundwater
192(3)
7 The dynamic ecology of aquatic plant populations and communities
195(54)
7.1 Importance of population studies in aquatic systems
196(1)
7.2 Main factors in biological processes
196(2)
7.3 Population and community succession
198(1)
7.4 General features of phytoplankton
199(32)
7.5 Periphyton
231(6)
7.6 Aquatic macrophytes
237(12)
8 The dynamic ecology of aquatic animal populations and communities
249(46)
8.1 Zooplankton
250(16)
8.2 Benthic macroinvertebrates
266(4)
8.3 Composition and wealth of plankton species and abundance of organisms in pelagic and littoral regions of lakes and reservoirs
270(2)
8.4 Fish
272(6)
8.5 Food chains and Food webs
278(12)
8.6 Bioindicators: organisms as indicators of pollution in natural waters
290(5)
9 The flow of energy in aquatic ecosystems
295(52)
9.1 Definitions and characteristics
296(4)
9.2 The photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants
300(11)
9.3 Factors limiting and controlling phytoplanktonic productivity
311(7)
9.4 Coefficients and rates
318(1)
9.5 Photosynthetic efficiency
318(1)
9.6 Model of primary production of phytoplankton
319(3)
9.7 Methods for measuring the primary production of periphyton
322(1)
9.8 Measuring the primary productivity of aquatic macrophytes and comparison with other photo-autotrophic components
323(3)
9.9 Indirect measurements of in situ primary production
326(1)
9.10 Measuring primary production in different ecosystems
326(3)
9.11 Primary production in tropical regions and temperate regions
329(3)
9.12 Secondary production
332(5)
9.13 Bacteria and energy flow
337(4)
9.14 Efficiency of food webs and total organic production
341(4)
9.15 Fishery production and its correlation with primary production
345(2)
10 Biogeochemical cycles
347(26)
10.1 The dynamics of biogeochemical cycles
348(1)
10.2 Carbon cycle
349(1)
10.3 The phosphorus cycle
349(2)
10.4 The nitrogen cycle
351(2)
10.5 The silica cycle
353(1)
10.6 Other nutrients
354(3)
10.7 The sediment-water interface and interstitial water
357(2)
10.8 Vertical distribution of nutrients
359(2)
10.9 Transport of sediments from terrestrial systems and biogeochemical cycles
361(1)
10.10 Organisms and biochemical cycles
361(1)
10.11 The concept of limiting nutrients
362(6)
10.12 `New' and `regenerated' production
368(1)
10.13 Greenhouse gas and biogeochemical cycles
369(4)
11 Lakes as ecosystems
373(22)
11.1 The lacustrine system as a unit
374(2)
11.2 Ecological structures, principal processes and interactions
376(6)
11.3 Principles of theoretical ecology applied to the interactions of drainage basin, lakes, and reservoirs
382(1)
11.4 Forcing functions as external factors in aquatic ecosystems
383(3)
11.5 The interactions of the littoral zone in lakes and the limnetic zone
386(2)
11.6 Lakes, reservoirs and rivers as dynamic systems: responses to external forcing functions and their impacts
388(2)
11.7 Palaeolimnology
390(2)
11.8 Transport of dissolved particulate organic matter and vertical and horizontal circulation in aquatic ecosystems
392(3)
12 Man-made reservoirs
395(46)
12.1 General features and positive and negative impact
396(1)
12.2 Technical aspects of constructing reservoirs
396(4)
12.3 Important variables in the hydrology and functioning of reservoirs
400(4)
12.4 Interactions of reservoirs and drainage basins -- morphometry of dams
404(2)
12.5 Succession and evolution in reservoirs during filling
406(1)
12.6 Reservoir systems
406(2)
12.7 Principal operating processes and mechanisms in reservoirs
408(7)
12.8 The biochemical cycles and chemical composition of reservoir water
415(2)
12.9 Pulses in reservoirs
417(1)
12.10 Communities in reservoirs: the aquatic biota, its organization and functions in reservoirs
418(15)
12.11 Biomass and fishery production in reservoirs
433(3)
12.12 `Evolution' and aging of the reservoir
436(2)
12.13 Multiple uses and management of reservoirs
438(1)
12.14 Urban reservoirs
438(1)
12.15 Research on reservoirs
438(3)
13 Rivers
441(36)
13.1 Rivers as ecosystems
442(1)
13.2 Transport processes
442(1)
13.3 Longitudinal profile and classification of the drainage network
443(2)
13.4 Fluctuations in levels and discharge cycles
445(2)
13.5 Chemical composition of the water and the biogeochemical cycles
447(5)
13.6 Classification and zonation
452(7)
13.7 Intermittent rivers and streams
459(1)
13.8 Primary production
460(2)
13.9 Energy flow
462(1)
13.10 The food chain
462(1)
13.11 Large rivers
463(4)
13.12 Fish communities in lotic systems
467(3)
13.13 Drift
470(2)
13.14 Impact of human activities
472(2)
13.15 Restoration of rivers
474(3)
14 Estuaries and coastal lagoons
477(48)
14.1 General features
478(4)
14.2 Sediment in estuaries
482(1)
14.3 Chemical composition and processes in brackish waters
482(2)
14.4 Communities in estuaries
484(2)
14.5 Distribution of organisms in estuaries and tolerance of salinity
486(3)
14.6 Maintenance of stocks of planktonic and benthic populations in estuaries
489(2)
14.7 Primary productivity in estuaries
491(2)
14.8 The food web in estuaries
493(1)
14.9 Detritus in estuaries
494(1)
14.10 The Cananeia lagoon region
495(7)
14.11 Coastal lagoons
502(9)
14.12 Patos Lagoon
511(6)
14.13 The Plata Estuary (Argentina/Uruguay)
517(4)
14.14 Importance of estuaries and coastal lagoons
521(1)
14.15 Eutrophication and other impacts in estuaries
522(1)
14.16 Management of estuaries and coastal lagoons
523(2)
15 Wetlands, temporary waters and saline lakes
525(30)
15.1 Wetlands
526(15)
15.2 Temporary waters
541(3)
15.3 Saline lakes (athalassic waters)
544(11)
16 Regional limnology in Central and South America
555(52)
16.1 Comparative regional limnology and its role in theoretical and applied limnology
556(2)
16.2 Regional limnology in South and Central America
558(4)
16.3 Inland ecosystems in South America
562(45)
17 Regional limnology in Africa and in temperate regions
607(34)
17.1 Lakes and reservoirs on the African continent
608(10)
17.2 Limnological studies on lakes in England
618(4)
17.3 Other studies in Europe
622(4)
17.4 The Great Lakes of North America
626(4)
17.5 Other temperate-region lakes in the Northern Hemisphere
630(1)
17.6 Lakes in Japan
630(4)
17.7 Ancient lakes
634(7)
18 Impacts on aquatic ecosystems
641(48)
18.1 Key impacts and their consequences
642(9)
18.2 Eutrophication of inland waters: consequences and quantification
651(23)
18.3 Introduction of exotic species in lakes, reservoirs and rivers
674(2)
18.4 Toxic substances
676(5)
18.5 Water and human health
681(2)
18.6 Global changes and the impact on water resources
683(6)
19 Planning and managing of water resources
689(32)
19.1 Limnology: planning and management of water resources
690(1)
19.2 Limnology and health aspects
691(1)
19.3 Limnology and regional planning
691(2)
19.4 Conceptual advances in water resource management
693(5)
19.5 Recovery techniques, management and conservation of water resources
698(12)
19.6 Integrated management: consequences and perspectives
710(3)
19.7 Ecological models and their use in management
713(8)
20 Study approaches and methods: the present and future of limnology
721(30)
20.1 The complexity of inland aquatic ecosystems
722(1)
20.2 Descriptive approach or natural history
722(1)
20.3 Experimental approach
722(3)
20.4 Modeling and ecological mathematics
725(2)
20.5 Predictive limnology
727(1)
20.6 Mass balance
727(2)
20.7 Technologies of monitoring lakes, rivers and reservoirs
729(3)
20.8 Monitoring and predictive limnology
732(1)
20.9 Interpretation of results in limnology
732(6)
20.10 Human resource training in limnology
738(1)
20.11 Limnology: theory and practice
739(1)
20.12 The future of limnology: search for basic application
740(6)
20.13 Future developments
746(1)
20.14 Tools and technology
747(4)
Annex 1 Fish species in the Sao Francisco river 751(4)
Annex 2 Species of catfish in Amazonia 755(2)
Annex 3 Species of the upper Parana classified by reproductive strategies 757(2)
Annex 4 Taxonomic groups of aquatic invertebrates found in Brazil and the state of Sao Paulo 759(2)
Annex 5 761(2)
Annex 6 Processes of sampling and programme for water quality management in reservoirs 763(2)
Appendix 1 Conversion table for units 765(2)
Appendix 2 Time scale of geological periods 767(2)
References 769(52)
Watershed and water body index 821(6)
General index 827(14)
Color plates 841
Dr. Jose Galizia Tundisi obtained his PhD (Estuaries Ecology, 1969) at the University of Sćo Paulo/University of Southampton and his DSc (Ecology, 1977) at the University of Sćo Paulo. He is President of the International Institute of Ecology in Sćo Carlos, Brazil. He was previously a Full Professor of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Sćo Carlos, 1972-84; Full Professor of Environmental Sciences, University of Sćo Paulo, 1984-94; and President, Brazilian of the National Research Council, 1995-99. His awards include the Gold Medal Augusto Ruschi, Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 1986; the Moinho Santista Prize in Ecology, 1992; the Highest Brazilian Award for scientific achievement; the Boutros Ghali Prize for Environment and Development, UN, 1995; and the Commendador, Brazilian Government. He is a Member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Sćo Paulo Academy of Sciences, and the Ecology Institute, Excellence in Biology, in Germany. Dr. Tundisi is the founder and director of the International Institute of Ecology in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Dr. Takako Matsumura Tundisi graduated in Natural History and received her Ph.D. in Biological Sciences (Zoology) from the University of Sćo Paulo, Brazil. She was a lecturer and researcher in Aquatic Ecology at the Federal University of Sćo Carlos for over two decades. Today, she is a director of the International Institute of Ecology (IIE) and of the International Association of Ecology and Environmental Management (IIEGA) in Brazil, both research and consulting organizations that have developed numerous research projects in water resources management and water quality through mathematical modeling.
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