| Preface |
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v | |
| Versions And Supplements |
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x | |
| Maps And Figures |
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xxix | |
| Chapter 1 Ancient America before 1492 |
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1 | (23) |
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1 | (1) |
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Why do historians rely on the work of archaeologists? |
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2 | (1) |
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When and how did humans migrate into North America? |
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3 | (4) |
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African and Asian Origins |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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When and why did Archaic hunter-gatherers inhabit ancient America? |
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7 | (4) |
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Great Plains Bison Hunters |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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Eastern Woodland Cultures |
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10 | (1) |
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How did agriculture influence ancient American cultures? |
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11 | (3) |
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11 | (2) |
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Woodland Burial Mounds and Chiefdoms |
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13 | (1) |
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What ancient American cultures inhabited North America in the 1490s? |
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14 | (5) |
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Eastern Woodland and Great Plains Peoples |
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15 | (2) |
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Southwestern and Western Peoples |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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How did the Mexican empire amass power and riches? |
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19 | (2) |
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Conclusion: How did ancient Americans shape their world and ours? |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
| Chapter 2 Europeans Encounter the New World 1492-1600 |
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24 | (24) |
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24 | (1) |
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Why did Europeans launch explorations in the fifteenth century? |
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25 | (5) |
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Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion |
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27 | (1) |
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A Century of Portuguese Exploration |
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28 | (2) |
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What did Spaniards discover in the western Atlantic? |
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30 | (4) |
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The Explorations of Columbus |
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30 | (1) |
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The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange |
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31 | (3) |
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How did Spaniards conquer and colonize New Spain? |
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34 | (9) |
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35 | (1) |
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The Search for Other Mexicos |
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36 | (1) |
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Spanish Outposts in Florida and New Mexico |
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37 | (1) |
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New Spain in the Sixteenth Century |
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38 | (3) |
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The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization |
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41 | (2) |
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How did New Spain influence Europe? |
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43 | (2) |
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The Protestant Reformation and the Spanish Response |
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43 | (1) |
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Europe and the Spanish Example |
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44 | (1) |
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Conclusion: What did the New World promise Europeans? |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
| Chapter 3 The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century 1601-1700 |
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48 | (25) |
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48 | (2) |
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How did settlers' encounters with Native Americans shape the colony of Virginia? |
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50 | (4) |
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The Fragile Jamestown Settlement |
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50 | (2) |
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Cooperation and Conflict between Natives and Newcomers |
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52 | (1) |
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From Private Company to Royal Government |
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53 | (1) |
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How did tobacco influence Chesapeake society? |
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54 | (6) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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Cultivating Land and Faith |
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59 | (1) |
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Why did Chesapeake society change by the 1670s? |
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60 | (3) |
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Social and Economic Polarization |
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60 | (1) |
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Government Policies and Political Conflict |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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Why did a slave labor system develop in England's southern colonies? |
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63 | (6) |
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Indians Revolt in New Mexico and Florida |
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64 | (1) |
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The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery |
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65 | (2) |
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Carolina: A West Indian Frontier |
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67 | (1) |
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Slave Labor Emerges in the Chesapeake |
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67 | (2) |
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Conclusion: How did export crops contribute to the growth of the southern colonies? |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (2) |
| Chapter 4 The Northern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century 1601-1700 |
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73 | (26) |
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73 | (2) |
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Why did Puritans emigrate to North America? |
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75 | (5) |
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Puritan Origins: The English Reformation |
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75 | (1) |
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The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony |
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76 | (1) |
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The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony |
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77 | (3) |
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How did New England society change during the seventeenth century? |
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80 | (7) |
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Church, Covenant, and Conformity |
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80 | (2) |
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Government by Puritans for Puritanism |
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82 | (1) |
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The Splintering of Puritanism |
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82 | (2) |
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Religious Controversies and Economic Changes |
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84 | (3) |
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How did the middle colonies differ from New England and the southern colonies? |
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87 | (4) |
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From New Netherland to New York |
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87 | (2) |
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New Jersey and Pennsylvania |
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89 | (1) |
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Toleration and Diversity in Pennsylvania |
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90 | (1) |
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How did the English empire influence the colonies? |
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91 | (4) |
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Royal Regulation of Colonial Trade |
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92 | (1) |
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King Philip's War and the Consolidation of Royal Authority |
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93 | (2) |
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Conclusion: Was there an English model of colonization in North America? |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (2) |
| Chapter 5 Colonial America in the Eighteenth Century 1701-1770 |
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99 | (29) |
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99 | (2) |
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How did the British North American colonies change during the eighteenth century? |
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101 | (2) |
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What changed in New England life and culture? |
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103 | (3) |
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Natural Increase and Land Distribution |
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103 | (1) |
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Farms, Fish, and Atlantic Trade |
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104 | (2) |
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Why did the middle colonies grow rapidly? |
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106 | (4) |
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German and Scots-Irish Immigrants |
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106 | (2) |
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"God Gives All Things to Industry": Urban and Rural Labor |
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108 | (2) |
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Why did slavery come to define the southern colonies? |
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110 | (7) |
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The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Growth of Slavery |
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110 | (4) |
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Slave Labor and African American Culture |
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114 | (1) |
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Tobacco, Rice, and Prosperity |
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115 | (2) |
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What unified colonists in British North America during the eighteenth century? |
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117 | (8) |
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117 | (2) |
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Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival |
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119 | (2) |
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Trade and Conflict in the North American Borderlands |
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121 | (3) |
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Colonial Politics in the British Empire |
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124 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Why did British North American colonists develop a dual identity? |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
| Chapter 6 The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis 1754-1775 |
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128 | (28) |
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128 | (1) |
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How did the Seven Years' War lay the groundwork for colonial crisis? |
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129 | (9) |
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French-British Rivalry in the Ohio Country |
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130 | (4) |
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134 | (1) |
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The War and Its Consequences |
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134 | (2) |
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Pontiac's War and the Proclamation of 1763 |
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136 | (2) |
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How did imperial authorities and British colonists differ about taxing the colonies? |
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138 | (4) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Resistance: From Colonial Assemblies to Crowd Politics |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Why did the colonial crisis worsen after the repeal of the Stamp Act? |
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142 | (4) |
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143 | (1) |
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Nonconsumption and the Daughters of Liberty |
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143 | (2) |
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Military Occupation and "Massacre" in Boston |
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145 | (1) |
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How did British policy and colonial response to the Townshend duties lead to rebellion? |
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146 | (5) |
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The Calm before the Storm |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Beyond Boston: Rural New England |
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149 | (1) |
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The First Continental Congress |
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150 | (1) |
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How did enslaved people in the colonies react to the stirrings of revolution? |
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151 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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Rebelling against Slavery |
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152 | (1) |
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Conclusion: What changes did the American colonists want in 1775? |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
| Chapter 7 The War for America 1775-1783 |
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156 | (30) |
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156 | (2) |
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What persuaded British North American colonists to support independence? |
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158 | (4) |
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Assuming Political and Military Authority |
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158 | (1) |
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Pursuing Both War and Peace |
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159 | (1) |
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Thomas Paine, Abigail Adams, and the Case for Independence |
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160 | (1) |
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The Declaration of Independence |
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161 | (1) |
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How did the military objectives of each side shape the course of the war's early years? |
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162 | (4) |
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The American Military Forces |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Quebec, New York, and New Jersey |
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164 | (2) |
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How did the war transform the home front? |
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166 | (6) |
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Patriotism at the Local Level |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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Financial Instability and Corruption |
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170 | (1) |
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From Rebellion to Revolution |
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171 | (1) |
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How did the American Revolution become a war among continental and global powers? |
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172 | (5) |
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Burgoyne's Army and the Battle of Saratoga |
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172 | (1) |
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The War in the West: Indian Country |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (1) |
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What were the principal causes of the British defeat? |
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177 | (5) |
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Georgia and South Carolina |
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177 | (2) |
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Treason and Guerrilla Warfare |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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The Losers and the Winners |
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181 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Why did the British lose the American Revolution? |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (2) |
| Chapter 8 Building a Republic 1775-1789 |
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186 | (28) |
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186 | (2) |
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What kind of government did the Articles of Confederation create? |
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188 | (3) |
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Confederation and Taxation |
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188 | (1) |
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The Problem of Western Lands |
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189 | (1) |
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Running the New Government |
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189 | (2) |
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How was republican government implemented? |
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191 | (4) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? |
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195 | (8) |
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The War Debt and the Newburgh Conspiracy |
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196 | (1) |
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The Treaty of Fort Stanwix |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (2) |
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The Requisition of 1785 and Shays's Rebellion, 1786-1787 |
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201 | (2) |
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How did the Constitution change the nation's form of government? |
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203 | (3) |
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From Annapolis to Philadelphia |
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203 | (1) |
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The Virginia and New Jersey Plans |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Why did so many Americans object to the Constitution? |
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206 | (5) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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The Federalist Persuasion |
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210 | (1) |
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Conclusion: What was the "republican remedy"? |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
| Chapter 9 The New Nation Takes Form 1789-1800 |
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214 | (25) |
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214 | (2) |
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What were the sources of political stability in the 1790s? |
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216 | (3) |
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Washington Inaugurates the Government |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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The Republican Wife and Mother |
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218 | (1) |
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Why did Hamilton's economic policies provoke such controversy? |
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219 | (4) |
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Agriculture, Transportation, and Banking |
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219 | (1) |
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The Public Debt and Taxes |
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220 | (2) |
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The First Bank of the United States and the Report on Manufactures |
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222 | (1) |
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What threats did the United States face in the west? |
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223 | (6) |
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Western Discontent and the Whiskey Rebellion |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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Ohio Indians in the Northwest |
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226 | (3) |
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What threats did the United States face in the Atlantic world? |
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229 | (4) |
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France and Britain: Toward Neutrality |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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How did partisan rivalries shape the politics of the late 1790s? |
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233 | (3) |
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Federalists and Republicans |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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The Alien and Sedition Acts |
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234 | (2) |
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Conclusion: Why did the United States form political parties? |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
| Chapter 10 Republicans in Power 1800-1828 |
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239 | (29) |
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239 | (2) |
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What was the revolution of 1800? |
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241 | (3) |
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Turbulent Times: Election and Rebellion |
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241 | (1) |
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The Jeffersonian Vision of Republican Government |
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242 | (1) |
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Dangers Overseas: The Barbary Wars |
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243 | (1) |
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How did the Louisiana Purchase affect the United States? |
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244 | (5) |
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244 | (3) |
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition |
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247 | (1) |
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Osage and Comanche Indians |
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248 | (1) |
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What led to the War of 1812? |
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249 | (5) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (3) |
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Washington City Burns: The British Offensive |
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253 | (1) |
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How did the civil status of free American women and men differ in the early Republic? |
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254 | (4) |
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Dolley Madison and Social Politics |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Women and Church Governance |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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Why did partisan conflict increase during the administrations of Monroe and Adams? |
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258 | (6) |
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From Property to Democracy |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Conclusion: How did republican simplicity become complex? |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (2) |
| Chapter 11 The Expanding Republic 1815-1840 |
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268 | (28) |
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268 | (2) |
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What economic developments reshaped the U.S. economy after 1815? |
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270 | (5) |
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Improvements in Transportation |
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270 | (2) |
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Factories, Workingwomen, and Wage Labor |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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How did new practices of party politics shape Andrew Jackson's election and agenda? |
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275 | (3) |
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Popular Politics and Partisan Identity |
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276 | (1) |
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The Election of 1828 and the Character Issue |
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276 | (1) |
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Jackson's Democratic Agenda |
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277 | (1) |
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What was Andrew Jackson's impact on the presidency? |
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278 | (6) |
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Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears |
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279 | (2) |
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The Tariff of Abominations and Nullification |
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281 | (1) |
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The Bank War and Economic Boom |
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282 | (2) |
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What were the most significant social and cultural changes in the 1830s? |
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284 | (6) |
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284 | (2) |
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The Second Great Awakening and Moral Reform |
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286 | (2) |
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Organizing against Slavery |
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288 | (2) |
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What political and economic events dominated Martin Van Buren's presidency? |
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290 | (3) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (2) |
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Conclusion: The Age of Jackson or the era of reform? |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
| Chapter 12 The North and West 1840-1860 |
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296 | (29) |
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296 | (2) |
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Why did "industrial evolution" occur? |
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298 | (4) |
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Agriculture and Land Policy |
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298 | (1) |
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Manufacturing and Mechanization |
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299 | (1) |
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Railroads: Breaking the Bonds of Nature |
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300 | (2) |
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How did the free-labor ideal explain economic inequality? |
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302 | (3) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Immigrants and the Free-Labor Ladder |
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304 | (1) |
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What spurred westward expansion? |
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305 | (6) |
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305 | (1) |
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Oregon and the Overland Trail |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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Why did the United States go to war with Mexico? |
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311 | (8) |
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The Politics of Expansion |
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312 | (1) |
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The Mexican-American War, 1846-1848 |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (3) |
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What changes did social reformers seek in the 1840s and 1850s? |
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319 | (3) |
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The Pursuit of Perfection: Transcendentalists and Utopians |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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Abolitionists and the American Ideal |
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321 | (1) |
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Conclusion: How did the free-labor ideal contribute to economic growth? |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (2) |
| Chapter 13 The Slave South 1820-1860 |
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325 | (28) |
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325 | (1) |
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Why did the South become so different from the North? |
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326 | (7) |
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Cotton Kingdom, Slave Empire |
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327 | (1) |
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The South in Black and White |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (2) |
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What was plantation life like for slave masters and mistresses? |
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333 | (1) |
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Paternalism and Male Honor |
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333 | (5) |
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The Southern Lady and Feminine Virtues |
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336 | (2) |
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What was plantation life like for slaves? |
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338 | (4) |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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How did nonslaveholding southern whites work and live? |
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342 | (3) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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The Culture of the Plain Folk |
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344 | (1) |
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What place did free blacks occupy in the South? |
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345 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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Achievement despite Restrictions |
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346 | (1) |
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How did slavery shape southern politics? |
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347 | (3) |
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The Democratization of the Political Arena |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (2) |
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Conclusion: How did slavery come to define the South? |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
| Chapter 14 The House Divided 1846-1861 |
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353 | (27) |
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353 | (1) |
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Why did the acquisition of land from Mexico contribute to sectional tensions? |
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354 | (5) |
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The Wilmot Proviso and the Expansion of Slavery |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
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What upset the balance between slave and free states? |
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359 | (5) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (2) |
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How did the party system change in the 1850s? |
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364 | (3) |
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The Old Parties: Whigs and Democrats |
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364 | (1) |
|
The New Parties: Know-Nothings and Republicans |
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Why did northern fear of the "Slave Power" intensify in the 1850s? |
|
|
367 | (6) |
|
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Prairie Republican: Abraham Lincoln |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
Why did some southern states secede immediately after Lincoln's election? |
|
|
373 | (4) |
|
The Aftermath of John Brown's Raid |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Republican Victory in 1860 |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
Conclusion: Why did political compromise fail? |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (2) |
| Chapter 15 The Crucible of War 1861-1865 |
|
380 | (32) |
|
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Why did both the Union and the Confederacy consider control of the border states crucial? |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
The Upper South Chooses Sides |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Why did each side expect to win? |
|
|
384 | (3) |
|
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
Lincoln and Davis Mobilize |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
How did each side fare in the early years of the war? |
|
|
387 | (7) |
|
Stalemate in the Eastern Theater |
|
|
387 | (4) |
|
Union Victories in the Western Theater |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
How did the war for union become a fight for black freedom? |
|
|
394 | (4) |
|
From Slaves to Contraband |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
From Contraband to Free People |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
The War of Black Liberation |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
What problems did the Confederacy face at home? |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
The Disintegration of Slavery |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
How did the war affect the economy and politics of the North? |
|
|
400 | (3) |
|
The Government and the Economy |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Women and Work at Home and at War |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
How did the Union finally win the war? |
|
|
403 | (6) |
|
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
The Confederacy Collapses |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
Conclusion: In what ways was the Civil War a "Second American Revolution"? |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (2) |
| Chapter 16 Reconstruction 1863-1877 |
|
412 | |
|
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
Why did Congress object to Lincoln's wartime plan for reconstruction? |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
"To Bind Up the Nation's Wounds" |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
The African American Quest for Autonomy |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
How did the North respond to the passage of black codes in the southern states? |
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
Johnson's Program of Reconciliation |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
White Southern Resistance and Black Codes |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Expansion of Federal Authority and Black Rights |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
How radical was congressional reconstruction? |
|
|
420 | (4) |
|
The Fourteenth Amendment and Escalating Violence |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
Radical Reconstruction and Military Rule |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
The Fifteenth Amendment and Women's Demands |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
What brought the elements of the South's Republican coalition together? |
|
|
424 | (6) |
|
Freedmen, Yankees, and Yeomen |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
White Landlords, Black Sharecroppers |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
Why did Reconstruction collapse? |
|
|
430 | (6) |
|
Grant's Troubled Presidency |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
An Election and a Compromise |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
Conclusion: Was Reconstruction "a revolution but half accomplished"? |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | |
| Appendix |
|
|
The Declaration of Independence |
|
|
A-1 | |
|
The Constitution of the United States |
|
|
A-4 | |
|
Amendments to the Constitution (including the six unratified amendments) |
|
|
A-13 | |
| Glossary |
|
G-1 | |
| Index |
|
I-1 | |
