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El. knyga: Lowry, Rawlings and Merkin''s Insurance Law: Doctrines and Principles

(University of Reading, UK)
  • Formatas: 656 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Sep-2022
  • Leidėjas: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781509962051
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Lowry, Rawlings and Merkin''s Insurance Law: Doctrines and PrinciplesDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 656 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Sep-2022
  • Leidėjas: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781509962051
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The 4th edition of this leading introductory text – now under the sole authorship of Rob Merkin QC – provides a detailed examination of the developing law of insurance, combining exposition of the law with critical analysis. The book is designed primarily for undergraduate and postgraduate students, but is also a useful resource for those in the insurance industry studying for professional examinations and legal practitioners who need a concise guide to the legal principles. The text is enhanced by extensive citations to case law and academic commentaries; and a new companion website delivers annual case law updates.

This new edition has been substantially rewritten in light of the transformation of insurance law in recent years. The text has been revised to include new legislation and coverage of the effects of Brexit. However, the approach and - where possible - the analysis of John Lowry and Philip Rawlings have been retained.

The first part of the book considers the regulation of insurance business and the general principles underlying the law of insurance contracts. The second part examines the way those principles are shaped by the context in which they operate. A new chapter with case studies on COVID-19, earthquakes, and mesothelioma applies the principles to the problems and uncertainties for insurance law revealed by catastrophic losses. This authoritative text offers a sound grasp of the current realities of insurance practice.

Recenzijos

Good level of detail, but nonetheless highly readable. Useful critical analysis to prompt students with their further reading and research. -- Kate Bracegirdle * University of Bristol * This is an accessible and well-structured student textbook, but also contains plenty of analysis and useful references for further study. -- Franziska Arnold-Dwyer * Queen Mary University Of London *

Daugiau informacijos

This is a comprehensive and authoritative analysis of insurance law for those requiring an introduction to the subject.
Table of Cases
xv
Table of Legislation
lxi
1 The Insurance Contract
1(23)
1 The Development of Insurance
1(3)
2 What Is Insurance?
4(9)
2.1 The General Definition of Insurance
4(4)
2.2 Regulated Insurance Business
8(5)
3 International Aspects
13(11)
3.1 Jurisdiction
14(3)
3.2 Applicable Law
17(7)
2 Regulation of Insurance Business
24(35)
1 Origins of Domestic Regulation
24(3)
2 International and European Regulation
27(4)
3 Regulation of Insurance in the UK
31(8)
3.1 The Regulators and their Regulatory Principles
31(3)
3.2 General Prohibition and Authorisation
34(2)
3.3 Approved Person
36(1)
3.4 Appointed Representative
37(2)
4 High Level Standards
39(2)
4.1 Principles for Businesses
39(1)
4.2 Systems and Controls
40(1)
4.3 Training and Competence
41(1)
4.4 General Provisions
41(1)
5 Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers
41(1)
6 Business Standards
42(1)
7 Regulatory Processes
43(2)
7.1 Supervision
43(1)
7.2 Enforcement
44(1)
8 Transfers of Insurance Business
45(2)
9 Redress
47(1)
10 Lloyd's of London
48(1)
11 Insurance Intermediaries
49(3)
12 The Insolvency of Insurers
52(2)
13 The Financial Ombudsman Scheme
54(5)
3 Insurance Intermediaries
59(26)
1 Introduction
59(4)
1.1 The Use of Agents in Insurance
59(1)
1.2 Authority of Agents
60(1)
1.2.1 Actual and Ostensible Authority
60(1)
1.2.2 Ratification
61(1)
1.3 Rights and Duties in an Agency Relationship
61(2)
2 The Insurer's Agents
63(1)
3 Insurance Brokers
64(21)
3.1 The Incidence of a Broker's Agency
64(1)
3.1.1 Brokers and Insurers
64(2)
3.1.2 Brokers and Third Parties
66(1)
3.2 Remuneration of Brokers
67(1)
3.3 The Broker's Duties on Placing Insurance
68(1)
3.3.1 Finding the Required Cover
68(3)
3.3.2 Advice on Presentation of the Risk
71(2)
3.4 The Broker's Post-contractual Duties
73(1)
3.4.1 The Operation of the Policy
73(2)
3.4.2 Claims
75(2)
3.5 Placing and Producing Brokers
77(3)
3.6 Remedies and Defences
80(1)
3.6.1 Damages
80(1)
3.6.2 Defences
81(4)
4 The Duty to Make a Fair Presentation of the Risk
85(59)
1 Background
85(5)
1.1 The Doctrine of Utmost Good Faith
85(2)
1.2 Fair Presentation: The Origins of the Modern Statutory Structure
87(3)
2 Fair Presentation: Consumers
90(9)
2.1 The Elements of the 2012 Act
90(1)
2.1.1 Scope
90(1)
2.1.2 Misrepresentation
91(1)
2.1.3 Remedies
92(2)
2.1.4 Group Insurance
94(1)
2.1.5 Insurance on the Life of Another
95(1)
2.2 Intermediaries
95(4)
3 Fair Presentation: Business Insurance
99(43)
3.1 Scope of the Duty
99(1)
3.2 Non-disclosure
99(1)
3.2.1 The Meaning of Non-disclosure
99(1)
3.2.2 The Insured's Knowledge
100(3)
3.2.3 The Insurers' Knowledge
103(2)
3.2.4 Waiver of Disclosure by Insurers
105(3)
3.3 Misrepresentation
108(4)
3.4 Materiality and Inducement
112(1)
3.4.1 Materiality
112(3)
3.4.2 Inducement
115(5)
3.5 ExamplesofM aterial Facts
120(1)
3.5.1 General Definition
120(1)
3.5.2 Moral Hazard Generally
120(2)
3.5.3 Moral Hazard: The Insured's Criminal Record and Integrity
122(3)
3.5.4 Outstanding Charges and Allegations of Criminality
125(3)
3.5.5 Physical Hazard
128(1)
3.6 Duration of the Duty of Fair Presentation
129(1)
3.6.1 Change of Circumstances before Contract
129(1)
3.6.2 Renewals
130(1)
3.6.3 Change of Circumstances after Contract
131(3)
3.6.4 Open Covers and Declarations
134(1)
3.7 Remedies for Breach of the Duty of Fair Presentation
134(1)
3.7.1 The Statutory Remedies
134(2)
3.7.2 Loss of Rights
136(1)
3.7.3 Waiver by Affirmation
136(4)
3.7.4 Waiver by Estoppel
140(1)
3.8 Contractual Arrangements Varying the Legal Position
140(2)
4 The Insurers' Duty of Fair Presentation
142(2)
5 Formation of the Insurance Contract
144(21)
1 The Making of the Contract
144(9)
1.1 Offer and Acceptance
144(4)
1.2 Commencement of the Risk
148(1)
1.3 Renewals and Extensions
149(1)
1.4 Insurance Contracts in the Subscription Market
149(3)
1.5 Formalities
152(1)
2 Temporary Cover
153(3)
3 Premium
156(4)
3.1 Payment of the Premium
156(2)
3.2 Effect of Non-payment of Premium
158(1)
3.3 Return of Premium
159(1)
4 Mistake
160(3)
4.1 Effect of Mistake on the Contract
160(2)
4.2 Rectification
162(1)
5 Illegality
163(2)
6 Insurable Interest
165(28)
1 History and Legal Framework
165(2)
2 Insurable Interest in Lives: The Life Assurance Act 1774
167(10)
2.1 Effects of the 1774 Act
167(2)
2.2 Time When Interest Must Be Shown
169(1)
2.3 Defining Insurable Interest in Life Policies
170(1)
2.3.1 Own Life and Spouse Policies
170(1)
2.3.2 Other Family Relationships
170(2)
2.3.3 The Employer--Employee Relationship
172(2)
2.3.4 Creditor and Debtor Insurance
174(1)
2.4 Naming the Insured in the Policy Document
174(2)
2.5 Proposals for Reform
176(1)
3 Insurable Interest in Marine and Property Insurance
177(16)
3.1 The Requirement for Insurable Interest
177(1)
3.2 The Definition of Insurable Interest
178(1)
3.2.1 General Definition
178(3)
3.2.2 Sales of Real Property
181(1)
3.2.3 Sale of Goods
182(1)
3.2.4 Bailment
183(2)
3.2.5 Marine Insurance: Specific Cases
185(1)
3.3 Towards a Broader Test of `Factual Expectation'
186(7)
7 Third Party Rights
193(18)
1 Third Parties and Insurance
193(1)
2 Insuring on Behalf of Another Person
194(10)
2.1 Agency
194(1)
2.1.1 Ordinary Agency Principles
194(2)
2.1.2 Undisclosed Principal
196(2)
2.1.3 Ratification
198(2)
2.2 Trusts
200(1)
2.2.1 Creating a Trust
200(2)
2.2.2 Married Women's Property Act 1882
202(1)
2.3 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
203(1)
3 The Rights of Co-insureds
204(3)
3.1 The Nature of Co-insurance
204(1)
3.2 The Rights of the Parties under Co-insurance Arrangements
205(1)
3.2.1 Insurable Interest and Measure of Indemnity
205(1)
3.2.2 Breach of the Duty of Fair Presentation
206(1)
3.2.3 Breach of Other Duties
207(1)
4 Assignment
207(4)
4.1 Forms of Assignment
207(1)
4.2 Assignment of the Policy
208(1)
4.3 Assignment of the Proceeds of the Policy
209(2)
8 The Terms of the Insurance Contract
211(34)
1 The Classification of Terms of Insurance Contracts
211(3)
1.1 The Perspective of the General Law of Contract
211(1)
1.2 Classification of Terms
212(2)
2 Conditions
214(12)
2.1 Conditions Precedent to the Risk
214(1)
2.2 Conditions Precedent to Liability
215(1)
2.3 Terms Not Expressed to Be Conditions Precedent
216(1)
2.4 Distinguishing Conditions Precedent and Other Terms
217(1)
2.5 Breach of Condition
218(1)
2.5.1 Construction of Conditions
218(1)
2.5.2 Waiver of Breach of Condition
219(3)
2.6 Section 11 of the Insurance Act 2015
222(1)
2.6.1 Background to Reform
222(2)
2.6.2 Scope
224(1)
2.6.3 Defining the Risk as a Whole
224(1)
2.6.4 Effect of Non-compliance
225(1)
3 Insurance Warranties
226(10)
3.1 The Nature of Warranties
226(1)
3.1.1 The Meaning of the Word `Warranty'
226(1)
3.1.2 Creation of Warranties
227(2)
3.2 Construction of Warranties
229(1)
3.2.1 Present and Continuing Warranties
229(3)
3.2.2 The Obligations Imposed by Warranties
232(3)
3.2.3 Severability
235(1)
4 Consequences of Breach of Warranty
236(9)
4.1 The Common Law and the Codification
236(2)
4.2 Suspensory Conditions
238(3)
4.3 Statutory Reform
241(4)
9 Construing the Terms of the Insurance Contract
245(17)
1 The Intentions of the Parties
245(9)
1.1 The Approach of the English Courts
245(3)
1.2 Pre-contractual Negotiations: The Exclusionary Rule
248(1)
1.3 The Post-contractual Conduct of the Parties
249(1)
1.4 Contra Proferentem
250(2)
1.5 Reasonable Expectations of the Insured
252(2)
2 Specific Rules of Construction
254(5)
2.1 Words with Established Meaning
254(2)
2.2 Context
256(1)
2.3 Validity
257(1)
2.4 Superfluous Words
257(1)
2.5 The Format of the Policy
258(1)
3 Consumer Rights Act 2015
259(1)
4 Utmost Good Faith
260(2)
10 Causation
262(28)
1 Proximate Cause Rule
262(4)
2 Agreements to Alter the Rule of Causation
266(4)
3 Concurrent Causes
270(3)
3.1 The Nature of Concurrent Causes
270(1)
3.2 Interdependent Concurrent Causes
270(2)
3.3 Independent Concurrent Causes
272(1)
4 The Conduct of the Insured
273(17)
4.1 Evasive Action Taken by the Insured
273(4)
4.2 Public Policy
277(1)
4.2.1 Deliberate Intention to Cause Loss
277(1)
4.2.2 Loss Not Intended
278(3)
4.3 Deliberate Killing
281(1)
4.3.1 The Forfeiture Rule
281(1)
4.3.2 Forfeiture Act 1982
282(1)
4.3.3 Deliberate Killing and Liability Insurance
283(2)
4.3.4 Motor Manslaughter
285(2)
4.4 The Relevance of the Insured's Negligence
287(3)
11 Claims Procedure
290(24)
1 Claims
290(8)
1.1 Determining the Nature of Claims Conditions
290(1)
1.2 Notice of Loss
291(3)
1.3 Particulars of the Loss and Co-operation Clauses
294(2)
1.4 Waiver of Breach of Condition
296(1)
1.5 Arbitration Clauses
297(1)
2 The Insurers' Duties in Handling Claims
298(2)
3 Fraudulent Claims by the Insured
300(9)
3.1 What Is a Fraudulent Claim?
301(1)
3.1.1 The Meaning of `Fraud'
301(1)
3.1.2 The Meaning of `Claim'
301(1)
3.1.3 Classes of Fraudulent Claim
302(3)
3.1.4 Fraudulent Means or Devices
305(1)
3.1.5 Co-insurance
306(1)
3.2 The Consequences of a Fraudulent Claim
307(1)
3.2.1 Effect of the Insurance Act 2015 on a Fraudulent Claimant
307(1)
3.2.2 Beneficiaries and Co-insureds
308(1)
3.2.3 Express Fraudulent Claims Clauses
309(1)
4 Fraudulent Claims by Third Parties
309(1)
5 Limitation Periods
310(1)
6 Settlements
311(3)
12 Indemnity and Reinstatement
314(28)
1 The Principle of Indemnity
314(8)
1.1 The Meaning of Loss
314(1)
1.1.1 Damage
314(1)
1.1.2 Loss of Possession
315(1)
1.2 Measurement of Loss
316(1)
1.2.1 The Meaning of Indemnity: Valued and Unvalued Policies
316(2)
1.2.2 Unvalued Policies on Buildings
318(2)
1.2.3 Unvalued Policies on Goods
320(2)
2 Limits on Recovery
322(7)
2.1 Betterment
322(1)
2.2 Under-insurance and the Principle of Average
323(1)
2.3 The Excess Clause
324(1)
2.4 The Franchise Clause
324(1)
2.5 Aggregation
325(1)
2.5.1 The Importance of Aggregation
325(1)
2.5.2 Event and Occurrence
325(1)
2.5.3 Originating Cause
326(1)
2.5.4 Series Clauses
327(2)
3 Late Payment
329(7)
3.1 The Common Law Background
329(3)
3.2 The Reform Process
332(1)
3.3 Statutory Provision for Late Payment
333(1)
3.3.1 The Right to Damages for Late Payment
333(2)
3.3.2 Limitation Period
335(1)
3.3.3 Contracting Out
336(1)
4 Reinstatement
336(6)
4.1 Contractual Reinstatement
336(3)
4.2 Fires Prevention (Metropolis) Act 1774, Section 83
339(3)
13 Subrogation and Contribution
342(27)
1 Subrogation
342(20)
1.1 The Nature of Subrogation
342(1)
1.1.1 Origins and Purposes
342(2)
1.1.2 Is Subrogation Discretionary?
344(2)
1.1.3 Subrogation, Contribution, Abandonment and Assignment
346(1)
1.2 The Requirements for Subrogation
347(1)
1.2.1 The Policy Must Be an Indemnity Policy
347(1)
1.2.2 The Provision of an Indemnity
347(2)
1.2.3 The Insurance Payment Must Relate to a Loss under the Policy
349(1)
1.2.4 The Sum Received from the Third Party Must Relate to the Insured Loss
350(1)
1.2.5 The Action Must Be Brought in the Name of the Insured
351(2)
1.3 The Allocation of Subrogation Recoveries
353(1)
1.3.1 The Insured Must Be Fully Indemnified
353(2)
1.3.2 The Insurers May Not Make a Profit
355(1)
1.3.3 Holding the Proceeds
355(1)
1.4 Subrogation Immunity and Third Parties
356(1)
1.4.1 Joint Insurance
356(1)
1.4.2 Composite Insurance
356(2)
1.4.3 Third Party Immunity
358(2)
1.4.4 Effect of Contractual Arrangements Removing or Restricting Subrogation Rights
360(1)
1.4.5 Subrogation Waiver by the Insurers
361(1)
2 Double Insurance and Contribution
362(7)
2.1 Double Insurance
362(1)
2.1.1 Significance and Meaning
362(2)
2.1.2 Contractual Variations on Double Insurance
364(2)
2.2 Contribution
366(1)
2.2.1 The Nature of Contribution
366(1)
2.2.2 The Timing of a Contribution Claim
367(1)
2.2.3 Calculating Contribution
368(1)
14 Motor Insurance
369(24)
1 Requirements of Compulsory Insurance
369(8)
1.1 Compulsory Liability Cover
369(1)
1.1.1 The Obligation to Insure
369(2)
1.1.2 The Policy of Insurance
371(1)
1.1.3 The Certificate of Insurance
372(1)
1.2 `Use'
373(1)
1.3 `Cause or Permit'
374(1)
1.4 `Motor Vehicle'
375(1)
1.5 `Road or Other Public Place'
376(1)
2 Third Party Claims
377(6)
2.1 The Liability of the Insured: Breach of Statutory Duty
377(1)
2.2 Action against Insurer to Enforce a Judgment
378(1)
2.2.1 Elements of the Enforcement Action
378(1)
2.2.2 Defences to an Enforcement Action
379(1)
2.3 Direct Action against Insurers
380(1)
2.4 Claims by Passengers
381(1)
2.5 Public Policy
382(1)
2.6 Deliberate Running Down
383(1)
3 Hire of Replacement Vehicles
383(2)
4 The Effect of Exclusions in the Policy
385(4)
4.1 Third Party Claims
385(2)
4.2 Contractual Limits on Coverage
387(2)
5 Uninsured and Untraced Drivers
389(2)
5.1 The Motor Insurers' Bureau
389(1)
5.2 The Uninsured Drivers Agreement 2015
389(2)
5.3 The Untraced Drivers Agreement 2017
391(1)
6 Cross-border Accidents: The Green Card Scheme
391(2)
15 Liability Insurance
393(28)
1 Principles Applicable to Liability Policies
393(15)
1.1 Importance of Liability Insurance
393(1)
1.2 Types of Liability Policy
394(1)
1.2.1 Occurrence Policies
394(1)
1.2.2 Claims Made Policies
395(4)
1.3 Scope of Liability Policies
399(1)
1.3.1 Forms of Liability
399(1)
1.3.2 Classification of the Claim against the Insured
400(1)
1.3.3 Insured Activities
401(1)
1.4 Claims
401(1)
1.4.1 The Trigger for Coverage
401(2)
1.4.2 The Duties of the Insured in the Claims and Settlement Process
403(1)
1.4.3 The Duties of the Insurers in the Settlement Process
404(1)
1.4.4 The Insurers' Duties in Defending the Insured
405(1)
1.4.5 Costs
406(2)
2 Specific Forms of Liability Insurance
408(7)
2.1 Employers' Liability Insurance
408(1)
2.1.1 The Duty to Insure
408(2)
2.1.2 Approved Policies
410(2)
2.1.3 Enforcement
412(1)
2.2 Product Liability Insurance
413(1)
2.3 Directors and Officers Liability Insurance
414(1)
3 Third Parties (Rights against Insurers) Act 2010
415(6)
3.1 Background to the 2010 Act
415(1)
3.2 Conditions for the Application of the 2010 Act
416(1)
3.2.1 Scope of the 2010 Act
416(1)
3.2.2 Transfer of Rights
417(1)
3.2.3 Insurers' Defences under the Policy
418(2)
3.2.4 Obtaining Insurance Information
420(1)
16 Specific Insurances
421(17)
1 Property Insurance
421(6)
1.1 The Nature of Property Insurance
421(1)
1.2 Fire and Explosion
422(2)
1.3 Burglary and Theft
424(3)
1.4 Natural Perils
427(1)
2 War and Related Risks
427(4)
2.1 War
427(2)
2.2 Riot
429(2)
3 Accident Insurance
431(4)
4 Litigation Insurance
435(3)
4.1 Legal Expenses Insurance
435(1)
4.2 After the Event Insurance
436(2)
17 Marine Insurance
438(36)
1 Interpreting the Marine Insurance Act 1906
438(1)
2 The Form of a Marine Insurance Policy
439(1)
3 The Nature of Marine Insurance
440(2)
4 Time and Voyage Policies
442(3)
5 Warranties
445(5)
5.1 Express and Implied Warranties
445(1)
5.2 Seaworthiness
445(1)
5.2.1 Seaworthiness in Voyage Policies
445(3)
5.2.2 Seaworthiness in Time Policies
448(1)
5.3 Warranty of Legality
449(1)
6 Perils of the Seas
450(3)
7 Exclusions from Marine Policies
453(4)
7.1 Delay
453(1)
7.2 Inherent Vice
453(3)
7.3 War and Strikes Risks
456(1)
8 Measure of Indemnity
457(13)
8.1 Forms of Loss
457(1)
8.1.1 Total, Loss and Partial Loss
457(2)
8.1.2 Constructive Total Loss
459(3)
8.1.3 Notice of Abandonment
462(1)
8.1.4 Rights over the Abandoned Subject Matter
463(3)
8.2 Sums Recoverable
466(1)
8.3 General Average
467(3)
9 Suing and Labouring
470(2)
9.1 The Duty to Sue and Labour
470(1)
9.2 Payment for Suing and Labouring Expenditure
471(1)
10 Successive Losses
472(2)
18 Reinsurance
474(21)
1 Introduction
474(2)
2 Types of Reinsurance Contracts
476(3)
3 Formation of the Contract
479(2)
4 Express and Implied Terms
481(5)
4.1 Express Terms and Incorporation of Terms
481(2)
4.2 Implied Terms
483(1)
4.3 Interpretation of Reinsurance Contracts: The Presumption of Back-to-Back Cover
483(3)
5 Losses and Claims
486(9)
5.1 Loss
486(1)
5.2 The Effect of a Settlement by the Reinsured
487(2)
5.3 Follow the Settlements
489(2)
5.4 Proof of Loss under Treaties
491(1)
5.5 Allocation of Losses
492(1)
5.6 `Claims Co-operation' or `Claims Control' Clauses
493(2)
19 Case Studies
495(22)
1 Introduction
495(1)
2 Mesothelioma and Liability Insurance
495(6)
2.1 Liability in Tort for Mesothelioma
495(2)
2.2 Insurance Issues Arising from Mesothelioma
497(3)
2.3 Reinsurance Issues Arising from Mesothelioma
500(1)
3 COVID-19 and Business Interruption Insurance
501(8)
3.1 The Nature of Business Interruption Insurance
501(2)
3.2 BI Triggers
503(3)
3.3 Causation
506(2)
3.4 Subrogation Issues
508(1)
4 Earthquakes and Property Insurance
509(8)
4.1 The Canterbury Earthquakes
509(1)
4.2 Insurance Coverage for Property Damage
510(3)
4.3 Reinstatement
513(2)
4.4 Sale of Damaged Buildings
515(2)
Index 517
Rob Merkin KC is Professor of Law at the University of Reading, UK, and Special Counsel at Duncan Cotterill, New Zealand.
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