| Preface |
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| About the Authors |
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ix | |
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Chapter 1 Why Go for Seagriculture? The Need for New Sources of Biomass for Bioeconomy and What the Seas Can Offer Humanity? |
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1 | (18) |
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1.1 The Use of Land to Feed the World Population |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Do We Have Enough Land? |
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2 | (3) |
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1.3 The Environmental Costs of Land Conversion |
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5 | (3) |
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1.4 Seagriculture as an Alternative |
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8 | (1) |
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1.5 Global-Scale Analysis of Seagriculture Potential |
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8 | (7) |
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1.6 What is the Environmental Cost of Using the Sea? Should We Start Talking About Sea Conversion? |
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15 | (4) |
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Chapter 2 Blue Economy and Marine Biorefinery |
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19 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Marine Macroalgae |
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25 | (12) |
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25 | (1) |
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3.2 Spatial and Chemical Diversity |
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26 | (8) |
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3.3 Knowledge Gaps of the Seaweed LifeCycle for Their Use as Crops |
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34 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 What is a Macroalgae Biorefinery? |
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37 | (30) |
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4.1 Marine Biorefinery as a System |
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37 | (3) |
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4.2 General Thermodynamic Considerations in Marine Biorefinery Design |
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40 | (3) |
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4.3 Environmental Exergonomics for Marine Biorefineries |
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43 | (7) |
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4.3.1 Marine biorefinery system boundary |
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44 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Marine biorefinery system efficiency |
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45 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Calculation of exergy currents |
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47 | (1) |
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4.3.4 The emergence of Eco-exergy currents |
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48 | (2) |
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4.4 Determination of Optimum Scale and Serviced Area for Marine Biorefineries |
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50 | (2) |
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4.5 Practical Implications and Processes Selection |
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52 | (3) |
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4.6 Examples of Co-production |
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55 | (8) |
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4.7 Additional Considerations and Future Perspectives |
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63 | (4) |
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Chapter 5 Environmental Impacts of Seaweed Aquaculture |
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67 | (10) |
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5.1 Ecological Relevance of Seaweeds in the Marine Environment |
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68 | (1) |
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5.2 Invasive Species Through Seaweed Cultivation |
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68 | (1) |
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5.3 Potential Threats of Offshore Cultivation |
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69 | (4) |
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5.4 Advantages of Land-based Practices |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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5.6 Environmental Benefits of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) |
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75 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 The Marine Biomass Feedstock |
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77 | (44) |
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6.1 Natural Stock Collection History |
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77 | (1) |
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6.2 From Domestic to Industrial Use |
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78 | (2) |
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6.3 Preventing Over-Harvesting |
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80 | (2) |
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6.4 Future Perspectives on Natural Stocks Collection |
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82 | (1) |
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6.5 Choice of the Cultivated Species |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (9) |
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6.6.1 Developing offshore concepts |
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84 | (2) |
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6.6.2 Present near-shore cultivation |
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86 | (1) |
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6.6.3 Future offshore systems for biomass production |
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87 | (6) |
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6.7 Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture |
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93 | (5) |
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6.7.1 The IMTA approach and systems |
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93 | (3) |
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6.7.2 Environmental and economic views on IMTA |
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96 | (1) |
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6.7.3 Gaps and challenges in seaweed IMTA |
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97 | (1) |
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6.7.4 IMTA examples globally |
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97 | (1) |
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6.8 Pest Management in Seagriculture |
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98 | (10) |
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6.9 Monitoring of the Cultivation Process |
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108 | (3) |
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6.10 Chemical Composition Characterization Methods |
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111 | (10) |
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Chapter 7 Downstream Processing |
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121 | (36) |
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7.1 Sample Handling, Post-harvest Treatment |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (5) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (2) |
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7.8 Bioprocessing of Seaweed Biomass: Some Classic and Emerging Technologies |
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132 | (25) |
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7.8.1 Hydrothermal treatments |
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132 | (3) |
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7.8.2 Fermentation for ethanol production |
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135 | (2) |
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7.8.3 Anaerobic digestion |
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137 | (2) |
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7.8.4 Green solvents for clean processing |
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139 | (3) |
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7.8.5 Emerging technologies |
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142 | (4) |
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7.8.6 Halobiorefinery: Concept, potentials, and benefits |
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146 | (11) |
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Chapter 8 Examples of Applications |
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157 | (40) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (4) |
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163 | (4) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
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177 | (12) |
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178 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Eutrophication mitigation |
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179 | (1) |
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8.8.3 Macroalgae eutrophication bioremediation |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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8.8.5 Industrial wastewater |
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182 | (1) |
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8.8.6 Biosorption mechanisms |
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183 | (1) |
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8.8.7 Live macroalgae bioremediation |
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184 | (2) |
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8.8.8 Non-living macroalgae bioremediation |
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186 | (1) |
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8.8.9 Biomass pre-treatment |
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186 | (1) |
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8.8.10 Macroalgae biomass derivatives |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (3) |
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8.10 Geo and Climate Engineering |
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192 | (5) |
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8.10.1 Ecological engineering |
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193 | (1) |
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8.10.2 Ecosystem restoration |
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193 | (1) |
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8.10.3 Coastal protection |
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194 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Economics of Macroalgae Biorefineries |
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197 | (18) |
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9.1 Feedstock Uncertainty |
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200 | (1) |
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9.2 Processing Technology Uncertainties |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (11) |
| Bibliography |
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215 | (64) |
| Index |
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279 | |
