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xvii | |
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xix | |
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xx | |
About the Authors |
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xxi | |
About the Book |
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xxii | |
Tour of the book |
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xxiv | |
Preface |
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xxvi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxviii | |
Website Materials |
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xxix | |
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PART A INTRODUCTION AND MEASUREMENT |
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2 | (16) |
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1.1 What is Economics? Two Views |
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2 | (7) |
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Orthodox, neoclassical approach |
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3 | (2) |
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Heterodox approach -- Keynesian/lnstitutionalist/'Marxist |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (1) |
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Implications for research and policy |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2 Economics and the Public Purpose |
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9 | (3) |
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1.3 What is Macroeconomics? |
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12 | (6) |
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12 | (1) |
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The MMT approach to macroeconomics |
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13 | (2) |
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Fiscal and monetary policy |
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15 | (1) |
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Policy implications of MMT for sovereign nations |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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2 How to Think and Do Macroeconomics |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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2.2 Thinking in a Macroeconomic Way |
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19 | (3) |
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2.3 What Should a Macroeconomic Theory be Able to Explain? |
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22 | (9) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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Real wages and productivity |
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25 | (1) |
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Private sector indebtedness |
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26 | (1) |
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Central bank balance sheets |
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26 | (1) |
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Japan's persistent fiscal deficits: the glaring counterfactual case |
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27 | (4) |
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2.4 Why is it so Difficult to Come to an Agreement on Policy? The Minimum Wage Debate |
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31 | (1) |
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2.5 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions |
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32 | (6) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Appendix: The Buckaroos model |
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36 | (1) |
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Implications of the Buckaroos model |
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37 | (1) |
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3 A Brief Overview of Economic History and the Rise of Capitalism |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.2 An Introduction to Monetary Capitalism |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.6 Revolts and the Transition to Capitalism |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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3.10 Economic Systems of the Future? |
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47 | (3) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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4 The System of National Income and Product Accounts |
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50 | (1) |
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4.1 Measuring National Output |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Exports (X) minus imports (M) or net exports (NX) |
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54 | (1) |
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4.3 Equivalence of Three Measures of GDP |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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4.5 Measuring Gross and Net National Income |
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56 | (1) |
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Measuring net national income |
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56 | (1) |
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4.6 GDP Growth and the Price Deflator |
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57 | (1) |
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4.7 Measuring Chain Weighted Real GDP |
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58 | (1) |
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4.8 Measuring CPI Inflation |
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59 | (4) |
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59 | (2) |
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Rate of growth of the CPI index |
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61 | (1) |
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Difficulties in using the CPI to accurately measure inflation |
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62 | (1) |
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4.9 Measuring National Inequality |
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63 | (3) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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5 Labour Market Concepts and Measurement |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (5) |
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67 | (4) |
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Impact of the business cycle on the labour force participation rate |
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71 | (1) |
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5.3 Categories of Unemployment |
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72 | (1) |
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5.4 Broader Measures of Labour Underutilisation |
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73 | (2) |
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5.5 Flow Measures of Unemployment |
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75 | (3) |
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Labour market stocks and flows |
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77 | (1) |
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5.6 Duration of Unemployment |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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6 Sectoral Accounting and the Flow of Funds |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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6.2 The Sectoral Balances View of the National Accounts |
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84 | (7) |
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84 | (2) |
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How can we use the sectoral balances framework? |
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86 | (1) |
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A graphical framework for understanding the sectoral balances |
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87 | (4) |
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6.3 Revisiting Stocks and Flows |
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91 | (3) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Inside wealth versus outside wealth |
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93 | (1) |
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Non-financial wealth (real assets) |
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94 | (1) |
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6.4 Integrating NIPA, Stocks, Flows and the Flow of Funds Accounts |
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94 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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Deficits create financial wealth |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (4) |
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6.6 The Flow of Funds Matrix |
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101 | (3) |
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Flow of funds accounts and the national accounts |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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7 Methods, Tools and Techniques |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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7.2 Basic Rules of Algebra |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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7.3 A Simple Macroeconomic Model |
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107 | (2) |
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7.4 Graphical Depiction of a Macroeconomic Model |
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109 | (2) |
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7.5 Power Series Algebra and the Expenditure Multiplier |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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7.7 Annual Average Growth Rates |
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115 | (1) |
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7.8 Textbook Policy Regarding Formalism |
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115 | (3) |
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117 | (1) |
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8 The Use of Framing and Language in Macroeconomics |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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8.2 MMT and Public Discourse |
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119 | (2) |
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8.3 Two Visions of the Economy |
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121 | (2) |
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8.4 Cognitive Frames and Economic Commentary |
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123 | (1) |
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8.5 Dominant Metaphors in Economic Commentary |
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123 | (1) |
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8.6 Face to Face: Mainstream Macro and MMT |
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123 | (5) |
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Mainstream Fallacy 1 The government faces the same `budget' constraint as a household |
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124 | (1) |
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Mainstream Fallacy 2 Fiscal deficits(surpluses) are bad(good) |
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124 | (1) |
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Mainstream Fallacy 3 Fiscal surpluses contribute to national saving |
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125 | (1) |
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Mainstream Fallacy 4 The fiscal outcome should be balanced over the economic cycle |
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125 | (1) |
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Mainstream Fallacy 5 Fiscal deficits drive up interest rates and crowd out private investment because they compete for scarce private saving |
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126 | (1) |
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Mainstream Fallacy 6 Fiscal deficits mean higher taxes in the future |
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126 | (1) |
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Mainstream Fallacy 7 The government will run out of fiscal space (or money) if it overspends |
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127 | (1) |
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Mainstream Fallacy 8 Government spending is inflationary |
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127 | (1) |
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Mainstream Fallacy 9 Fiscal deficits lead to biggovernment |
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128 | (1) |
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8.7 Framing a Macroeconomics Narrative |
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128 | (6) |
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Language and metaphor examples |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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Costs of a public programme |
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130 | (1) |
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The MMT alternative framing |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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PART B CURRENCY, MONEY AND BANKING |
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9 Introduction to Sovereign Currency: The Government and its Money |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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9.2 The National Currency (Unit of Account) |
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135 | (5) |
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135 | (1) |
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Sovereignty and the currency |
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135 | (1) |
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What `backs up' the currency? |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Taxes drive the demand for money |
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137 | (3) |
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Financial stocks and flows are denominated in the national money of account |
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140 | (1) |
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The financial system as an electronic scoreboard |
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140 | (1) |
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9.3 Floating versus Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes |
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140 | (2) |
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The gold standard and fixed exchange rates |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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9.4 IOUs Denominated in National Currency: Government and Non-Government |
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142 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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Clearing accounts extinguish IOUs |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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9.5 Use of the Term `Money': Confusion and Precision |
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145 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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10.2 Some Definitions Monetary aggregates |
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147 | (1) |
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10.3 Financial Assets Yield concepts infixed income investments |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (14) |
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The neoclassical view: the money multiplier |
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153 | (1) |
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MMT representation of the credit creation process |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Banks do not ban out reserves |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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An example of a bank's credit creations: a balance sheet analysis |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (3) |
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PART C NATIONAL INCOME, OUTPUT AND EMPLOYMENT DETERMINATION |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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11.2 The Classical Theory of Employment |
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165 | (4) |
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Why is the labour demand junction downward sloping? |
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167 | (1) |
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Why is the labour supply function upward sloping? |
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167 | (1) |
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Equilibrium in the labour market |
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168 | (1) |
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11.3 Unemployment in the Classical Labour Market |
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169 | (1) |
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11.4 What is the Equilibrium Output Level in the Classical Model? |
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170 | (2) |
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11.5 The Loanable Funds Market, Classical Interest Rate Determination |
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172 | (3) |
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11.6 Classical Price Level Determination |
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175 | (1) |
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11.7 Summary of the Classical System |
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176 | (1) |
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11.8 Pre-Keynesian Criticisms of the Classical Denial of Involuntary Unemployment |
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176 | (4) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (2) |
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12 Mr. Keynes and the `Classics' |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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12.2 The Existence of Mass Unemployment as an Equilibrium Phenomenon |
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181 | (1) |
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12.3 Keynes' Critique of Classical Employment Theory |
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182 | (4) |
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12.4 Involuntary Unemployment |
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186 | (2) |
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12.5 Keynes' Rejection of Say's Law: The Possibility of General Overproduction |
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188 | (5) |
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Refresher, the loanable funds market |
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188 | (1) |
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Keynes' critique of the loanable funds doctrine |
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188 | (2) |
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Liquidity preference and Keynes' theory of interest |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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13 The Theory of Effective Demand |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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13.2 The D-Z Approach to Effective Demand |
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194 | (4) |
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13.3 Introducing Two Components of Aggregate Demand: D1 and D2 |
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198 | (1) |
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13.4 Advantages of the D-Z Framework |
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199 | (1) |
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The macroeconomic demand for labour |
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199 | (1) |
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13.5 The Role of Saving and Liquidity Preference |
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200 | (1) |
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13.6 The Demand Gap Arguments and Policy Implications |
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201 | (3) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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14 The Macroeconomic Demand for Labour |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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14.2 The Macroeconomic Demand for Labour Curve |
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205 | (1) |
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The interdependency of aggregate supply and demand |
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205 | (1) |
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Money wage changes and shifts in effective demand |
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206 | (5) |
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14.3 The Determination of Employment and the Existence of Involuntary Unemployment |
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211 | (2) |
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14.4 A Classical Resurgence Thwarted |
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213 | (3) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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15 The Aggregate Expenditure Model |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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15.2 A Simple Aggregate Supply Depiction |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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15.4 Private Consumption Expenditure |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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15.8 Total Aggregate Expenditure |
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225 | (3) |
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15.9 Equilibrium National Income |
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228 | (2) |
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15.10 The Expenditure Multiplier |
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230 | (9) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (2) |
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Numerical example of the expenditure multiplier at work |
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234 | (1) |
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Changes in the magnitude of the expenditure multiplier |
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235 | (1) |
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A final point about the multiplier |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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16.2 Some Important Concepts |
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240 | (4) |
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240 | (1) |
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The employment-output function |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (1) |
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16.4 The Aggregate Supply Function (AS) |
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245 | (4) |
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247 | (1) |
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Some properties of the aggregate supply function |
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248 | (1) |
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16.5 What Determines the Level of Employment? |
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249 | (1) |
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16.6 Factors Affecting Aggregate Output per Hour |
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249 | (5) |
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The choice of production technology |
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250 | (1) |
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Procyclical movements in labour productivity |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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PART D UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION: THEORY AND POLICY |
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17 Unemployment and Inflation |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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17.3 Inflation as a Conflictual Process |
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255 | (6) |
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256 | (2) |
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Raw material price increases |
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258 | (1) |
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Conflict theory of inflation and inflationary biases |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Cost push and demand pull inflation: a summary |
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261 | (1) |
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17.4 The Quantity Theory of Money |
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261 | (6) |
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17.5 Incomes Policies Conclusion References |
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267 | (1) |
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18 The Phillips Curve and Beyond |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (3) |
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271 | (1) |
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The instability of the Phillips curve |
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272 | (1) |
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Econometric misspecification |
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273 | (1) |
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18.3 The Accelerationist Hypothesis and the Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve |
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274 | (9) |
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274 | (1) |
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Expectations of inflation |
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274 | (4) |
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The algebra of the expectations augmented Phillips curve |
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278 | (2) |
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Specification of inflationary expectations |
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280 | (3) |
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18.4 Hysteresis and the Phillips Curve Trade-off |
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283 | (3) |
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The algebra of hysteresis |
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284 | (2) |
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18.5 Underemployment and the Phillips Curve |
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286 | (4) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (2) |
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19 Full Employment Policy |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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19.2 Full Employment as the Policy Coal |
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291 | (2) |
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19.3 Policies for the Promotion of Employment |
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293 | (3) |
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Behaviouralist, structuralist, and Keynesian approaches |
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293 | (1) |
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Private sector incentives |
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294 | (1) |
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Direct job creation by government |
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295 | (1) |
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19.4 Unemployment Buffer Stocks and Price Stability |
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296 | (5) |
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Measuring the costs of unemployment buffer stocks |
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298 | (3) |
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19.5 Employment Buffer Stocks and Price Stability |
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301 | (8) |
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302 | (1) |
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The JG as an automatic stabiliser |
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303 | (1) |
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Inflation control and the JG |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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Would the NAIBER be higher than the NAIRU? |
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305 | (2) |
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Employment buffer stocks and responsible fiscal design |
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307 | (1) |
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A plausible adjustment path |
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308 | (1) |
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19.6 Impact on the Phillips Curve |
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309 | (5) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (3) |
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PART E ECONOMIC POLICY IN AN OPEN ECONOMY |
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20 Introduction to Monetary and Fiscal Policy Operations |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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The payments system, reserves and the interbank market |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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Government and private financial accounting |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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20.4 Coordination of Monetary and Fiscal Operations |
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319 | (4) |
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Duties of the central bank |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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A numerical example using balance sheets |
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321 | (1) |
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Is there a sufficient demand for treasury debt? |
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322 | (1) |
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20.5 Taxes and Sovereign Spending |
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323 | (2) |
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20.6 Currency Sovereignty and Policy Independence |
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325 | (7) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
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Chapter 20 Appendix: Advanced Material |
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329 | (1) |
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Monetary policy in the open economy, causes and consequences of capital flows |
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329 | (3) |
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21 Fiscal Policy in Sovereign Nations |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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21.2 Functional Finance versus Sound Finance |
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333 | (1) |
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The fiscal constraint and the views of deficit hawks, doves, and owls |
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333 | (1) |
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Why is the deficit owl the only perspective that is consistent with MMT? |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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21.3 Fiscal Policy Debates: Crowding Out and (Hyper) Inflation |
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336 | (13) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (2) |
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Inflation and sovereign fiscal policy |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (2) |
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Real world hyperinflations |
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344 | (2) |
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Summing up on hyperinflation |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (2) |
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22 Fiscal Space and Fiscal Sustainability |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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22.2 The Full Employment Fiscal Deficit Condition |
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350 | (2) |
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22.3 Fiscal Space and Fiscal Sustainability |
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352 | (4) |
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Advancement of public purpose |
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353 | (1) |
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Understanding the monetary environment |
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354 | (1) |
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Understanding what a sovereign government is |
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354 | (1) |
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Understanding why governments tax |
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355 | (1) |
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Understanding why governments issue debt |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Understanding what a cost is |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
22.4 The Debt Sustainability Debate |
|
|
356 | (4) |
|
|
355 | (5) |
|
|
350 | (10) |
|
23 Monetary Policy in Sovereign Nations |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
23.2 Modern Ban king Operations |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
23.3 Interest Rate Targets versus Monetary Targets |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Lender of last resort and financial stability |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
23.4 Liquidity Management |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Different interest rate setting arrangements |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
23.5 Implementation of Monetary Policy |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
23.6 Unconventional Forms of Monetary Policy |
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
23.7 Monetary Policy in Practice |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
23.8 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Monetary Policy |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
23.9 Central Bank Independence |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Rationale for independence |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
23.10 Horizontal and Vertical Operations: An Integration |
|
|
370 | (4) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
24 Policy in an Open Economy: Exchange Rates, Balance of Payments and Competitiveness |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
24.2 The Balance of Payments |
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
Balance of payment examples |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
The capital account and financial account |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (6) |
|
Nominal exchange rate (e) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Change in the nominal exchange rate, appreciation and depreciation |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
What determines the exchange rate? |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
International competitiveness |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
24.4 Aggregate Demand and the External Sector Revisited |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
24.5 Trade in Goods and Services, Product Market Equilibrium and the Trade Balance |
|
|
385 | (4) |
|
National income equilibrium with trade |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
The impact on national income and net exports of a change in world income |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
An increase in world income leads to a rise in net exports |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (5) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (3) |
|
PART F ECONOMIC INSTABILITY |
|
|
|
25 The Role of Investment in Profit Generation |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
25.1 Investment in a Capitalist Monetary Economy |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
The volatility of investment |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
25.2 The Accelerator Model of Investment |
|
|
397 | (3) |
|
The simple accelerator model |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Limitations of the simple accelerator model |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
25.3 The Flexible Accelerator Model |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Rate of adjustment in the flexible accelerator model |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Implications of incomplete adjustment |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
25.4 Expectations and Interest Rate Impacts on Investment Demand |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
25.5 Introduction to Cash Flow Discounting and Present Value |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
25.6 Keynes and the Marginal Efficiency of Investment |
|
|
404 | (3) |
|
25.7 Minsky's Model of the Investment Decision |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Determination of investment |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
25.8 Investment and Profits |
|
|
409 | (4) |
|
Kalecki's simplified model |
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
Kalecki's generalised model |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
25.9 Business Cycles: Fluctuations in Economic Activity |
|
|
413 | (6) |
|
|
413 | (2) |
|
The interaction of the expenditure multiplier and the investment accelerator |
|
|
415 | (3) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
26 Stabilising the Unstable Economy |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
26.2 Economic Cycles and Crises |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
26.3 Marxist Theory of Crisis |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
26.4 Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Theories of Crisis |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
26.5 Minsky's Financial Instability Hypothesis |
|
|
427 | (5) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
429 | (3) |
|
PART C HISTORY OF MACROECONOMIC THOUGHT |
|
|
|
27 Overview of the History of Economic Thought |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
27.2 History of Neoclassical Theory |
|
|
432 | (4) |
|
27.3 History of Heterodox Thought |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
27.4 Institutional Economics |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
27.5 Modern Orthodox Schools of Thought |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
27.6 Post-War Economic History and History of Thought |
|
|
439 | (5) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
28.1 Introduction and the Concept of General Equilibrium |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
28.2 The Money Market: Demand, Supply and Equilibrium |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
28.3 Derivation of the LM Curve |
|
|
447 | (3) |
|
28.4 The Product (Goods) Market: Equilibrium Output |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
28.5 Derivation of the IS Curve |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
28.6 Equilibrium and Policy Analysis in the IS-LM Framework |
|
|
453 | (5) |
|
28.7 Introducing the Price Level: The Keynes and Pigou Effects |
|
|
458 | (5) |
|
28.8 Limitations of the IS-LM Framework |
|
|
463 | (6) |
|
The endogeneity of the money supply |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Chapter 28 Appendix: The IS-LM Algebra |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Product market equilibrium |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
29 Modern Schools of Economic Thought |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
29.2 The Rise of New Classical Economics |
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
Roots in Friedman's Monetarism |
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
29.3 Real Business Cycle Theory |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
Advanced treatment of the RBC model |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
29.4 New Keynesian Economics |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Examples of price and wage inflexibility |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
29.5 Modern Heterodox Schools of Thought |
|
|
477 | (10) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Method: the notion of equilibrium and locus of analysis |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Alternative approaches to distribution |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Loanable funds versus liquidity preference |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Treatment of money, time and expectations |
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
30 The New Monetary Consensus in Macroeconomics |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
30.2 Components of the NMC theory |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
30.3 Weaknesses of the NMC |
|
|
490 | (8) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
Chapter 30 Appendix: The New Monetary Consensus model |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
PART H CONTEMPORARY DEBATES |
|
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
31.2 Ageing, Social Security, and the Intergenerational Debate |
|
|
499 | (4) |
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
Do dependency ratios matter? |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
31.3 The Twin Deficits Hypothesis |
|
|
503 | (4) |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
The link between the deficits |
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
31.4 Balance of Payments Constraints and Currency Crises |
|
|
507 | (6) |
|
|
508 | (5) |
|
31.5 Fixed versus Flexible rates: Optimal Currency Areas, the Bancor, or Floating Rates? |
|
|
513 | (7) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
The demise of the gold standard: the Great Depression and the Second World War |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Keynes' Bancor plan and the end of Bretton Woods |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
An alternative (MMT) approach to international money: floating rates and sovereign currency |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
The euro and optimal currency areas |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
31.6 Environmental Sustainability and Economic Growth |
|
|
520 | (15) |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
Chapter 31 Appendix 1: Case Study 1 -- Economic Growth: Demand or Supply Constrained? The US, 1975 to 2007 |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Did the US economy suffer from secular stagnation from 1970 to 1995? |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
The `New Economy' and the productivity miracle, 1995 to 2007 |
|
|
527 | (2) |
|
Chapter 31 Appendix 2: Case Study 2 -- The Return of Secular Stagnation? US Labour Markets after the Global Financial Crisis |
|
|
529 | (3) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Chapter 31 Appendix 3: The US Social Security and Medicare Systems |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
32 Macroeconomics in the Light of the Global Financial Crisis |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
32.2 Why Didn't Mainstream Macroeconomics Foresee the GFC? |
|
|
536 | (4) |
|
32.3 Who Did Foresee the GFC and Why? |
|
|
540 | (7) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Minsky's financial instability hypothesis |
|
|
540 | (3) |
|
|
543 | (4) |
|
32.4 Lessons That Can be Learned About Sovereign Currency From the Eurozone Crisis |
|
|
547 | (4) |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
33 Macroeconomics for the Future |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
33.3 Government and the Monetary System |
|
|
553 | (3) |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Persistent fiscal deficits |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Inside wealth versus outside wealth |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Credit creation and the money supply |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
33.6 Trade and Exchange Rates |
|
|
559 | (3) |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
Index |
|
562 | |