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Macroeconomics [Minkštas viršelis]

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(Bard College, USA), (University of Newcastle, Australia), (University of Newcastle, Australia)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 604 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 260x192x30 mm, weight: 1260 g, 5 bw illus
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Feb-2019
  • Leidėjas: Bloomsbury Academic
  • ISBN-10: 1137610662
  • ISBN-13: 9781137610669
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 604 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 260x192x30 mm, weight: 1260 g, 5 bw illus
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Feb-2019
  • Leidėjas: Bloomsbury Academic
  • ISBN-10: 1137610662
  • ISBN-13: 9781137610669
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
This groundbreaking new core textbook encourages students to take a more critical approach to the prevalent assumptions around the subject of macroeconomics, by comparing and contrasting heterodox and orthodox approaches to theory and policy. The first such textbook to develop a heterodox model from the ground up, it is based on the principles of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) as derived from the theories of Keynes, Kalecki, Veblen, Marx, and Minsky, amongst others. The internationally-respected author team offer appropriate fiscal and monetary policy recommendations, explaining how the poor economic performance of most of the wealthy capitalist countries over recent decades could have been avoided, and delivering a well-reasoned practical and philosophical argument for the heterodox MMT approach being advocated.

The book is suitable for both introductory and intermediate courses, offering a thorough overview of the basics and valuable historical context, while covering everything needed for more advanced courses. Issues are explained conceptually, with the more technical, mathematical material in chapter appendices, offering greater flexibility of use.

Accompanying online resources for this title can be found at bloomsburyonlineresources.com/mitchell-macroeconomics. These resources are designed to support teaching and learning when using this textbook and are available at no extra cost.

Recenzijos

Even some mainstream economists now acknowledge that the macroeconomics of the past thirty years represents a big step back. But they do not recognize that this is because it lacks a pluralist perspective, and in the meantime they have ignored the revolutionary potential of heterodox economics for reconstructing macroeconomics. This new book points out the right direction for the coming macroeconomics revolution. * Jia Genliang, Renmin University of China * Finally, a macroeconomics text that takes a modern-monetary approach to the macroeconomy. Finally, an alternative to the mainstream vision of the macro economy and what it says and, more importantly, fails to say, about the real world. The presentation of Keynes closely approximates his vision, a much-needed change from texts that present a bastardized view of Keynes theory. The book is highly readable, the assumptions underlying the different models are presented clearly, the logic easy to follow, and the historical context serves to add relevance. * John P. Watkins, Westminster College, Utah, USA * A complete, up-to-date and excellent account of macroeconomic theory. An excellent critique of the mainstream economic paradigm, it calls for more realistic approaches to human behaviour, and for heterodox ideas in economics. It presents macroeconomic methodology in the light of the 2007-08 crisis, and outlines how economics should proceed in the post-crash world. One of the most interesting and remarkable macroeconomics textbooks of the past few years. * Omar Feraboli, University of Dundee, UK * Finally, a macro textbook that rejects neoclassical microfoundations as a basis for understanding how capitalism works. The authors replace maximizing individuals with social classes where capitalist firms exercising differential power largely determine economic outcomes. * Robert Chernomas, University of Manitoba, Canada * The most progressive macroeconomics textbook on the market. Organized around a balance sheet view, the authors carefully examine the most important issues of our time: Why government as the sovereign issuer of currency is not financially constrained, how banks create deposits by making loans and how the central bank influences the economy by shifting interest rates. The authors are outstanding scholars of macroeconomics, and this textbook should enlighten the next generation of students. I recommend it wholeheartedly. * Dirk Ehnts, Europa-Universität Flensburg, Germany * A uniquely well-structured, clear discussion of macroeconomics for the 21st century, contrasting a useful and realistic analysis of a modern monetary production economy with the flawed, unrealistic and outdated narrowly neoclassical approach which has failed so comprehensively in recent years. Quite simply the best economics textbook I have ever read, and one which should become a standard text in many universities and colleges in the years to come. * Steven Hail, University of Adelaide, Australia * Supremely accessible Unlike most other textbooks, it explains schools of thought, relates them to the history of economic ideas and provides historical and institutional detail. Students are invited to reflect on why economists disagree, what macroeconomics means, and the role of language and framing. One can only wish that all textbooks nurtured sensitivity to these topics in future economists. All in all, an exceptionally clear text for students new to macroeconomics and a good grounding in the current policy debates shown in the final part of the book ... It marries pluralism of ideas with a clear exposition of Modern Monetary Theory, all with institutional realism and analytical rigor - a major feat. Highly recommended! * Dirk J. Bezemer, University of Groningen, Netherlands * This is a long awaited first-year university textbook where heterodox and mainstream approaches run side by side within a critical framework which avoids the pedagogical pitfall of forcing students to learn economics through mainstream lenses. Students and experienced economists alike can learn from this wonderful book. * Alberto Paloni, University of Glasgow, UK *

Daugiau informacijos

A unique new critical take on the prevalent assumptions in macroeconomic theory and policy, comparing and contrasting heterodox and orthodox approaches. The first textbook to develop a heterodox model from the ground up, largely based on Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) ideas.
List of Figures
xvii
List of Tables
xix
List of Boxes
xx
About the Authors xxi
About the Book xxii
Tour of the book xxiv
Preface xxvi
Acknowledgements xxviii
Website Materials xxix
PART A INTRODUCTION AND MEASUREMENT
1 Introduction
2(16)
1.1 What is Economics? Two Views
2(7)
Orthodox, neoclassical approach
3(2)
Heterodox approach -- Keynesian/lnstitutionalist/'Marxist
5(3)
What do economists do?
8(1)
Implications for research and policy
8(1)
1.2 Economics and the Public Purpose
9(3)
1.3 What is Macroeconomics?
12(6)
The macro model
12(1)
The MMT approach to macroeconomics
13(2)
Fiscal and monetary policy
15(1)
Policy implications of MMT for sovereign nations
16(1)
Conclusion
17(1)
References
17(1)
2 How to Think and Do Macroeconomics
18(1)
2.1 Introduction
18(1)
2.2 Thinking in a Macroeconomic Way
19(3)
2.3 What Should a Macroeconomic Theory be Able to Explain?
22(9)
Real GDP growth
22(1)
Unemployment
23(2)
Real wages and productivity
25(1)
Private sector indebtedness
26(1)
Central bank balance sheets
26(1)
Japan's persistent fiscal deficits: the glaring counterfactual case
27(4)
2.4 Why is it so Difficult to Come to an Agreement on Policy? The Minimum Wage Debate
31(1)
2.5 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
32(6)
Conclusion
34(1)
References
35(1)
Chapter 2 Appendix: The Buckaroos model
36(1)
Implications of the Buckaroos model
37(1)
3 A Brief Overview of Economic History and the Rise of Capitalism
38(1)
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 An Introduction to Monetary Capitalism
39(1)
3.3 Tribal Society
40(1)
3.4 Slavery
41(1)
3.5 Feudalism
42(1)
3.6 Revolts and the Transition to Capitalism
43(1)
3.7 Capitalism
44(1)
3.8 Monetary Capitalism
45(1)
3.9 Global Capitalism
46(1)
3.10 Economic Systems of the Future?
47(3)
Conclusion
49(1)
References
49(1)
4 The System of National Income and Product Accounts
50(1)
4.1 Measuring National Output
50(3)
4.2 Components of GDP
53(1)
Consumption (C)
53(1)
Investment (I)
53(1)
Government spending (G)
54(1)
Exports (X) minus imports (M) or net exports (NX)
54(1)
4.3 Equivalence of Three Measures of GDP
54(1)
Expenditure approach
55(1)
Production approach
55(1)
Income approach
55(1)
4.4 GDP versus GNP
55(1)
4.5 Measuring Gross and Net National Income
56(1)
Measuring net national income
56(1)
4.6 GDP Growth and the Price Deflator
57(1)
4.7 Measuring Chain Weighted Real GDP
58(1)
4.8 Measuring CPI Inflation
59(4)
The CPI Index
59(2)
Rate of growth of the CPI index
61(1)
Difficulties in using the CPI to accurately measure inflation
62(1)
4.9 Measuring National Inequality
63(3)
Conclusion
65(1)
References
65(1)
5 Labour Market Concepts and Measurement
66(1)
5.1 Introduction
66(1)
5.2 Measurement
67(5)
Labour force framework
67(4)
Impact of the business cycle on the labour force participation rate
71(1)
5.3 Categories of Unemployment
72(1)
5.4 Broader Measures of Labour Underutilisation
73(2)
5.5 Flow Measures of Unemployment
75(3)
Labour market stocks and flows
77(1)
5.6 Duration of Unemployment
78(2)
5.7 Hysteresis
80(3)
Conclusion
81(1)
References
82(1)
6 Sectoral Accounting and the Flow of Funds
83(1)
6.1 Introduction
83(1)
6.2 The Sectoral Balances View of the National Accounts
84(7)
Introduction
84(2)
How can we use the sectoral balances framework?
86(1)
A graphical framework for understanding the sectoral balances
87(4)
6.3 Revisiting Stocks and Flows
91(3)
Flows
91(1)
Stocks
92(1)
Inside wealth versus outside wealth
93(1)
Non-financial wealth (real assets)
94(1)
6.4 Integrating NIPA, Stocks, Flows and the Flow of Funds Accounts
94(3)
Causal relationships
96(1)
Deficits create financial wealth
96(1)
6.5 Balance Sheets
97(4)
6.6 The Flow of Funds Matrix
101(3)
Flow of funds accounts and the national accounts
102(1)
Conclusion
103(1)
References
103(1)
7 Methods, Tools and Techniques
104(1)
7.1 Overview
104(2)
7.2 Basic Rules of Algebra
106(1)
Model solutions
106(1)
7.3 A Simple Macroeconomic Model
107(2)
7.4 Graphical Depiction of a Macroeconomic Model
109(2)
7.5 Power Series Algebra and the Expenditure Multiplier
111(1)
7.6 Index Numbers
112(3)
7.7 Annual Average Growth Rates
115(1)
7.8 Textbook Policy Regarding Formalism
115(3)
Conclusion
117(1)
8 The Use of Framing and Language in Macroeconomics
118(1)
8.1 Introduction
118(1)
8.2 MMT and Public Discourse
119(2)
8.3 Two Visions of the Economy
121(2)
8.4 Cognitive Frames and Economic Commentary
123(1)
8.5 Dominant Metaphors in Economic Commentary
123(1)
8.6 Face to Face: Mainstream Macro and MMT
123(5)
Mainstream Fallacy 1 The government faces the same `budget' constraint as a household
124(1)
Mainstream Fallacy 2 Fiscal deficits(surpluses) are bad(good)
124(1)
Mainstream Fallacy 3 Fiscal surpluses contribute to national saving
125(1)
Mainstream Fallacy 4 The fiscal outcome should be balanced over the economic cycle
125(1)
Mainstream Fallacy 5 Fiscal deficits drive up interest rates and crowd out private investment because they compete for scarce private saving
126(1)
Mainstream Fallacy 6 Fiscal deficits mean higher taxes in the future
126(1)
Mainstream Fallacy 7 The government will run out of fiscal space (or money) if it overspends
127(1)
Mainstream Fallacy 8 Government spending is inflationary
127(1)
Mainstream Fallacy 9 Fiscal deficits lead to biggovernment
128(1)
8.7 Framing a Macroeconomics Narrative
128(6)
Language and metaphor examples
128(2)
Fiscal space
130(1)
Costs of a public programme
130(1)
The MMT alternative framing
131(1)
Conclusion
131(1)
References
132(2)
PART B CURRENCY, MONEY AND BANKING
9 Introduction to Sovereign Currency: The Government and its Money
134(1)
9.1 Introduction
134(1)
9.2 The National Currency (Unit of Account)
135(5)
One nation, one currency
135(1)
Sovereignty and the currency
135(1)
What `backs up' the currency?
136(1)
Legal tender laws
136(1)
Fiat currency
136(1)
Taxes drive the demand for money
137(3)
Financial stocks and flows are denominated in the national money of account
140(1)
The financial system as an electronic scoreboard
140(1)
9.3 Floating versus Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes
140(2)
The gold standard and fixed exchange rates
141(1)
Floating exchange rates
141(1)
9.4 IOUs Denominated in National Currency: Government and Non-Government
142(3)
Leveraging
143(1)
Clearing accounts extinguish IOUs
143(1)
Pyramiding currency
144(1)
9.5 Use of the Term `Money': Confusion and Precision
145(2)
Conclusion
146(1)
References
146(1)
10 Money and Banking
147(1)
10.1 Introduction
147(1)
10.2 Some Definitions Monetary aggregates
147(1)
10.3 Financial Assets Yield concepts infixed income investments
148(2)
10.4 What Do Banks Do?
150(14)
The neoclassical view: the money multiplier
153(1)
MMT representation of the credit creation process
153(1)
Loans create deposits
154(1)
Banks do not ban out reserves
155(1)
Endogenous money
156(1)
Summary
157(1)
An example of a bank's credit creations: a balance sheet analysis
157(3)
Conclusion
160(1)
References
161(3)
PART C NATIONAL INCOME, OUTPUT AND EMPLOYMENT DETERMINATION
11 The Classical System
164(1)
11.1 Introduction
164(1)
11.2 The Classical Theory of Employment
165(4)
Why is the labour demand junction downward sloping?
167(1)
Why is the labour supply function upward sloping?
167(1)
Equilibrium in the labour market
168(1)
11.3 Unemployment in the Classical Labour Market
169(1)
11.4 What is the Equilibrium Output Level in the Classical Model?
170(2)
11.5 The Loanable Funds Market, Classical Interest Rate Determination
172(3)
11.6 Classical Price Level Determination
175(1)
11.7 Summary of the Classical System
176(1)
11.8 Pre-Keynesian Criticisms of the Classical Denial of Involuntary Unemployment
176(4)
Conclusion
178(1)
References
178(2)
12 Mr. Keynes and the `Classics'
180(1)
12.1 Introduction
180(1)
12.2 The Existence of Mass Unemployment as an Equilibrium Phenomenon
181(1)
12.3 Keynes' Critique of Classical Employment Theory
182(4)
12.4 Involuntary Unemployment
186(2)
12.5 Keynes' Rejection of Say's Law: The Possibility of General Overproduction
188(5)
Refresher, the loanable funds market
188(1)
Keynes' critique of the loanable funds doctrine
188(2)
Liquidity preference and Keynes' theory of interest
190(2)
Conclusion
192(1)
References
192(1)
13 The Theory of Effective Demand
193(1)
13.1 Introduction
193(1)
13.2 The D-Z Approach to Effective Demand
194(4)
13.3 Introducing Two Components of Aggregate Demand: D1 and D2
198(1)
13.4 Advantages of the D-Z Framework
199(1)
The macroeconomic demand for labour
199(1)
13.5 The Role of Saving and Liquidity Preference
200(1)
13.6 The Demand Gap Arguments and Policy Implications
201(3)
Conclusion
202(1)
Reference
203(1)
14 The Macroeconomic Demand for Labour
204(1)
14.1 Introduction
204(1)
14.2 The Macroeconomic Demand for Labour Curve
205(1)
The interdependency of aggregate supply and demand
205(1)
Money wage changes and shifts in effective demand
206(5)
14.3 The Determination of Employment and the Existence of Involuntary Unemployment
211(2)
14.4 A Classical Resurgence Thwarted
213(3)
Conclusion
214(1)
References
215(1)
15 The Aggregate Expenditure Model
216(1)
15.1 Introduction
216(1)
15.2 A Simple Aggregate Supply Depiction
217(1)
15.3 Aggregate Demand
218(1)
15.4 Private Consumption Expenditure
219(3)
15.5 Private Investment
222(2)
15.6 Government Spending
224(1)
15.7 Net Exports
224(1)
15.8 Total Aggregate Expenditure
225(3)
15.9 Equilibrium National Income
228(2)
15.10 The Expenditure Multiplier
230(9)
An algebraic treatment
231(1)
A graphical treatment
232(2)
Numerical example of the expenditure multiplier at work
234(1)
Changes in the magnitude of the expenditure multiplier
235(1)
A final point about the multiplier
236(2)
Conclusion
238(1)
References
238(1)
16 Aggregate Supply
239(1)
16.1 Introduction
239(1)
16.2 Some Important Concepts
240(4)
Schedules and functions
240(1)
The employment-output function
240(2)
Money wages
242(2)
16.3 Price Determination
244(1)
16.4 The Aggregate Supply Function (AS)
245(4)
The theory of production
247(1)
Some properties of the aggregate supply function
248(1)
16.5 What Determines the Level of Employment?
249(1)
16.6 Factors Affecting Aggregate Output per Hour
249(5)
The choice of production technology
250(1)
Procyclical movements in labour productivity
251(1)
Conclusion
252(1)
Reference
252(2)
PART D UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION: THEORY AND POLICY
17 Unemployment and Inflation
254(1)
17.1 Introduction
254(1)
17.2 What is Inflation?
255(1)
17.3 Inflation as a Conflictual Process
255(6)
Cost push inflation
256(2)
Raw material price increases
258(1)
Conflict theory of inflation and inflationary biases
259(1)
Demand pull inflation
260(1)
Cost push and demand pull inflation: a summary
261(1)
17.4 The Quantity Theory of Money
261(6)
17.5 Incomes Policies Conclusion References
267(1)
18 The Phillips Curve and Beyond
268(1)
18.1 Introduction
268(1)
18.2 The Phillips Curve
268(3)
Phillips curve algebra
271(1)
The instability of the Phillips curve
272(1)
Econometric misspecification
273(1)
18.3 The Accelerationist Hypothesis and the Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve
274(9)
Introduction
274(1)
Expectations of inflation
274(4)
The algebra of the expectations augmented Phillips curve
278(2)
Specification of inflationary expectations
280(3)
18.4 Hysteresis and the Phillips Curve Trade-off
283(3)
The algebra of hysteresis
284(2)
18.5 Underemployment and the Phillips Curve
286(4)
Conclusion
288(1)
References
288(2)
19 Full Employment Policy
290(1)
19.1 Introduction
290(1)
19.2 Full Employment as the Policy Coal
291(2)
19.3 Policies for the Promotion of Employment
293(3)
Behaviouralist, structuralist, and Keynesian approaches
293(1)
Private sector incentives
294(1)
Direct job creation by government
295(1)
19.4 Unemployment Buffer Stocks and Price Stability
296(5)
Measuring the costs of unemployment buffer stocks
298(3)
19.5 Employment Buffer Stocks and Price Stability
301(8)
The JG wage
302(1)
The JG as an automatic stabiliser
303(1)
Inflation control and the JG
304(1)
Open economy impacts
305(1)
Would the NAIBER be higher than the NAIRU?
305(2)
Employment buffer stocks and responsible fiscal design
307(1)
A plausible adjustment path
308(1)
19.6 Impact on the Phillips Curve
309(5)
Conclusion
311(1)
References
311(3)
PART E ECONOMIC POLICY IN AN OPEN ECONOMY
20 Introduction to Monetary and Fiscal Policy Operations
314(1)
20.1 Introduction
314(1)
20.2 The Central Bank
315(2)
The payments system, reserves and the interbank market
316(1)
20.3 The Treasury
317(2)
Government and private financial accounting
317(1)
Sectoral balances
318(1)
20.4 Coordination of Monetary and Fiscal Operations
319(4)
Duties of the central bank
319(1)
Duties of the treasury
320(1)
A numerical example using balance sheets
321(1)
Is there a sufficient demand for treasury debt?
322(1)
20.5 Taxes and Sovereign Spending
323(2)
20.6 Currency Sovereignty and Policy Independence
325(7)
Conclusion
326(1)
References
327(2)
Chapter 20 Appendix: Advanced Material
329(1)
Monetary policy in the open economy, causes and consequences of capital flows
329(3)
21 Fiscal Policy in Sovereign Nations
332(1)
21.1 Introduction
332(1)
21.2 Functional Finance versus Sound Finance
333(1)
The fiscal constraint and the views of deficit hawks, doves, and owls
333(1)
Why is the deficit owl the only perspective that is consistent with MMT?
334(1)
Functional finance
335(1)
21.3 Fiscal Policy Debates: Crowding Out and (Hyper) Inflation
336(13)
Crowdingout?
336(1)
Voluntary constraints
337(2)
Inflation and sovereign fiscal policy
339(3)
Hyperinflation
342(2)
Real world hyperinflations
344(2)
Summing up on hyperinflation
346(1)
Conclusion
347(1)
References
347(2)
22 Fiscal Space and Fiscal Sustainability
349(1)
22.1 Introduction
349(1)
22.2 The Full Employment Fiscal Deficit Condition
350(2)
22.3 Fiscal Space and Fiscal Sustainability
352(4)
Advancement of public purpose
353(1)
Understanding the monetary environment
354(1)
Understanding what a sovereign government is
354(1)
Understanding why governments tax
355(1)
Understanding why governments issue debt
355(1)
Setting fiscal targets
355(1)
Foreign exposure
356(1)
Understanding what a cost is
356(1)
22.4 The Debt Sustainability Debate
356(4)
Conclusion
355(5)
References
350(10)
23 Monetary Policy in Sovereign Nations
360(1)
23.1 Introduction
360(1)
23.2 Modern Ban king Operations
361(1)
23.3 Interest Rate Targets versus Monetary Targets
362(1)
Lender of last resort and financial stability
363(1)
23.4 Liquidity Management
363(2)
Introduction
363(1)
Different interest rate setting arrangements
364(1)
23.5 Implementation of Monetary Policy
365(1)
Transmission mechanism
365(1)
23.6 Unconventional Forms of Monetary Policy
366(2)
Introduction
366(1)
Quantitative easing (QE)
366(1)
Negative interest rates
366(1)
Conclusion
367(1)
23.7 Monetary Policy in Practice
368(1)
23.8 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Monetary Policy
368(1)
23.9 Central Bank Independence
369(1)
Introduction
369(1)
Rationale for independence
369(1)
23.10 Horizontal and Vertical Operations: An Integration
370(4)
Conclusion
372(1)
References
372(2)
24 Policy in an Open Economy: Exchange Rates, Balance of Payments and Competitiveness
374(1)
24.1 Introduction
374(1)
24.2 The Balance of Payments
375(3)
Balance of payment examples
376(1)
The current account
376(1)
The capital account and financial account
377(1)
24.3 Essential Concepts
378(6)
Nominal exchange rate (e)
378(1)
Change in the nominal exchange rate, appreciation and depreciation
378(1)
What determines the exchange rate?
379(3)
International competitiveness
382(1)
The real exchange rate
383(1)
24.4 Aggregate Demand and the External Sector Revisited
384(1)
24.5 Trade in Goods and Services, Product Market Equilibrium and the Trade Balance
385(4)
National income equilibrium with trade
385(1)
The net exports function
386(1)
The impact on national income and net exports of a change in world income
387(1)
An increase in world income leads to a rise in net exports
388(1)
24.6 Capital Controls
389(5)
Conclusion
391(1)
References
391(3)
PART F ECONOMIC INSTABILITY
25 The Role of Investment in Profit Generation
394(1)
25.1 Investment in a Capitalist Monetary Economy
394(3)
The volatility of investment
395(1)
Cross and net investment
396(1)
25.2 The Accelerator Model of Investment
397(3)
The simple accelerator model
397(2)
Limitations of the simple accelerator model
399(1)
25.3 The Flexible Accelerator Model
400(1)
Rate of adjustment in the flexible accelerator model
400(1)
Implications of incomplete adjustment
400(1)
25.4 Expectations and Interest Rate Impacts on Investment Demand
401(1)
25.5 Introduction to Cash Flow Discounting and Present Value
402(2)
25.6 Keynes and the Marginal Efficiency of Investment
404(3)
25.7 Minsky's Model of the Investment Decision
407(2)
The two price system
407(1)
Determination of investment
407(2)
25.8 Investment and Profits
409(4)
Kalecki's simplified model
409(2)
Kalecki's generalised model
411(2)
25.9 Business Cycles: Fluctuations in Economic Activity
413(6)
Terminology and patterns
413(2)
The interaction of the expenditure multiplier and the investment accelerator
415(3)
Conclusion
418(1)
References
419(1)
26 Stabilising the Unstable Economy
419(1)
26.1 Introduction
419(1)
26.2 Economic Cycles and Crises
420(2)
26.3 Marxist Theory of Crisis
422(2)
26.4 Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Theories of Crisis
424(3)
26.5 Minsky's Financial Instability Hypothesis
427(5)
Conclusion
428(1)
References
429(3)
PART C HISTORY OF MACROECONOMIC THOUGHT
27 Overview of the History of Economic Thought
432(1)
27.1 Introduction
432(1)
27.2 History of Neoclassical Theory
432(4)
27.3 History of Heterodox Thought
436(1)
27.4 Institutional Economics
437(1)
27.5 Modern Orthodox Schools of Thought
438(1)
27.6 Post-War Economic History and History of Thought
439(5)
Conclusion
442(1)
References
442(2)
28 The IS-LM Framework
444(1)
28.1 Introduction and the Concept of General Equilibrium
444(1)
28.2 The Money Market: Demand, Supply and Equilibrium
445(2)
28.3 Derivation of the LM Curve
447(3)
28.4 The Product (Goods) Market: Equilibrium Output
450(2)
28.5 Derivation of the IS Curve
452(1)
28.6 Equilibrium and Policy Analysis in the IS-LM Framework
453(5)
28.7 Introducing the Price Level: The Keynes and Pigou Effects
458(5)
28.8 Limitations of the IS-LM Framework
463(6)
The endogeneity of the money supply
463(1)
Expectations and time
464(2)
Conclusion
466(1)
References
466(1)
Chapter 28 Appendix: The IS-LM Algebra
467(1)
Simplified open economy
467(1)
Product market equilibrium
467(1)
Money market equilibrium
467(1)
General equilibrium
468(1)
29 Modern Schools of Economic Thought
469(1)
29.1 Introduction
469(1)
29.2 The Rise of New Classical Economics
470(3)
Roots in Friedman's Monetarism
470(2)
New Classical Economies
472(1)
29.3 Real Business Cycle Theory
473(2)
Advanced treatment of the RBC model
474(1)
29.4 New Keynesian Economics
475(2)
Introduction
475(1)
Examples of price and wage inflexibility
476(1)
The role of policy
476(1)
29.5 Modern Heterodox Schools of Thought
477(10)
Introduction
477(1)
Method: the notion of equilibrium and locus of analysis
478(1)
Alternative approaches to distribution
479(2)
Say's Law
481(1)
Loanable funds versus liquidity preference
481(1)
Imperfect competition
482(1)
Treatment of money, time and expectations
482(3)
Conclusion
485(1)
References
485(2)
30 The New Monetary Consensus in Macroeconomics
487(1)
30.1 Introduction
487(1)
30.2 Components of the NMC theory
488(2)
30.3 Weaknesses of the NMC
490(8)
Conclusion
494(1)
References
494(2)
Chapter 30 Appendix: The New Monetary Consensus model
496(2)
PART H CONTEMPORARY DEBATES
31 Recent Policy Debates
498(1)
31.1 Introduction
499(1)
31.2 Ageing, Social Security, and the Intergenerational Debate
499(4)
Dependency ratios
499(2)
Do dependency ratios matter?
501(2)
31.3 The Twin Deficits Hypothesis
503(4)
Introduction
503(1)
The link between the deficits
504(3)
31.4 Balance of Payments Constraints and Currency Crises
507(6)
Currency crises
508(5)
31.5 Fixed versus Flexible rates: Optimal Currency Areas, the Bancor, or Floating Rates?
513(7)
Introduction
513(1)
Optimal currency areas
513(1)
The demise of the gold standard: the Great Depression and the Second World War
514(1)
Keynes' Bancor plan and the end of Bretton Woods
515(1)
An alternative (MMT) approach to international money: floating rates and sovereign currency
516(2)
The euro and optimal currency areas
518(1)
Conclusion
519(1)
31.6 Environmental Sustainability and Economic Growth
520(15)
References
522(2)
Chapter 31 Appendix 1: Case Study 1 -- Economic Growth: Demand or Supply Constrained? The US, 1975 to 2007
524(1)
Introduction
524(1)
Did the US economy suffer from secular stagnation from 1970 to 1995?
525(2)
The `New Economy' and the productivity miracle, 1995 to 2007
527(2)
Chapter 31 Appendix 2: Case Study 2 -- The Return of Secular Stagnation? US Labour Markets after the Global Financial Crisis
529(3)
Conclusion
532(1)
Chapter 31 Appendix 3: The US Social Security and Medicare Systems
533(2)
32 Macroeconomics in the Light of the Global Financial Crisis
535(1)
32.1 Introduction
535(1)
32.2 Why Didn't Mainstream Macroeconomics Foresee the GFC?
536(4)
32.3 Who Did Foresee the GFC and Why?
540(7)
Introduction
540(1)
Minsky's financial instability hypothesis
540(3)
The rise in inequality
543(4)
32.4 Lessons That Can be Learned About Sovereign Currency From the Eurozone Crisis
547(4)
Conclusion
549(1)
References
549(2)
33 Macroeconomics for the Future
551(1)
33.1 Introduction
551(1)
33.2 Modelling Framework
552(1)
33.3 Government and the Monetary System
553(3)
A sovereign currency
553(1)
Fiscal policy
554(1)
Persistent fiscal deficits
555(1)
33.4 Monetary Policy
556(1)
Reserves and bond sales
556(1)
33.5 Private Banks
557(2)
Finance
557(1)
Inside wealth versus outside wealth
558(1)
Credit creation and the money supply
558(1)
33.6 Trade and Exchange Rates
559(3)
Exchange rate regime
559(1)
Conclusion
560(1)
Further Reading
561(1)
Index 562
William Mitchell is a Professor of Economics at the University of Newcastle, Australia

L. Randall Wray is a Senior Scholar at the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, USA

Martin Watts is a Professor of Economics at the University of Newcastle, Australia