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El. knyga: Making Laws That Work: How Laws Fail and How We Can Do Better

(Court of Appeal, New Zealand)
  • Formatas: 304 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Jul-2022
  • Leidėjas: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781509955381
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Making Laws That Work: How Laws Fail and How We Can Do BetterDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 304 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Jul-2022
  • Leidėjas: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781509955381
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This book examines why laws fail and provides strategies for making laws that work.

Why do some laws fail? And how can we make laws that actually work? This helpful guide, written by a leading jurist, provides answers to these questions and gives practical strategies for law-making. It looks at a range of laws which have failed; the 'damp squibs' that achieve little or nothing in practice; laws that overshoot their policy goals; laws that produce nasty surprises; and laws that backfire, undermining the very goals they were intended to advance.

It goes on to examine some of the reasons why such failures occur, drawing on insights from psychology and economics, including the work of Kahneman and others on how humans develop narratives about the ways in which the world works and make predictions about the future.

It provides strategies to reduce the risk of failure of legislative projects, including adopting a more structured and systematic approach to analysing the likely effects of the legislation; ensuring we identify the limits of our knowledge and the uncertainties of our predictions; and framing laws in a way that enables us to adjust the way they operate as new information becomes available or circumstances change.

Key themes include the importance of the institutions that administer the legislation, of default outcomes, and of the 'stickiness' of those defaults.

The book concludes with helpful checklists of questions to ask and issues to consider, which will be of benefit to anyone involved in designing legislation.

Daugiau informacijos

Written by a leading jurist, this book examines why laws fail and presents strategies for making laws that work.
Foreword v
Acknowledgements vii
List of Illustrations
xv
Introduction 1(10)
Who is this Book For?
1(1)
Key Themes
1(3)
The Book's Structure
4(1)
The Perspectives from which I have Written this Book
4(1)
Where to Next?
5(6)
PART I SETTING THE SCENE
1 When Legislation Fails
11(4)
2 The Ways in which Legislation Fails
15(16)
The Damp Squib
17(3)
The Overshoot
20(2)
Nasty Surprises
22(3)
The Backfire
25(2)
A Focus on how Legislation Changes Behaviour
27(4)
3 Learning from Past Failures
31(14)
Learning from Failure
31(2)
Causes of Legal Design Failures
33(1)
The Stories We Tell Ourselves about the Laws We Design
34(2)
The Importance of Team Composition and Dynamics
36(1)
A Better Model of the World for which We are Designing
37(2)
How Can We Do Better?
39(2)
The Implications of Our Limited Ability to Make Reliable Predictions
41(4)
4 How Humans (Including Legal Designers) Actually Make Decisions
45(14)
Over-Confidence
45(1)
Substitution
46(1)
The Availability Heuristic
46(2)
The Affect Heuristic
48(1)
The Anchoring Effect
48(2)
The Representativeness Heuristic
50(1)
Confirmation Bias
51(1)
Loss Aversion
51(1)
Status Quo Bias
52(1)
The Framing Effect
52(1)
Social Influences
53(1)
The Planning Fallacy
54(1)
The Impact of Bias and Noise in Legal Design
54(5)
PART II LESSONS FOR LEGAL DESIGNERS
5 Adopting a Structured Approach to Designing New Laws
59(5)
The Importance of a Structured Approach
59(1)
Responding to Uncertainty: Adaptive Legislation
60(1)
Some Tools to Improve How Legislation Works
60(1)
Who should do the Legal Design Work?
60(1)
Three Concerns
61(3)
6 What is the Current Position?
64(9)
What is the Current Law? How Does it Operate in Practice?
64(1)
The Gap between the Law on Paper and the Law in Operation
65(1)
Gathering Information about How Laws Operate
66(7)
7 What is the Legislation Aiming to Change?
73(3)
8 Who are the Audiences for the Legislation?
76(6)
9 What Institutions will the Legislation Depend on? Do they have the Capacity to Play their Role?
82(7)
Identifying the Relevant Institutions
82(1)
Do those Institutions have the Capacity to Play their Intended Role?
83(3)
Addressing Concerns about Institutional Capacity
86(3)
10 How will the Legislation Change Behaviour? How might that go Wrong?
89(10)
How will the Legislation Change Behaviour?
89(2)
Has this been Tried Elsewhere?
91(1)
Two Critical Questions
91(1)
How does the Law Operate Elsewhere? Is it a Success?
92(1)
Will Success Elsewhere Translate into Your Society?
93(1)
Summary: Precedents are Useful but Caution is Needed
93(1)
Is a Trial/Pilot an Option?
94(2)
Assessing the Risk of Failure to Achieve the Desired Change
96(1)
A Pre-Mortem for the Legislation
97(2)
11 Adaptive Legislation
99(15)
The Need for Adaptive Legislation
99(1)
Uncertainty about the Status Quo
100(1)
Uncertainty about the Effectiveness of the Legislation Over Time
100(1)
The Implications of Changing Technology
101(1)
Designing Adaptive Legislation
102(1)
Delegated Rule-Making
102(1)
Legislating Principles
103(1)
Some Hybrids
104(4)
Express Provision for Reviews?
108(1)
Express Provision for Experiments?
109(1)
The Need for a Baseline, and for Monitoring and Review
109(2)
Wilful Blindness
111(3)
12 The Implications of New and Emerging Technologies
114(7)
Laws should Adapt to Technological Change
114(3)
Harnessing New Technologies to Make Better Laws, and to Make Laws Work Better
117(4)
13 Cross-Border Issues
121(5)
Cross-Border Issues are Common
121(1)
Addressing Cross-Border Issues
122(4)
14 Adjusting Default Settings
126(10)
The Importance of Default Settings
126(1)
Adjusting Default Settings to Make it Easier to Benefit from Legislation
127(4)
Adjusting Default Settings to Address Institutional Capacity Concerns
131(2)
A Risk of Overshoots?
133(3)
15 Reducing Complexity
136(13)
Standards, Rules and Complexity
137(1)
Discretion
138(1)
Other Options for Reducing Complexity and Increasing Predictability
139(1)
The Importance of Institutions for Making these Approaches Work
140(1)
Institutional Arrangements that Avoid or Reduce Complexity
141(2)
Selecting an Appropriate Approach
143(6)
PART III THE CHECKLISTS
16 Checklists for Law Makers?
149(6)
The Structure of the Checklists
149(2)
How should the Checklists be Used?
151(4)
17 The Primary Checklist
155(7)
Item 1 What is the Current Position?
155(1)
Item 2 What is the Legislation Aiming to Change?
156(1)
Item 3 Who are the Audiences for the Legislation?
157(1)
Item 4 What Institutions will the Legislation Depend on? Do they have the Capacity to Play their Role?
157(1)
Item 5 Has this been Tried Elsewhere? How did that Go? How Relevant is their Experience?
157(1)
Item 6 Is a Trial/Pilot an Option?
158(1)
Item 7 How will the Legislation Contribute to Changes in Behaviour?
158(1)
Item 8 Can the Legislation Adapt to take Account of New Information and/or Changed Circumstances?
159(1)
Item 9 Does the Legislation take Cross-Border Issues into Account?
159(1)
Item 10 Telling the Story -- The Narrative Explaining the Reasons for the Reform
160(2)
18 Benefits Checklist
162(9)
B1 Who is the Legislation Intended to Benefit? What Benefits are those Beneficiaries Intended to Obtain?
163(1)
B2 What Criteria do the Beneficiaries Need to Meet to Qualify for those Benefits?
164(1)
B3 How will the Beneficiaries Become Aware of the Availability of those Benefits, and How to Obtain them?
165(1)
B4 Can Receipt of those Benefits be made a Default Setting that does not require any Specific Action from Beneficiaries?
166(1)
B5 If Beneficiaries are Required to make an Active Decision, or take Active Steps, What can be Done to make this as Simple and Easy as Possible?
167(4)
19 Compliance Checklist
171(8)
C1 Who is Required to take Steps to Comply with the Legislation? What is each Relevant Compliance Group Required to Do?
172(1)
C2 Can Some Compliance Obligations be Reduced or Eliminated?
172(2)
C3 How will each Compliance Group be made Aware of their Obligations?
174(1)
C4 What can be Done to Make Compliance as Simple and Easy as Possible?
175(1)
C5 What can be Done to Encourage Compliance?
176(3)
20 Institutions Checklist
179(8)
I1 What Institutions will Play a Role in Implementing the Legislation? What Decisions and Actions will they be Required to Take?
179(1)
I2 Will each of those Institutions have the Capacity and Will to Perform its Role?
180(1)
I3 How can any Concerns about Institutional Capacity be Addressed?
181(1)
I1 Improving the Checklists
182(5)
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Legislation Checklists
187(6)
The Primary Checklist
187(3)
Benefits Checklist
190(1)
Compliance Checklist
191(1)
Institutions Checklist
192(1)
Appendix 2 Background Reading for Legal Designers
193(2)
Highly Recommended Reading
193(1)
Suggested Reading
193(2)
Index 195
David Goddard is a Judge of the Court of Appeal, New Zealand.
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