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Malingering, Feigning, and Response Bias in Psychiatric/ Psychological Injury: Implications for Practice and Court 2014 ed. [Kietas viršelis]

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This book is a comprehensive analysis of the definitions, concepts, and recent research on malingering, feigning, and other response biases in psychological injury/ forensic disability populations. It presents a new model of malingering and related biases, and develops a “diagnostic” system based on it that is applicable to PTSD, chronic pain, and TBI. Included are suggestions for effective practice and future research based on the literature reviews and the new systems, which are useful also because they can be used readily by psychiatrists as much as psychologists.

In Malingering, Feigning, and Response Style Assessment in Psychiatric/Psychological Injury, Dr. Young ambitiously sets out to articulate and synthesize the polarities involved in the assessment of response styles in psychological disabilities, including PTSD, pain, and TBI. He does so thoroughly and very even-handedly, neither minimizing the degree that outright faking can be found in substantial numbers of examinees, nor disregarding the possibility that there can be causes for validity test failure other than malingering. He reviews the prior systems for classifying evidence of malingering, and proposes his own criteria for feigned PTSD. These are conservative and well-grounded in the prior literature. Finally, the book contains dozens of very recent references, giving testament to Dr. Young's immersion in the personal injury literature, as might be expected from his experience as founder and Editor in Chief for Psychological Injury and the Law.

Reviewer:
Steve Rubenzer, Ph.D., ABPP

Board Certified Forensic Psychologist



This book analyzes definitions, concepts and recent research to offer a new model of malingering, feigning and other biases, and develops an associated diagnostic system applicable to PTSD, chronic pain and TBI. Presents ideas on practice and future research.

Recenzijos

Malingering, Feigning, and Response Bias in Psychiatric/Psychological Injury provides much food for thought and contains a great deal of content that forensic psychiatrists and psychologists, as well as clinicians, would find helpful. It would be a worthy holding for libraries at academic medical centers, as well as for specialists who frequently encounter feigned presentations of psychopathology. (Nicholas Kontos, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol. 76 (4), April, 2015)

Part I Psychological Injury, Malingering, Definitions, Gold Standards, Models
1 Introduction: Psychological Injury, Malingering, Ethics, and Law
3(22)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Book Summary
4(1)
1.3 First Part
5(2)
1.4 Second Part
7(1)
1.5 Third Part
8(2)
1.6 Fourth Part
10(1)
1.7 Fifth and Sixth Parts
10(1)
1.8 Conclusions on the Book's Contributions
11(2)
1.9 The Field of Psychological Injury Defined: Wikipedia Entry by the Author (Modified)
13(1)
1.10 Psychological Injury and Law
14(1)
1.11 Assessment and Malingering
15(1)
1.12 Diagnosis and Treatment
15(1)
1.13 Major Psychological Injuries
16(1)
1.14 Disability and Return to Work
17(1)
1.15 Psychological Testing and Tests
18(1)
1.16 Causality
19(1)
1.17 Value of the Field and Validity of the Injuries
19(1)
1.18
Chapter Conclusion
20(1)
References
20(5)
2 Malingering: Definitional and Conceptual Ambiguities and Prevalence or Base Rates
25(28)
2.1 Introduction
25(2)
2.2 Conceptual and Definitional Ambiguities
27(4)
2.2.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.2.2 Different Approaches to the Same Terms
28(2)
2.2.3 Comment
30(1)
2.3 Recent Literature on Malingering and Related Response Biases
31(10)
2.3.1 Inconsistent Conceptualizations
31(3)
2.3.2 Consistencies
34(4)
2.3.3 Comment
38(3)
2.4 Research on Prevalence of Malingering and Related Response Biases
41(5)
2.4.1 Malingering Minimized
41(1)
2.4.2 Malingering Maximized
42(2)
2.4.3 Malingering Balanced
44(2)
2.5
Chapter Conclusion
46(1)
References
47(6)
3 Toward a Gold Standard in Malingering and Related Determinations
53(36)
3.1 Introduction
53(3)
3.2 The 2011 Rogers (and Colleagues) and Boone Exchange in Psychological Injury and Law
56(6)
3.2.1 Rogers
58(2)
3.2.2 Boone
60(1)
3.2.3 Comment
61(1)
3.3 Malingering/Feigning Detection Instruments and Related Tests and Scales in Psychiatric/Psychological Injury
62(3)
3.3.1 Evidence for Malingering/Feigning and Related Testing
62(3)
3.4 Tests of Malingering/Feigning and Related Biases
65(4)
3.4.1 Personality Tests
65(2)
3.4.2 Stand-Alone Tests
67(1)
3.4.3 Embedded Neuropsychological Indices
68(1)
3.5 Malingering in the Forensic Neuropsychological Context
69(5)
3.5.1 Introduction
69(1)
3.5.2 Explaining SVTs During Consent Seeking
69(1)
3.5.3 Defining Malingering and Its Prevalence
70(1)
3.5.4 How SVTs Work
70(1)
3.5.5 How SVTs are Validated
71(1)
3.5.6 Considerations in Test Selection and Administration
71(1)
3.5.7 Discounting Failed and Passed SVTs
72(1)
3.5.8 Review of Select Tests
72(1)
3.5.9 Comment
73(1)
3.6 Toward New Malingering Diagnostic Systems
74(3)
3.7
Chapter Conclusion
77(1)
References
78(11)
4 The MMPI-2-RF Personality Inventory in Psychological Injury Cases
89(20)
4.1 Introduction
89(2)
4.2 The MMPI-2-RF Personality Inventory
91(7)
4.2.1 Description of the MMPI-2-RF
91(2)
4.2.2 Validating Research on Using the MMPI-2-RF with Psychological Injury Evaluees
93(5)
4.3 MMPI-2-RF: More Details
98(2)
4.4
Chapter Conclusion
100(3)
References
103(6)
5 New Models of Malingering and Related Biases, Presentations, and Performances
109(36)
5.1 Introduction
109(2)
5.2 Models Related to Systemic Influences and Surveys
111(8)
5.2.1 Dimensions
111(2)
5.2.2 Curves
113(6)
5.3 Analyzing Existing Models and Criteria of Malingering and Related Response Biases
119(10)
5.3.1 Introduction
119(2)
5.3.2 Details of the MND Model
121(1)
5.3.3 Details of the MPRD Model
122(1)
5.3.4 Examples of Inconsistencies/Discrepancies
122(3)
5.3.5 Comparing Inconsistencies/Discrepancies in the MND and MPRD Models
125(3)
5.3.6 Rubenzer's (2009) System for PTSD
128(1)
5.4 Creating a New Malingering Detection System for PTSD
129(4)
5.4.1 Principles
129(2)
5.4.2 Specific Changes to the MND/MPRD Systems
131(2)
5.5 Criteria for a System of Detecting Non-credible, Feigned, or Malingered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related Disability/Dysfunction (F-PTSDR-D)
133(8)
5.5.1 The F-PTSDR-D Model
133(1)
5.5.2 Major Parameters of the F-PTSDR-D Model
133(6)
5.5.3 The 60 Testing Rules of the Present System
139(1)
5.5.4 Integrating the Ratings of the Models
140(1)
5.6
Chapter Conclusion
141(2)
References
143(2)
6 Diagnostic System for Malingered PTSD and Related Response Biases: Details in Tabular Format
145(24)
6.1 Introduction and Conclusion
145(20)
References
165(4)
Part II Malingering Detection, Law, Causality
7 Deconstructing Favorable and Unfavorable Malingering-Attribution Perspectives
169(32)
7.1 Introduction
169(2)
7.2 Malingering Unfavorable Perspectives
171(8)
7.2.1 Initial Issues
171(6)
7.2.2 Critical Issues
177(2)
7.3 Malingering Favorable Perspectives
179(13)
7.3.1 Initial Issues
179(5)
7.3.2 Testing Issues
184(3)
7.3.3 Critical Issues :
187(5)
7.4
Chapter Conclusion
192(2)
References
194(7)
8 Other Contrasting Approaches to Malingering Detection
201(28)
8.1 Introduction
201(1)
8.2 The Ambiguity of Malingering
202(15)
8.2.1 Factors Influencing Malingering Determinations in Faust et al. (2012a)
202(10)
8.2.2 Factors Influencing Malingering Determinations in Faust et al. (2012b)
212(5)
8.2.3 Conclusion
217(1)
8.3 Further Contrasts on Malingering Detection
217(5)
8.4
Chapter Conclusion
222(1)
References
223(6)
9 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Controversies, Diagnosis, and Malingering
229(34)
9.1 Introduction
229(3)
9.2 PTSD: Issues and Assessment
232(20)
9.2.1 Issues
232(20)
9.3
Chapter Conclusion
252(1)
References
252(11)
10 Psychological Injury: Law and Causality
263(30)
10.1 Introduction
263(2)
10.2 Other Approaches to Malingering
265(3)
10.2.1 Review
265(2)
10.2.2 Interim Conclusion
267(1)
10.3 Malingering in Court and Practice
268(6)
10.3.1 Review
268(4)
10.3.2 Interim Conclusion
272(2)
10.4 Evidence Law
274(3)
10.5 Tort and Related Law
277(2)
10.6 Causality
279(9)
10.7
Chapter Conclusion
288(1)
References
288(5)
11 Leading the Field in Understanding and Testing Malingering And Related Response Styles: The Work of Richard Rogers
293(26)
11.1 Introduction
293(1)
11.2 Review
294(19)
11.2.1 Interim Conclusion
311(2)
11.3
Chapter Conclusion
313(1)
References
314(5)
Part III Psychological Injury, Assessment, Most Recent Literature
12 Assessing Psychological Injuries and Malingering: Evaluator Considerations
319(22)
12.1 Introduction
319(1)
12.2 Components of the Comprehensive Psychological/ Psychiatric Injury Assessment
320(1)
12.3 Indications, Inconsistencies, and Incontrovertible Evidence
321(7)
12.4 Evaluator Biases and Errors
328(6)
12.5 Cautions and Appropriate Strategies in Assessment
334(2)
12.6
Chapter Conclusion
336(2)
References
338(3)
13 Assessing Psychological Injuries and Malingering: PTSD and Evaluee Considerations
341(20)
13.1 Introduction
341(1)
13.2 Evaluating Malingered PTSD
342(4)
13.3 Assessing Malingering: Evaluee Factors
346(11)
13.4
Chapter Conclusion
357(1)
References
358(3)
14 Assessing Psychological Injuries and Malingering: Disability and Report Writing
361(24)
14.1 Introduction
361(1)
14.2 Disability
362(6)
14.3 Assessing Malingering: Integrations for Report Writing
368(5)
14.4 Legal Aspects and Testimony
373(9)
14.5
Chapter Conclusion
382(1)
References
382(3)
15 Slick-Sherman's 2012-2013 Revision of the 1999 Slick et al. MND System
385(16)
15.1 Introduction
385(1)
15.2 Revision of the MND
386(10)
15.2.1 Introduction
386(2)
15.2.2 Name Change
388(1)
15.2.3 Broadening the Criteria
388(3)
15.2.4 Comparing the Revised MND Model to the Present Model
391(4)
15.2.5 Conclusions
395(1)
15.3 Differential Diagnosis
396(3)
15.4
Chapter Conclusion
399(1)
References
399(2)
16 Symptom Validity Assessment, MTBI, and Malingering in Carone and Bush (2013)
401(30)
16.1 Introduction
401(2)
16.2 Review of Carone and Bush (2013)
403(16)
16.2.1 History
403(1)
16.2.2 Clinical Judgment
403(1)
16.2.3 Ethics
404(1)
16.2.4 SVTs
404(1)
16.2.5 Explaining SVT Failure
405(2)
16.2.6 Research on SVTs in MTBI Cases
407(1)
16.2.7 Free-Standing SVTs
408(2)
16.2.8 Embedded Cognitive SVTs
410(4)
16.2.9 Personality Tests in Symptom Validity Assessment
414(1)
16.2.10 Response Bias Detection by Non-neuropsychologists
415(1)
16.2.11 Assessing Non-credible Function Outside of Memory in MTBI
416(1)
16.2.12 The Brain in Deception and Malingering
417(1)
16.2.13 Symptom Validity Testing for Pain and PTSD
418(1)
16.2.14 Special Populations
419(1)
16.3
Chapter Conclusion
419(2)
References
421(10)
17 Most Recent Journal Article Review
431(24)
17.1 Introduction
431(1)
17.2 Canons in Forensic Disability and Related Assessments: Under the Gun and Turned on Their Head
432(1)
17.2.1 Introduction
432(1)
17.3 Current Literature and Future Directions
433(3)
17.3.1 Symptom Validity Testing (In)Validity
433(3)
17.4 Free-Standing Measures
436(4)
17.4.1 MMPI-2-RF
437(1)
17.4.2 FBS-r
438(1)
17.4.3 PAI
439(1)
17.4.4 Rorschach
439(1)
17.5 Embedded Measures
440(1)
17.6 Combined Measures
441(2)
17.7 Computer Measures
443(1)
17.8 Never the Twain Shall Meet
443(4)
17.9 Court
447(1)
17.10 Conclusions
448(1)
References
448(7)
Part IV Psychological Injuries, Therapy, Ethics
18 MTBI and Pain
455(16)
18.1 Introduction
455(1)
18.2 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
456(5)
18.2.1 Issues
456(2)
18.2.2 Testing
458(3)
18.3 Chronic Pain
461(6)
18.3.1 Issues
461(5)
18.3.2 Testing
466(1)
18.4
Chapter Conclusion
467(1)
References
467(4)
19 An Instrument to Detect Pain Feigning: The Pain Feigning Detection Test (PFDT)
471(40)
19.1 Summary
471(2)
19.2 Introduction
473(9)
19.2.1 Absence of Pain Feigning Instruments
473(1)
19.2.2 Pain Feigning
473(1)
19.2.3 Checking Pain Feigning
474(7)
19.2.4 Understanding Pain
481(1)
19.2.5 Proposing the Pain Feigning Detection Test (PFDT)
482(1)
19.3 Rationale for the Instrument
482(2)
19.3.1 Primary Goal
482(1)
19.3.2 Other Considerations
483(1)
19.3.3 What the Instrument Is Not
484(1)
19.4 Instrument Development
484(3)
19.4.1 Overview
484(1)
19.4.2 Structure
485(1)
19.4.3 Scores
485(1)
19.4.4 Deriving Scores
486(1)
19.5 Validation
487(1)
19.6 Using the Instrument
487(3)
19.6.1 Introduction
487(1)
19.6.2 Analyzing Scores
488(1)
19.6.3 Comparing Scores
488(1)
19.6.4 Interpretation
489(1)
19.7 Other Proposed Pain Malingering Detection Instruments
490(5)
19.7.1 The LAQ
490(5)
19.8
Chapter Conclusion
495(2)
19.8.1 Instrument Development Program
495(1)
19.8.2 Cautions/Limitations
496(1)
19.8.3 In Court
497(1)
Appendix
497(8)
References
505(6)
20 Confusions and Confounds in Conversion Disorder
511(24)
20.1 Introduction
511(1)
20.2 Conversion Disorder
511(1)
20.3 A Problematic Diagnosis: Conversion Disorder
512(6)
20.3.1 Diagnosis
512(1)
20.3.2 Recommendations for Change
513(3)
20.3.3 Comment
516(2)
20.4 History and Models
518(6)
20.4.1 History
518(3)
20.4.2 Models
521(3)
20.5 Expanded Biopsychosocial Model
524(4)
20.5.1 Biological Factors
526(1)
20.5.2 Psychological Factors
527(1)
20.5.3 Ecological Factors
527(1)
20.6 Recommended DSM Approach to Conversion Disorder
528(1)
20.7
Chapter Conclusion
528(3)
20.7.1 Summary
528(1)
20.7.2 Commentary
529(2)
References
531(4)
21 Therapy in Psychological Injury
535(32)
21.1 Introduction
535(1)
21.2 Introduction to Therapy
536(1)
21.3 The Biopsychosocial Approach to Therapy
536(2)
21.3.1 Model
536(1)
21.3.2 Stress
537(1)
21.3.3 Comment
537(1)
21.4 Therapy and Court
538(1)
21.5 Evidence-Based Therapy in Psychological Injury
539(1)
21.6 Major Schools of Practice of Psychotherapy
540(2)
21.7 Componential Approach to Psychotherapy
542(9)
21.7.1 Psychoeducational, Instructional
542(1)
21.7.2 Physiological
543(2)
21.7.3 Behavioral
545(2)
21.7.4 Action Tendencies, Inhibitory Control
547(1)
21.7.5 Cognitive
547(1)
21.7.6 Affective, Emotional, Intrapersonal
548(1)
21.7.7 Social, Relational, Interpersonal
549(1)
21.7.8 Self Esteem, Motivational
550(1)
21.7.9 Coping, Problem Solving
550(1)
21.7.10 Broader Cognitive Constructions
550(1)
21.7.11 Conclusion
551(1)
21.8 Rehabilitation
551(5)
21.8.1 Models
551(2)
21.8.2 Recent Research and Reviews
553(2)
21.8.3 Comment
555(1)
21.9 Transdiagnostic and Unified Approaches to Psychotherapy
556(2)
21.9.1 Models
556(2)
21.9.2 Research
558(1)
21.10
Chapter Conclusions
558(3)
References
561(6)
22 Ethics in Psychological Injury and Law
567(26)
22.1 Introduction
567(1)
22.2 Ethical Guidelines and Practice
568(13)
22.3 Ethical Thought and Decision Making
581(2)
22.3.1 Introduction
581(1)
22.3.2 Ethical Concepts
581(2)
22.4 Ethical Decision Making
583(3)
22.5 Ethical Practice
586(1)
22.6 Broad Ethics: A Model for Psychological Injury and Law
587(1)
22.7
Chapter Conclusion
588(1)
References
589(4)
23 A Transdiagnostic Therapeutic Module on Free Will and Change
593(18)
23.1 Introduction
593(1)
23.2 Free Will in Psychotherapy
593(1)
23.3 The Transdiagnostic Psychotherapeutic Module on Free Will Belief and Change
594(12)
23.4
Chapter Conclusion
606(2)
References
608(3)
24 A Model of Ethical Thought and Ethical Decision-Making
611(18)
24.1 Introduction
611(1)
24.2 Ethical Thought and Decision-Making
612(9)
24.2.1 The Kitcheners' Model
612(1)
24.2.2 Young's Model
612(5)
24.2.3 Extensions of Young's Model
617(4)
24.3 Models of Free Will and Controversies
621(3)
24.4
Chapter Conclusions
624(2)
References
626(3)
Part V Supplements - Testing, Systems
25 Selected Tests and Testing in Psychological Injury Evaluations I
629(16)
25.1 Introduction
629(1)
25.2 Testing
630(2)
25.3 PTSD
632(10)
25.3.1 Overview
632(2)
25.3.2 DAPS and TSI-2
634(4)
25.3.3 PTSD Criteria
638(4)
25.4
Chapter Conclusion
642(1)
References
642(3)
26 Selected Tests and Testing in Psychological Injury Evaluations II
645(22)
26.1 Introduction
645(2)
26.2 Testing
647(8)
26.3 Personality Inventories
655(3)
26.3.1 MMPI-2
655(1)
26.3.2 The Rorschach
656(2)
26.4 A Symptom Validity Test: The Victoria Symptom Validity Test
658(1)
26.5
Chapter Conclusion
659(1)
References
660(7)
27 Diagnostic System for Malingered PTSD Disability/Dysfunction and Related Negative Response Biases: User Version and Worksheet
667(44)
27.1 Introduction
667(2)
27.2 The PID-FMR-S Systems
669(1)
27.3 Conclusions: Review of Contributions of Part I of the Book
669(34)
Worksheet
703(6)
Worksheet for Non-Credible System Feigned Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related Disability/Dysfunction
703(6)
References
709(2)
28 Diagnostic System for Malingered Neurocognitive Disability/Dysfunction and Related Negative Response Biases
711(32)
28.1 Introduction
711(29)
References
740(3)
29 Diagnostic System for Malingered Pain Disability/Dysfunction and Related Negative Response Biases
743(34)
29.1 Introduction
743(29)
References
772(5)
Part VI Terms, Education, Study, Conclusions
30 Glossary and Discussion of Terms
777(20)
30.1 Introduction
777(15)
30.2
Chapter Conclusion
792(1)
References
793(4)
31 Education
797(18)
31.1 Introduction
797(1)
31.2 Case Examples (Hypothetical)
798(1)
31.3 Psychology Graduate Course Proposal
799(2)
31.3.1 Fundamentals of Psychological Injury and Law
799(2)
31.4 Syllabus
801(9)
31.4.1 A Half-Course in 30 Modules 12-3 Modulesper Lecture)
801(8)
31.4.2 Psychological Injury and Law Practicum
809(1)
31.5
Chapter Conclusion
810(3)
References
813(2)
32 Study Guide Questions, Teaching Objectives, and Learning Outcomes
815(40)
32.1 Introduction
815(2)
32.2 Overview
817(1)
32.3 General, Review, and Thinking Questions
818(6)
32.3.1 General Questions (Chaps. 1, 2, 3, and 4 Mostly)
818(1)
32.3.2 Core Questions (Chaps. 5 and 6 Mostly)
819(1)
32.3.3 Assessment
820(1)
32.3.4 Tests
821(1)
32.3.5 Terms
822(1)
32.3.6 Overview
823(1)
32.4 Specific Study Questions (on Details, Some Thinking Questions)
824(23)
32.4.1
Chapter 1
824(1)
32.4.2
Chapter 2
824(2)
32.4.3
Chapter 3
826(2)
32.4.4
Chapter 4
828(1)
32.4.5
Chapter 5
828(2)
32.4.6
Chapter 6
830(1)
32.4.7
Chapter 7
831(1)
32.4.8
Chapter 8
832(1)
32.4.9
Chapter 9
832(1)
32.4.10
Chapter 10 :
833(1)
32.4.11
Chapter 11
834(1)
32.4.12
Chapter 12
835(1)
32.4.13
Chapter 13
835(1)
32.4.14
Chapter 14
835(1)
32.4.15
Chapter 15
836(1)
32.4.16
Chapter 16
837(1)
32.4.17
Chapter 17
838(1)
32.4.18
Chapter 18
839(1)
32.4.19
Chapter 19
840(1)
32.4.20
Chapter 20
840(1)
32.4.21
Chapter 21
840(2)
32.4.22
Chapter 22
842(1)
32.4.23
Chapter 23
843(1)
32.4.24
Chapter 24
843(1)
32.4.25
Chapter 30
844(2)
32.4.26
Chapter 33
846(1)
32.4.27
Chapter 34
846(1)
32.5 Final Conclusion
847(1)
References
847(8)
33 PTSD and Malingering: Tests, Diagnostics, Cut Scores, and Cautions
855(26)
33.1 Introduction
855(2)
33.2 Testing
857(2)
33.3 Cut Scores
859(13)
33.3.1 Introduction
859(1)
33.3.2 MMPI-2-RF
860(3)
33.3.3 MMPI-2
863(1)
33.3.4 PAI
864(2)
33.3.5 Forced-Choice Tests
866(1)
33.3.6 Structured Interviews
867(4)
33.3.7 Self-Report Measures
871(1)
33.4 Literature Review
872(2)
33.5
Chapter Conclusion
874(1)
References
874(7)
34 Book Conclusions
881(18)
34.1 Introduction
881(1)
34.2 DSM-5
881(1)
34.3 Final Research Review
882(4)
34.3.1 Research
882(3)
34.3.2 Comment
885(1)
34.4 Conclusions
886(2)
34.4.1 Overview
886(1)
34.4.2 Recommendations
887(1)
34.5 Addendum
888(5)
34.5.1 Disability Evaluations: Psychologist
888(2)
34.5.2 Disability Evaluations: Psychiatrist
890(1)
34.5.3 Problematic PTSD and Assessment
891(1)
34.5.4 Malingering and SVTs
892(1)
References
893(6)
Index 899
Gerald Young, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor at Glendon College, York University. He is Editor-in-Chief of Psychological Injury and Law and President of the Association for Scientific Advancement in Psychological Injury and Law. He has published other works in the area (e.g., Causality of Psychological Injury: Presenting Evidence in Court, 2007). His other area of research is in child development (Development and Causality: Neo-Piagetian Perspectives, 2011), which was referred to in a review as his magnum opus and as remarkable. His most recent trade book is called You Can Rejoin Joy: Blogging for Todays Psychology (2013; rejoiningjoy.com). He may be reached at gyoung@glendon.yorku.ca.