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El. knyga: Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Frameworks, methodologies, and integration

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Edited by (University of Southampton, UK), Edited by (University of St. Andrews, UK), Edited by (University of St. Andrews, UK)
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Jul-2012
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191637384
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Frameworks, methodologies, and integrationDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Jul-2012
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191637384
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The biological composition and richness of most of the Earth's major ecosystems are being dramatically and irreversibly transformed by anthropogenic activity. Yet, despite the vast areal extent of our oceans, the mainstay of research to-date in the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning arena has been weighted towards ecological observations and experimentation in terrestrial plant and soil systems. This book provides a framework for examining the mechanistic processes transferable to marine systems.

Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning is the first book to address the latest advances in biodiversity-function science using marine examples. It brings together contributions from the leading scientists in the field to provide an in-depth evaluation of the science, before offering a perspective on future research directions for some of the most pressing environmental issues facing society today and in the future.

Recenzijos

I will highly recommend this book in its entirety to students, perticularly at postgraduate level, as well as researchers and practitioners with an interest and background in the field. This book covers all you ever needed and/or wanted to know about biodiversity, and more specifically about the relationship between diversity and how the ecosystem functions in the marine environment.

List of Contributors
x
1 Marine biodiversity: its past development, present status, and future threats
1(15)
Stephen Widdicombe
Paul J. Somerfield
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 What is biodiversity?
2(1)
1.3 Comparing marine and terrestrial biodiversity
2(1)
1.4 The rise of marine biodiversity
3(1)
1.5 The distribution of marine biodiversity
4(1)
1.6 Human impacts on marine biodiversity
5(2)
1.7 The relationship between global climate and marine biodiversity
7(1)
1.8 Could marine biodiversity be facing large-scale climate-induced extinction?
8(1)
1.9 Additional impacts of CO2 on the marine environment
9(2)
1.10 Hypoxia and `dead zones'
11(1)
1.11 Summary
12(4)
2 Biodiversity in the context of ecosystem function
16(8)
Anne E. Magurran
2.1 Historical development of the concept
16(1)
2.2 Biological diversity---meaning and measurement
17(2)
2.3 Biodiversity in the context of function
19(2)
2.4 Conclusions
21(3)
3 Ecosystem function and co-evolution of terminology in marine science and management
24(10)
David M. Paterson
Emma C. Defew
Julia Jabour
3.1 Introduction
24(1)
3.2 What's in a name? Ecosystem function
25(2)
3.2.1 Ecosystem function defined
25(2)
3.3 Measuring ecosystem function
27(2)
3.4 Ecological terms and the co-evolutionary model
29(1)
3.5 Co-evolution, policy drivers, and opportunities
30(1)
3.6 Conclusions
31(3)
4 Ecological consequences of declining biodiversity: a biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) framework for marine systems
34(18)
Shahid Naeem
4.1 The significance of marine biological diversity
34(3)
4.1.1 Significance
34(1)
4.1.2 A three-point framework for marine biodiversity
35(2)
4.2 Marine biodiversity and ecosystem function
37(4)
4.2.1 Daunting scales
37(1)
4.2.2 Marine biodiversity
37(3)
4.2.3 Marine ecosystem functioning
40(1)
4.3 Marine biotic impoverishment
41(1)
4.4 Marine BEF findings
42(1)
4.5 The fundamental marine BEF relationship in abstraction
43(3)
4.5.1 Where's the inflection point?
43(1)
4.5.2 The BEF curve for marine systems
44(2)
4.6 Synthesis
46(2)
4.6.1 A simple but telling marine BEF framework
46(1)
4.6.2 Remember the humongous multipliers
47(1)
4.6.3 Future directions
47(1)
4.7 Conclusions
48(4)
5 Lessons from the fossil record: the Ediacaran radiation, the Cambrian radiation, and the end-Permian mass extinction
52(21)
Stephen Q. Dornbos
Matthew E. Clapham
Margaret L. Fraiser
Marc Laflamme
5.1 Introduction
52(1)
5.2 Strengths and limitations of the geological record
52(2)
5.3 Ediacaran ecosystems
54(6)
5.3.1 Productivity-biodiversity relationship
56(1)
5.3.2 Influence of bioturbation on ecosystem functioning
57(2)
5.3.3 Species richness-functional diversity relationship
59(1)
5.4 Cambrian ecosystems
60(2)
5.4.1 Productivity-biodiversity relationship
60(1)
5.4.2 Influence of bioturbation on ecosystem functioning
61(1)
5.4.3 Species richness-functional diversity relationship
61(1)
5.5 The end-Permian mass extinction and its aftermath
62(3)
5.5.1 Environmental changes during the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic
62(1)
5.5.2 Permian-Triassic marine nutrient levels and primary productivity
62(2)
5.5.3 Productivity-biodiversity-biomass relationship
64(1)
5.5.4 Discussion
65(1)
5.6 Conclusions
65(8)
6 The analysis of biodiversity-ecosystem function experiments: partitioning richness and density-dependent effects
73(12)
Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi
Elena Maggi
6.1 Introduction
73(2)
6.2 Partitioning richness and abundance effects
75(2)
6.3 Empirical example
77(3)
6.3.1 Experimental layout
77(1)
6.3.2 Fitting the mixed-effect model and evaluating contrasts
78(2)
6.4 Results
80(1)
6.5 Conclusions
81(4)
7 The importance of body size, abundance, and food-web structure for ecosystem functioning
85(16)
Mark C. Emmerson
7.1 Introduction
85(2)
7.1 Historical context and the evolution of an idea
87(4)
7.2.1 Integrating body mass, abundance, and food-web structure into biodiversity and ecosystem functioning studies
89(2)
7.3 The relevance of body mass to biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research
91(2)
7.4 Abundance, body mass, and species diversity patterns
93(4)
7.5 Conclusions
97(4)
8 Effects of biodiversity-environment conditions on the interpretation of biodiversity-function relations
101(14)
Jasmin A. Godbold
8.1 Introduction
101(1)
8.2 Methods of analysis
102(3)
8.2.1 Compilation of publications
102(1)
8.2.2 Calculation of effect sizes
103(1)
8.2.3 Extraction of data
104(1)
8.2.4 Statistical Analysis
104(1)
8.3 Are alternative drivers of change more important than species richness for ecosystem properties?
105(3)
8.3.1 Summary of studies focusing on relationship between species richness and ecosystem properties
105(2)
8.3.2 Effects of species richness and/or additional drivers of change on ecosystem properties
107(1)
8.3.3 Distinguishing the effects of biodiversity, the abiotic and/or biotic environment on ecosystem properties
107(1)
8.4 Conclusions
108(7)
9 Extending the approaches of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning to the deep ocean
115(12)
Roberto Danovaro
9.1 Deep-sea ecosystems: characteristics, biodiversity, and functioning
115(2)
9.2 Approaches to the investigation of deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
117(2)
9.2.1 Biodiversity metrics
118(1)
9.2.2 Functional diversity
118(1)
9.2.3 Deep-sea ecosystem functioning
118(1)
9.2.4 Variables used for measuring ecosystem efficiency
119(1)
9.3 Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the deep sea
119(4)
9.4 Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in different deep-sea ecosystems
123(1)
9.5 Conclusions and perspectives
124(3)
10 Incorporating extinction risk and realistic biodiversity futures: implementation of trait-based extinction scenarios
127(22)
Martin Solan
Finlay Scott
Nicholas K. Dulvy
Jasmin A. Godbold
Ruth Parker
10.1 Introduction
127(2)
10.2 How to implement non-random extinction scenarios
129(4)
10.3 Case study: implications of regional biodiversity loss on carbon cycling in the shelf sea sediments of the North Sea
133(3)
10.3.1 Study sites and data collection
133(1)
10.3.2 Benthic bioturbation characterization
134(2)
10.3.3 Modelling
136(1)
10.3.4 Estimating non-linear changes in ecosystem functioning
136(1)
10.4 Results and discussion
136(4)
10.5 Conclusions and recommendations
140(9)
11 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: an ecosystem-level approach
149(15)
David Raffaelli
Alan M. Friedlander
11.1 The need to work at seascape scales
149(1)
11.2 Building a credible evidence base
150(1)
11.3 Case study 1: The Ythan estuary, Scotland
151(3)
11.3.1 Biodiversity in the two periods
152(1)
11.3.2 Ecological functioning in the two periods
153(1)
11.4 Case study 2: Hawaii and the northern Line Islands, central Pacific
154(2)
11.4.1 Hawaii
155(1)
11.4.2 Northern Line Islands
155(1)
11.5 Effects of fishing on fish assemblage structure
156(2)
11.5.1 Hawaii
156(1)
11.5.2 Northern Line Islands
157(1)
11.6 Implications for ecosystem function
158(1)
11.7 Conclusions
159(5)
12 Multitrophic biodiversity and the responses of marine ecosystems to global change
164(21)
J. Emmett Duffy
John J. Stachowicz
John F. Bruno
12.1 Introduction
164(2)
12.2 How and why biodiversity is changing in oceans and estuaries
166(8)
12.3 Lessons learned: different designs for different questions
174(3)
12.4 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the Anthropocene
177(8)
13 Reality check: issues of scale and abstraction in biodiversity research, and potential solutions
185(15)
Tasman P. Crowe
Matthew E. S. Bracken
Nessa E. O'Connor
13.1 Introduction
185(1)
13.2 At which spatial and temporal scales have most biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) studies been conducted to date?
186(1)
13.3 What important ecological processes or patterns may be lost in abstracting BEF experimental systems from natural ecosystems?
187(3)
13.4 Does the reduced temporal/spatial scale or compromised ecological realism of marine BEF studies affect our ability to extrapolate results to other systems?
190(2)
13.5 Relative merits of different approaches to overcoming limitations of BEF studies
192(3)
13.5.1 Empirical research to elucidate ecological concepts
192(1)
13.5.2 Empirical research for direct application to management/conservation
193(2)
13.6 Conclusions
195(5)
14 Why bother going outside: the role of observational studies in understanding biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships
200(15)
Simon F. Thrush
Andrew M. Lohrer
14.1 The role of observation in the design, execution, and interpretation of BEF relationships
200(3)
14.2 The heterogeneous nature of seafloor landscapes
203(2)
14.3 Observing the nature of functions
205(2)
14.4 Scaling laws and relevance to BEF
207(2)
14.5 A more integrative approach to empirical research in biodiversity-ecosystem function studies
209(6)
15 Implementing an ecosystem approach: predicting and safeguarding marine biodiversity futures
215(20)
Alison R. Holt
Caroline Hattam
Stephen Mangi
Anton Edwards
Scot Mathieson
15.1 Introduction
215(1)
15.1.1 Taking an ecosystem approach
215(1)
15.2 Ecosystem services, function, and biodiversity
216(4)
15.2.1 Taking a systems perspective
219(1)
15.2.2 Linking ecology and economics
220(1)
15.3 An economic framework for ecosystem services
220(2)
15.3.1 Valuation of ecosystem services
221(1)
15.3.2 Valuation methods
222(1)
15.4 A framework for implementing an ecosystem approach
222(7)
15.5 Challenges for the future
229(6)
15.5.1 Science needs
229(1)
15.5.2 Policy needs
230(1)
15.5.3 Conclusions
231(4)
Index 235
Martin Solan is a marine benthic ecologist with broad interests in understanding biodiversity-environment interactions and the ecosystem consequences of altered diversity and environmental change. A key component of his research has been the development of in situ marine technology for the observation of organism-sediment relations, enabling changes in invertebrate behaviour to be related to environmental conditions at the temporal and spatial scales at which they occur. The technologies he uses have been instrumental in understanding the contribution of past and present benthic communities to ecosystem functioning and have informed the design of complex manipulative laboratory and field experiments that seek to understand the ecological consequences of species loss. In establishing this area of research, he has been influential in modifying approaches originally developed in terrestrial grassland systems for marine benthic environments.



Beccy Aspden is currently a post doctoral research assistant at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland. She graduated from the University Plymouth in 2000 with a BSc in Marine Biology and Coastal Ecology. During August 2000 she carried out an internship at the Alfred Wegner Institute in Sylt, Germany, studying the effects of a tube building polychaete reef on the sediment and faunal diversities within and surrounding it. During the next 12 months she worked for a marine and freshwater consultancy agency (Unicomarine Ltd), during which she undertook the identification of invertebrate fauna found within samples taken for various contracts. These contracts included port development and dredging, coastal protection, fishery studies, and habitat surveys. Dr Aspden joined the Sediment Ecology Research Group (University St Andrews) in 2001 to complete her Ph.D.

David Paterson is Head of the School of Biology at the University of St. Andrews and Director of the Sediment Ecology Research Group. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Bath in 1984 and was a Royal Society Research Fellow at the University of Bristol until moving to St Andrews. Professor Paterson has over 100 peer reviewed publications in the field of coastal ecology and dynamics and has interests in biodiversity, the ecology and dynamics of coastal depositional systems, ecosystem function and biofilm ecology.
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