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Marine Microbiology: Ecology & Applications [Minkštas viršelis]

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(University of Plymouth, UK)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 312 pages, weight: 651 g
  • Serija: Advanced Texts
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Oct-2003
  • Leidėjas: Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1859962882
  • ISBN-13: 9781859962886
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Marine Microbiology: Ecology & ApplicationsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 312 pages, weight: 651 g
  • Serija: Advanced Texts
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Oct-2003
  • Leidėjas: Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1859962882
  • ISBN-13: 9781859962886
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781859962886.html
Raktažodžiai:
Marine micro-organisms play a vital role in the maintenance of our planet, a fact which will have great bearing on our ability to respond to problems such as population increase, over-exploitation of fisheries, climate change and population. Powerful new tools, especially in molecular biology, remote sending and deep-sea exploration, have led to astonishing discoveries of the abundance and diversity of marine microbial life and its role in global ecology.
New tools and an increased interest in ecological factors have caused an upsurge of interest in this field of study. The book aims to convey the fascinating discoveries and great importance of this fast moving discipline to the student. Marine Microbiology is divided into three sections: the first reviews the main features of the marine environment and key aspects of marine microbial life; the second looks at the role of marine microorganisms in ecology, and the final section considers some of the applications of this knowledge, looking into areas such as disease and biodegradation.
List of research focus boxes xii
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Abbreviations xvii
Glossary of key terms xxi
1 Microbes in the marine environment
1(18)
1.1 What is marine microbiology?
1(1)
1.2 Biological organization and the evolution of life
2(3)
1.2.1 Cells
2(1)
1.2.2 The nature of viruses
2(1)
1.2.3 Phylogenetic approaches to classifying the living world
3(1)
1.2.4 The three-domain tree of life
3(2)
1.3 The importance of microbes in the living world
5(1)
1.4 The importance of size
5(3)
1.5 The world's oceans and seas
8(1)
1.6 Chemical and physical factors in the marine environment
9(1)
1.6.1 Properties of seawater
9(1)
1.6.2 Solar radiation and temperature
10(1)
1.7 Marine microbial habitats
10(7)
1.7.1 The water column and marine snow
10(3)
1.7.2 Sediments
13(1)
1.7.3 Microbial life at surfaces - biofilms and microbial mats
14(1)
1.7.4 Sea ice
14(1)
1.7.5 Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
15(2)
1.7.6 Living organisms as microbial habitats
17(1)
References and further reading
17(2)
2 Methods in marine microbiology 19(44)
2.1 Sampling and experimental approaches
19(2)
2.2 Microscopic methods
21(1)
2.2.1 Light microscopy
21(1)
2.2.2 Electron microscopy
21(1)
2.2.3 Con focal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)
21(1)
2.2.4 Epifluorescence light microscopy (ELM)
22(1)
2.3 Flow cytometry (FCM)
22(2)
2.4 Antibody-labeling techniques
24(1)
2.5 Laboratory culture
25(5)
2.5.1 The importance of cultural conditions
25(1)
2.5.2 Enrichment culture
26(1)
2.5.3 Isolation
26(2)
2.5.4 Biochemical methods for identification and taxonomy of bacteria
28(2)
2.6 Molecular methods
30(13)
2.6.1 The impact of molecular tools in marine microbial diversity
30(2)
2.6.2 Isolation of nucleic acids
32(1)
2.6.3 The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
33(3)
2.6.4 DNA sequencing
36(1)
2.6.5 Phylogenetic analysis
37(2)
2.6.6 Community fingerprinting
39(1)
2.6.7 Limitations of environmental analysis of nucleic acids
39(1)
2.6.8 Genomic fingerprinting and molecular markers
40(1)
2.6.9 Genomics
41(1)
2.6.10 Fluorescent In situ hybridization (FISH)
42(1)
2.6.11 GC ratios and DNA-DNA hybridization in bacterial taxonomy
43(1)
2.7 Detecting microbial activities in the marine environment
43(3)
2.7.1 The microenvironment
43(1)
2.7.2 Microelectrodes and biosensors
44(1)
2.7.3 Isotope methods
44(1)
2.7.4 Measurement of specific cell constituents
45(1)
2.7.5 Remote sensing
45(1)
References and further reading
46(3)
3 Structure of marine prokaryotes
49(14)
3.1 Overview of the Bacteria and Archaea
49(1)
3.2 Cell morphology and structure
49(1)
3.3 Cytoplasmic and internal membranes
49(2)
3.4 Inclusion bodies
51(1)
3.5 Prokaryotic genomes
52(1)
3.6 Ribosomes and protein synthesis
53(1)
3.7 Cell walls
54(1)
3.8 Capsules and the glycocalyx
55(1)
3.9 Motility of marine bacteria
56(4)
3.9.1 Flagella
56(1)
3.9.2 Chemotaxis and related behaviors
57(2)
3.9.3 Gliding motility
59(1)
3.10 Pili (fimbriae)
60(1)
References and further reading
60(3)
4 Physiology of marine prokaryotes 63(22)
4.1 Metabolic diversity and the importance of microbial communities
63(1)
4.2 Modes of nutrition in marine prokaryotes
63(1)
4.3 Energy-yielding processes
63(4)
4.3.1 Methods of ATP generation
63(1)
4.3.2 Phototrophy and primary productivity
64(2)
4.3.3 Fermentation
66(1)
4.3.4 Respiration
66(1)
4.3.5 Methanogenesis
66(1)
4.4 Nutrients needed for growth
67(4)
4.4.1 Macronutrients, micronutrients and trace elements
67(1)
4.4.2 Carbon
67(1)
4.4.3 Carbon dioxide fixation in autotrophs
67(1)
4.4.4 Nitrification and denitrification
68(1)
4.4.5 Nitrogen fixation
69(1)
4.4.6 Sulfur and phosphorus
69(1)
4.4.7 Iron
70(1)
4.5 Growth and the effects of nutrient concentration
71(6)
4.5.1 The bacterial growth cycle
71(1)
4.5.2 Cell viability
72(1)
4.5.3 Effects of nutrient concentration
73(2)
4.5.4 Growth on surfaces - microbial interactions and biofilm communities
75(2)
4.6 Extreme environmental conditions
77(5)
4.6.1 Low temperature
77(1)
4.6.2 High temperature
77(1)
4.6.3 High pressure
78(2)
4.6.4 Toxic effects of oxygen
80(1)
4.6.5 Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation
81(1)
4.6.6 High salt concentrations
81(1)
References and further reading
82(3)
5 Marine Bacteria 85(30)
5.1 Approaches to the study of prokaryotic diversity
85(1)
5.2 Prokaryote diversity In marine ecosystems revealed by culture-independent methods
86(2)
5.2.1 Cloning of 16S rRNA sequences from the environment
86(1)
5.2.2 The major phylogenetic groups of planktonic Bacteria
87(1)
5.3 Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria
88(3)
5.3.1 Purple sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria
88(2)
5.3.2 Roseobacter and Erythrobacter
90(1)
5.3.3 Green sulfur bacteria
91(1)
5.4 Oxygenic phototrophs - the Cyanobacteria
91(3)
5.4.1 Nature of the Cyanobacteria
91(1)
5.4.2 Morphology and taxonomy
92(1)
5.4.3 Nitrogen fixation
92(1)
5.4.4 Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus
93(1)
5.4.5 Microbial mats and stromatolites
94(1)
5.5 The nitrifying bacteria
94(1)
5.6 Sulfur- and iron-oxidizing chemolithotrophs
95(2)
5.6.1 Thiobacillus, Beggiatoa, Thiothrix and Thiovulum
95(1)
5.6.2 Thioploca and Thiomargarita
96(1)
5.7 Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria
97(1)
5.8 Aerobic methanotrophs and methylotrophs
97(1)
5.9 Pseudomonas, Alteromonas and Shewanella
98(1)
5.10 Free-living aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
98(1)
5.11 The Enterobacteriaceae
99(1)
5.12 Vibrio and related genera
99(1)
5.12.1 Vibrio, Photobacterium, Aeromonas and related genera
99(1)
5.12.2 Bioluminescence
100(1)
5.12.3 Regulation of bioluminescence
102(2)
5.13 Rickettsias
104(1)
5.14 Spirilla
105(1)
5.14.1 Oceanospirillum and related genera
105(1)
5.14.2 Magnetotactic bacteria
106(1)
5.14.3 Bdellovibrio
106(1)
5.15 Budding and stalked Proteobacteria
107(1)
5.16 Planctomycetes - stalked bacteria
107(1)
5.17 Sulfur- and sulfate-reducing Proteobacteria
108(1)
5.18 Gram-positive Bacteria
109(1)
5.18.1 Endospore- formers - Bacillus and Clostridium
109(1)
5.18.2 Other Firmicutes
110(1)
5.18.3 Epuloposcium fishelsoni
110(1)
5.18.4 Actinobacteria - mycobacteria and actinomycetes
111(1)
5.19 The Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group
111(1)
5.20 Verrucomicrobia
111(1)
5.21 Spirochaetes
112(1)
5.22 'Deeply branching' hyperthermophiles
112(1)
5.22.1 Aquifex
112(1)
5.22.2 Thermotoga
112(1)
References and further reading
112(3)
6 Marine Archaea 115(10)
6.1 Phylogenetic groups in the domain Archaea
115(3)
6.2 The Euryarchaeota
118(3)
6.2.1 Methanogens
118(1)
6.2.2 Hyperthermophilic chemoorganotrophs - Thermococcus and Pyrococcus
119(1)
6.2.3 Hyperthermophilic sulfate-reducers and iron-oxidizers - Archaeoglobus and Ferroglobus
120(1)
6.2.4 Extreme halophiles
120(1)
6.3 The Crenarchaeota
121(2)
6.3.1 The diversity of Crenarchaeota
121(1)
6.3.2 Hyperthermophiles - the Desulfurococcales
121(1)
6.3.3 The uncultured psychrophilic marine Crenarchaeota
122(1)
References and further reading
123(2)
7 Marine eukaryotic microbes 125(12)
7.1 Introduction to the protists and fungi
125(1)
7.2 Overview of eukaryotic cell structure and function
125(2)
7.3 Nanoplanktonic flagellates
127(1)
7.4 Dinoflagellates
128(2)
7.4.1 Bioluminescence and biological clocks
130(1)
7.5 Ciliates
130(1)
7.6 Diatoms
131(2)
7.7 Coccolithophorids
133(1)
7.8 Radiolarians and foraminifera
134(1)
7.9 Fungi
135(1)
References and further reading
136(1)
8 Marine viruses 137(10)
8.1 The nature of marine viruses
137(1)
8.2 Viruses infecting prokaryotes
138(1)
8.3 Enumerating viruses and virus-like particles
139(1)
8.4 Morphology of marine viruses
140(1)
8.5 Estimates of virus abundance
140(1)
8.6 Observing phage-infected cells
141(1)
8.7 Virus inactivation
141(1)
8.8 Host specificity
142(1)
8.9 Lysogeny
142(1)
8.10 Effect of viruses on plankton mortality
143(2)
8.11 Viruses of eukaryotic plankton
145(1)
References and further reading
145(2)
9 The role of microbes in ocean processes 147(20)
9.1 Changing paradigms
147(1)
9.2 Carbon cycling in the oceans
148(2)
9.3 Photosynthesis and primary productivity
150(1)
9.4 Productivity and nutrients
151(8)
9.4.1 Nutrient limitation
151(2)
9.4.2 Microbial aspects of nitrogen cycling
153(1)
9.4.3 The importance of iron
154(5)
9.5 The microbial loop in ocean food webs
159(4)
9.5.1 Classic and modern food webs compared
159(1)
9.5.2 The formation and fate of DOM and POM
160(1)
9.5.3 Protistan grazing
161(1)
9.5.4 Virallysis
162(1)
9.6 Microbial processes in eutrophication of coastal waters
163(1)
9.7 Microbial processes and climate
163(1)
References and further reading
164(3)
10 Symbiotic associations 167(16)
10.1 What is symbiosis?
167(1)
10.2 Symbioses of microalgae with animals
167(1)
10.2.1 Types of association
167(1)
10.2.2 Nature of dinoflagellate endosymbionts (zooxanthellae)
167(1)
10.2.3 Corals
170(1)
10.2.4 Tridacnid clams
171(1)
10.3 Symbioses of chemoautotrophic prokaryotes with animals
171(1)
10.3.1 Chemoautotrophic endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent animals
171(1)
10.3.2 Episymbiotic bacteria on vent animals
173(1)
10.3.3 Chemoautotrophic endosymbionts in non-vent animals
173(1)
10.3.4 Phylogeny and acquisition of symbiotic bacteria
173(2)
10.4 Light organ symbioses in fish and invertebrates
175(1)
10.4.1 Flashlight fishes and anglerfishes
175(1)
10.4.2 Sepiolids (bobtail squids)
176(1)
10.5 Microbial symbionts of sponges
177(1)
10.6 Symbiosis and mixotrophy in protists
177(3)
10.7 Metabolic consortia and mutualism between prokaryotes
180(1)
References and further reading
180(3)
11 Human disease - bacteria and viruses 183(20)
11.1 Mechanisms of pathogenicity
183(1)
11.2 Indigenous marine bacteria
184(1)
11.2.1 Vibrio cholerae
184(1)
11.2.2 Vibrio vulnificus
189(1)
11.2.3 Vibrio parahaemolyticus
189(1)
11.2.4 Clostridium botulinum
190(1)
11.2.5 Scombroid fish poisoning
190(1)
11.2.6 Pufferfish (Fugu) poisoning
190(1)
11.3 Health hazards from sewage pollution at sea
191(1)
11.3.1 Sewage as a source of bacterial and viral infections
191(1)
11.3.2 Monitoring for potential pathogens - the indicator concept
192(1)
11.3.3 Coli forms and Escherichia coli
193(1)
11.3.4 Fecal streptococci (enterococci)
193(1)
11.3.5 Quality standards for recreational marine waters
195(1)
11.3.6 Shell fish hygiene
196(1)
11.3.7 Alternative indicators
198(1)
11.3.8 Direct testing for pathogens
199(1)
11.4 Heavy metal mobilization
199(1)
References and further reading
200(3)
12 Human disease - toxic dinoflagellates and diatoms 203(14)
12.1 'Red tides' and 'harmful algal blooms'
203(1)
12.2 Shellfish poisoning
203(1)
12.2.1 Paralytic shell fish poisoning (PSP)
205(1)
12.2.2 Neurotoxic shell fish poisoning (NSP)
205(1)
12.2.3 Diarrhetic shell fish poisoning (DSP) and azaspiracid poisoning
206(1)
12.2.4 Amnesic shell fish poisoning (ASP)
207(1)
12.3 Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP)
208(1)
12.4 Pfiesteria piscicida
209(2)
12.5 Why do dinoflagellates and diatoms produce toxins?
211(1)
12.6 Why are HABs and toxin-associated diseases increasing?
211(2)
12.7 Monitoring and control of HABs
213(1)
References and further reading
214(3)
13 Diseases of marine mammals 217(6)
13.1 Difficulties of study
217(1)
13.2 Effects of microalgal toxins
217(1)
13.3 Virus infections
218(1)
13.3.1 Morbilliviruses
218(1)
13.3.2 Other viruses
220(1)
13.4 Bacterial and fungal infections
220(1)
13.5 Effects of environmental pollution on infectious diseases
221(1)
13.6 Zoonoses
221(1)
References and further reading
222(1)
14 Microbial diseases of fish 223(20)
14.1 Importance in wild fish and in aquaculture
223(1)
14.2 Disease diagnosis
223(1)
14.3 Bacterial infections
224(1)
14.3.1 Mechanisms of pathogenicity
224(1)
14.3.2 Vibrio sp.
224(1)
14.3.3 Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida
227(1)
14.3.4 Aeromonas salmonicida
228(1)
14.3.5 Piscirickettsia salmonis
229(1)
14.3.6 Renibacterium salmoninarum
229(1)
14.3.7 Tenacibacter maritimus
231(1)
14.3.8 Mycobacterium and Nocardia
231(1)
14.3.9 Lactococcus and Streptococcus
231(1)
14.4 Viral infections
232(1)
14.4.1 Importance
232(1)
14.4.2 Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)
232(1)
14.4.3 Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV)
232(1)
14.4.4 Other virus infections
232(1)
14.5 Control of infectious disease of fish
233(1)
14.5.1 Hrtsbandry and health management in mariculture
233(1)
14.5.2 Treatment-antimicrobial agents
233(1)
14.5.3 Vaccines, immunostimulants and probiotics
236(4)
14.6 Protistan infections and HABs
240(1)
References and further reading
240(3)
15 Diseases of invertebrates 243(12)
15.1 Introduction
243(1)
15.2 Bacterial and viral diseases of bivalve molluscs
243(1)
15.2.1 Viruses
243(1)
15.2.2 Bacteria
243(2)
15.3 Bacterial and viral diseases of crustaceans
245(1)
15.3.1 Diseases in aquaculture
245(1)
15.3.2 Viruses
246(1)
15.3.3 Rickettsias and mycoplasmas
246(1)
15.3.4 Aerococcus viridans var. homari
246(1)
15.3.5 Vibrio spp.
247(1)
15.3.6 Control of disease in crustaceans
247(1)
15.4 Diseases of corals
248(4)
References and further reading
252(3)
16 Marine microbes and human society 255(18)
16.1 Beneficial and detrimental effects
255(1)
16.2 Biofouling and biodeterioration
255(1)
16.2.1 Biofilms and biofouling
255(1)
16.2.2 Biodeterioration of metals and wood
259(1)
16.3 Biodegradation and bioremediation of marine pollutants
260(1)
16.3.1 Oil pollution
260(1)
16.3.1.1 Sources of oil in the sea
260(1)
16.3.1.2 Biodegradation
260(1)
16.3.1.3 Bioremediation
261(2)
16.3.2 Persistent organic pollutants and plastics
263(1)
16.3.3 Other pollutants
263(1)
16.4 Environmental monitoring
264(1)
16.5 Microbiology of fish and seafood products
264(2)
16.6 Microbial enzymes
266(2)
16.7 Microbial polymers
268(1)
16.8 Biomedical and health products
268(1)
16.9 Biomimetics, nanotechnology and bioelectronics
269(2)
References and further reading
271(2)
17 Concluding remarks 273
References and further reading
274