Preface |
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xv | |
Author |
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xvii | |
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Section I Isolation and Properties of Marine Polysaccharides |
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1 Polysaccharides: Their Characteristics and Marine Sources |
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3 | (24) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (6) |
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1.3.1 Isolation and Identification |
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8 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Properties and Food Uses |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 Marine Sources of Polysaccharides |
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11 | (11) |
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1.4.1 The Marine Environment |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (2) |
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1.4.5 Coral Reefs and Corals |
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20 | (1) |
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1.4.6 Marine Microorganisms |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (5) |
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2 Functional Properties Relevant to Food Product Development |
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27 | (34) |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2 Major Functions of Polysaccharides in a Food System |
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27 | (6) |
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2.2.1 Water-Binding Capacity |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Emulsions and Emulsifiers |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (10) |
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2.3.1 Rheological Evaluation of Food Texture |
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34 | (4) |
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2.3.2 Relationship between Rheological and Sensory Properties |
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38 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Rheological Properties of Polysaccharide Solutions |
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40 | (2) |
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2.3.3.1 In-Process Viscosity Measurement |
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42 | (1) |
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2.4 Interactions of Polysaccharides with Food Components |
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43 | (3) |
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2.4.1 Protein-Polysaccharide Interactions |
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43 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Polysaccharide-Polysaccharide Interactions |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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2.5 Major Food Applications of Polysaccharides |
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46 | (8) |
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2.5.1 Texture Improvement |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Polysaccharides as Dietary Fiber |
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50 | (1) |
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2.5.5 Gluten-Free Bakery Products |
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51 | (1) |
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2.5.6 Control of Starch Retrogradation |
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52 | (1) |
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2.5.7 Control of Syneresis |
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53 | (1) |
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2.5.8 Polysaccharides as Films for Coating Food Products |
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54 | (1) |
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2.5.9 Stability of Polysaccharides to Processing |
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54 | (1) |
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2.6 Factors to Be Considered When Using Polysaccharides in Food Systems |
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54 | (1) |
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2.7 Commercial Status of Food Polysaccharides as Additives |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (5) |
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3 Crustacean Polysaccharides: Chitin and Chitosan |
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61 | (28) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.2 Crustacean Processing Wastes as Source of Chitin |
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61 | (3) |
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3.2.1 Global Availability of Crustacean Waste |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (6) |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (14) |
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70 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Process Modifications |
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70 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Properties of Chitosan |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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3.4.4.2 Degree of Deacetylation |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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3.4.4.4 Emulsification Capacity |
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75 | (1) |
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3.4.4.5 Derivatives of Chitin and Chitosan |
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75 | (1) |
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3.4.5 Chitin and Chitosan Oligosaccharides |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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3.4.7 Chitosan-Based Materials |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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3.4.7.2 Microcrystalline Chitosan |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (5) |
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4 Polysaccharides from Seaweed and Microalgae |
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89 | (46) |
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89 | (1) |
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4.2 Seaweed Species Important as Food |
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89 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Proximate Composition |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Effects of Processing on Nutritive Value |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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4.3 Seaweed Polysaccharides |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (9) |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (3) |
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4.4.4 Interactions of Agar with Other Food Components |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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4.4.4.2 Interactions with Other Hydrocolloids |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (7) |
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104 | (3) |
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4.5.2 Composition and Structure |
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107 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Gelation and Other Properties |
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107 | (3) |
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4.5.4 Interactions with Other Food Components |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (12) |
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4.6.1 Extraction and Characterization |
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111 | (2) |
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4.6.2 Composition and Structure |
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113 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Solubility Properties and Stability |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (4) |
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4.6.5 Antimicrobial Activities |
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119 | (1) |
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4.6.6 Determination and Characterization of Carrageenan in Food Products |
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119 | (1) |
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4.6.7 Interactions with Food Components |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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4.6.7.4 Other Polysaccharides |
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122 | (1) |
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4.7 Other Seaweed Hydrocolloids |
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123 | (3) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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4.7.4 Floridean Starch from Red Algae |
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125 | (1) |
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4.8 Polysaccharides from Microalgae |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (6) |
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5 Extracellular Polysaccharides from Marine Microorganisms |
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135 | (28) |
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135 | (1) |
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5.2 Functions of Exopolysaccharides in Microbial Cells |
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136 | (1) |
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5.3 Examples of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Microorganisms from Non-Marine Sources |
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136 | (2) |
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5.4 Fermentation of Microorganisms for Exopolysaccharides |
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138 | (6) |
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139 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Postfermentation Recovery of Exopolysaccharides |
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141 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Concentration of Exopolysaccharides |
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143 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Structure and Properties |
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143 | (1) |
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5.5 Characteristics of Some Typical Commercial Microbial Exopolysaccharides |
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144 | (5) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Dextrans from Lactic Acid Bacteria |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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5.5.8 Bacterial Cellulose |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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5.5.10 Interactions of Exopolysaccharides with Food Components |
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148 | (1) |
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5.6 Exopolysaccharides from Marine Microorganisms |
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149 | (5) |
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5.6.1 Cultivation of Marine Microorganisms for Exopolysaccharides |
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150 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Chemical Nature of Marine Exopolysaccharides |
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151 | (2) |
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5.6.3 Functional Properties |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (8) |
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Section II Food Applications |
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6 Crustacean Polysaccharides: Food Applications |
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163 | (28) |
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163 | (1) |
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6.2 Properties Important to Food Applications |
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163 | (7) |
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6.2.1 Antimicrobial Activity |
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163 | (4) |
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6.2.2 Antioxidant Activity |
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167 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Emulsification Capacity |
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169 | (1) |
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6.3 Food Applications of Chitin and Chitosan |
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170 | (12) |
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6.3.1 Fruits and Vegetables |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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6.3.7 Nutritional Value and Use as Food Supplement |
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179 | (1) |
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6.3.8 Other Food-Related Applications |
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180 | (1) |
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6.3.8.1 Treatment of Water |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (7) |
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7 Seaweed, Microalgae, and Their Polysaccharides: Food Applications |
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191 | (46) |
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191 | (1) |
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7.2 Functional Value of Seaweed as Dietary Supplement |
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191 | (7) |
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7.2.1 Uses of Seaweed as Food and in Food Formulations |
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193 | (2) |
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7.2.1.1 Seaweed in Animal Nutrition |
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195 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Some Seaweed-Based Food Products |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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7.2.2.2 Processed Eucheuma Seaweed |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (4) |
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199 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Gluten-Free Products |
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200 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Control of Syneresis |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Modification of Agar for Novel Uses |
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201 | (1) |
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7.4 Alginic Acid and Alginates |
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202 | (4) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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7.4.6 Nutritional Value of Alginate |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (17) |
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7.5.1 Functional Benefits of Using Carrageenans in Food Products |
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208 | (1) |
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7.5.1.1 Texture Modification |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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7.5.1.4 Flavor Perception |
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210 | (1) |
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7.5.1.5 Fiber Fortification |
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211 | (1) |
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7.5.1.6 Antioxidant Activity |
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211 | (1) |
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7.5.1.7 Antimicrobial Properties |
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211 | (1) |
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7.5.1.8 Antibrowning Activity |
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211 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Applications of Carrageenans in Food Product Development |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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7.5.2.5 Vegetable Products |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (1) |
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7.5.2.7 Miscellaneous Food-Related Applications |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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7.7 Fucoidan and Laminarin |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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7.9 Floridean Starch from Red Seaweed |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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7.10.1 Microalgal Polysaccharides |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (9) |
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8 Extracellular Polysaccharides from Non-Marine and Marine Microorganisms: Food Applications |
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237 | (22) |
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237 | (1) |
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8.2 Functional Properties of Exopolysaccharides Influencing Their Uses in Food |
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237 | (3) |
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8.3 Food Applications for Non-Marine Exopolysaccharides |
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240 | (4) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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8.4 Microbial Emulsifiers |
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244 | (1) |
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8.5 Exopolysaccharides from Marine Organisms |
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245 | (3) |
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8.5.1 Rheological Properties |
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245 | (2) |
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8.5.2 Other Food-Related Functional Properties of Marine Exopolysaccharides |
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247 | (1) |
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8.6 Comparison of Marine Exopolysaccharides and Commercial Polysaccharides |
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248 | (2) |
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8.7 Food Applications of Marine Exopolysaccharides |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (7) |
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9 Edible Films and Carrier Matrices from Marine Polysaccharides |
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259 | (50) |
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259 | (1) |
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9.2 Advantages of Polysaccharides as Packaging Material |
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260 | (1) |
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9.3 Some Recent Concepts and Techniques |
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261 | (5) |
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261 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Modified Atmosphere Packaging |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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9.3.4 Encapsulation and Delivery of Nutraceuticals |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (5) |
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9.4.1 Casting of Edible Films |
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267 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Functional Properties of Edible Films |
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268 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Modification of Film Properties |
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269 | (1) |
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9.4.4 Challenges in Developing Bio-Based Packaging |
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270 | (1) |
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9.5 Edible, Biodegradable Films from Marine Polysaccharides |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (11) |
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271 | (3) |
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9.6.2 Antimicrobial Activities |
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274 | (2) |
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9.6.3 Antioxidant Activity |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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9.6.5 Chitosan Film Food Applications |
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277 | (1) |
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9.6.5.1 Agricultural Produce |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (3) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (1) |
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9.10 Microbial Polysaccharides |
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287 | (1) |
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9.11 Marine Polysaccharides as Encapsulation Matrices |
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288 | (3) |
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9.12 Multicomponent Edible Films |
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291 | (6) |
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9.12.1 Applications of Multicomponent Films |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (10) |
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10 Safety and Regulatory Aspects |
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309 | (22) |
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309 | (1) |
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10.2 Safety of Food Additives |
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309 | (1) |
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10.3 Regulation of Food Additives |
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310 | (4) |
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314 | (1) |
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10.5 Marine Polysaccharides |
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315 | (6) |
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10.5.1 Chitin and Chitosan |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Seaweed and Seaweed Polysaccharides |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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10.6 Regulatory Aspects of Polysaccharide-Based Edible Films |
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321 | (3) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (6) |
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Section III Biomedical Applications |
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11 Biomedical Applications of Marine Polysaccharides: An Overview |
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331 | (22) |
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331 | (1) |
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11.2 Marine Polysaccharides for Biomedical Applications |
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332 | (3) |
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11.2.1 Crustacean Polysaccharides: Chitin and Chitosan |
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332 | (1) |
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11.2.1.1 Chitosan as Drug Delivery Matrix |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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11.2.1.3 Tissue Engineering |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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11.3 Seaweed and Seaweed Polysaccharides |
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335 | (10) |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
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11.3.1.3 Alginate Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Other Seaweed Polysaccharides |
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343 | (1) |
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11.3.5 Microalgal Polysaccharides |
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343 | (1) |
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11.3.6 Microbial Exopolysaccharides |
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344 | (1) |
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10.3.7 Polysaccharides from Sponges |
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344 | (1) |
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11.4 Potentials of Nanotechnology |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (6) |
Index |
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353 | |