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Marine Polysaccharides: Food Applications [Kietas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Hardback, 396 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm, weight: 680 g, 74 Tables, black and white; 22 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 24-Jan-2011
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439815267
  • ISBN-13: 9781439815267
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 396 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm, weight: 680 g, 74 Tables, black and white; 22 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 24-Jan-2011
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439815267
  • ISBN-13: 9781439815267
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Increased public awareness of the importance of healthy living presents new challenges for the commercial food processing sector. The industry is always on the hunt for novel and safe additives with functional properties that can be used to impart healthy and appealing properties to foods. While the ocean is known as a conventional source of fish proteins and lipids, it is yet to be tapped as a source of polysaccharides. A clear exposition on how these resources can be developed, Marine Polysaccharides: Food Applications compiles recent data on the food applications of marine polysaccharides from such diverse sources as fishery products, seaweeds, microalgae, microorganisms, and corals.

The book begins with discussions on the isolation of polysaccharides from marine sources and their properties, particularly those important from a food technology point of view. It then focuses on the actual food applications of these compounds and concludes with a brief examination of biomedical applications. The author presents an overview of the general functional properties of polysaccharides, including their structure; their hydration, gelation, emulsification, and rheological properties; and interactions among themselves and with other food components such as proteins that are relevant to food processing. He then explores the isolation and food-related properties of various marine polysaccharides, use of these polysaccharides in food product and biopackaging, recent developments in composite films and nanotechnology, and safety and regulatory issues.

While there are many books available on polysaccharides, few address the applications of marine polysaccharide food product development. Written from a realistic, practical point of view avoiding technical jargon, this book highlights the ocean not as a conventional source of fish protein and lipids, but as a major supplier of versatile carbohydrates that can have diverse food applications.
Preface xv
Author xvii
Section I Isolation and Properties of Marine Polysaccharides
1 Polysaccharides: Their Characteristics and Marine Sources
3(24)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Carbohydrates
4(1)
1.3 Polysaccharides
5(6)
1.3.1 Isolation and Identification
8(2)
1.3.2 Properties and Food Uses
10(1)
1.4 Marine Sources of Polysaccharides
11(11)
1.4.1 The Marine Environment
11(2)
1.4.2 Marine Fisheries
13(2)
1.4.3 Seaweed
15(3)
1.4.4 Microalgae
18(2)
1.4.5 Coral Reefs and Corals
20(1)
1.4.6 Marine Microorganisms
21(1)
1.5 Summary
22(1)
References
22(5)
2 Functional Properties Relevant to Food Product Development
27(34)
2.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.2 Major Functions of Polysaccharides in a Food System
27(6)
2.2.1 Water-Binding Capacity
27(1)
2.2.2 Gelation
28(2)
2.2.3 Emulsions and Emulsifiers
30(2)
2.2.3.1 Foams
32(1)
2.3 Food Texture
33(10)
2.3.1 Rheological Evaluation of Food Texture
34(4)
2.3.2 Relationship between Rheological and Sensory Properties
38(2)
2.3.3 Rheological Properties of Polysaccharide Solutions
40(2)
2.3.3.1 In-Process Viscosity Measurement
42(1)
2.4 Interactions of Polysaccharides with Food Components
43(3)
2.4.1 Protein-Polysaccharide Interactions
43(2)
2.4.2 Polysaccharide-Polysaccharide Interactions
45(1)
2.4.3 Other Interactions
45(1)
2.5 Major Food Applications of Polysaccharides
46(8)
2.5.1 Texture Improvement
47(2)
2.5.2 Oil Emulsification
49(1)
2.5.3 Flavor Release
49(1)
2.5.4 Polysaccharides as Dietary Fiber
50(1)
2.5.5 Gluten-Free Bakery Products
51(1)
2.5.6 Control of Starch Retrogradation
52(1)
2.5.7 Control of Syneresis
53(1)
2.5.8 Polysaccharides as Films for Coating Food Products
54(1)
2.5.9 Stability of Polysaccharides to Processing
54(1)
2.6 Factors to Be Considered When Using Polysaccharides in Food Systems
54(1)
2.7 Commercial Status of Food Polysaccharides as Additives
55(1)
References
56(5)
3 Crustacean Polysaccharides: Chitin and Chitosan
61(28)
3.1 Introduction
61(1)
3.2 Crustacean Processing Wastes as Source of Chitin
61(3)
3.2.1 Global Availability of Crustacean Waste
62(1)
3.2.2 Composition
62(2)
3.3 Isolation of Chitin
64(6)
3.3.1 Novel Methods
66(2)
3.3.2 Structure
68(1)
3.3.3 Properties
69(1)
3.4 Chitosan
70(14)
3.4.1 Isolation
70(1)
3.4.2 Process Modifications
70(1)
3.4.3 Properties of Chitosan
71(1)
3.4.4 Structure
72(1)
3.4.4.1 Ionic Properties
73(1)
3.4.4.2 Degree of Deacetylation
74(1)
3.4.4.3 Stability
74(1)
3.4.4.4 Emulsification Capacity
75(1)
3.4.4.5 Derivatives of Chitin and Chitosan
75(1)
3.4.5 Chitin and Chitosan Oligosaccharides
76(2)
3.4.6 Glucosamine
78(1)
3.4.7 Chitosan-Based Materials
78(1)
3.4.7.1 Composite Gels
79(2)
3.4.7.2 Microcrystalline Chitosan
81(1)
3.4.7.3 Beads
81(1)
3.4.7.4 Films
82(1)
3.4.7.5 Sponges
82(1)
3.4.7.6 Fibers
82(1)
3.4.7.7 Nanoparticles
82(2)
3.5 Summary
84(1)
References
84(5)
4 Polysaccharides from Seaweed and Microalgae
89(46)
4.1 Introduction
89(1)
4.2 Seaweed Species Important as Food
89(4)
4.2.1 Proximate Composition
90(2)
4.2.2 Nutritional Value
92(1)
4.2.3 Effects of Processing on Nutritive Value
92(1)
4.2.4 Quality Evaluation
93(1)
4.3 Seaweed Polysaccharides
93(2)
4.4 Agar
95(9)
4.4.1 Extraction
95(3)
4.4.2 Structure
98(1)
4.4.3 Gelation
99(3)
4.4.4 Interactions of Agar with Other Food Components
102(1)
4.4.4.1 Sugar Reactivity
102(1)
4.4.4.2 Interactions with Other Hydrocolloids
103(1)
4.5 Alginate
104(7)
4.5.1 Extraction
104(3)
4.5.2 Composition and Structure
107(1)
4.5.3 Gelation and Other Properties
107(3)
4.5.4 Interactions with Other Food Components
110(1)
4.5.4.1 Water
110(1)
4.5.4.2 Proteins
111(1)
4.5.4.3 Polysaccharides
111(1)
4.6 Carrageenans
111(12)
4.6.1 Extraction and Characterization
111(2)
4.6.2 Composition and Structure
113(1)
4.6.3 Solubility Properties and Stability
114(1)
4.6.4 Gelation
115(4)
4.6.5 Antimicrobial Activities
119(1)
4.6.6 Determination and Characterization of Carrageenan in Food Products
119(1)
4.6.7 Interactions with Food Components
120(1)
4.6.7.1 Proteins
120(1)
4.6.7.2 Milk Reactivity
121(1)
4.6.7.3 Starch
122(1)
4.6.7.4 Other Polysaccharides
122(1)
4.7 Other Seaweed Hydrocolloids
123(3)
4.7.1 Ulvan
123(1)
4.7.2 Fucoidan
124(1)
4.7.3 Furcellaran
125(1)
4.7.4 Floridean Starch from Red Algae
125(1)
4.8 Polysaccharides from Microalgae
126(3)
References
129(6)
5 Extracellular Polysaccharides from Marine Microorganisms
135(28)
5.1 Introduction
135(1)
5.2 Functions of Exopolysaccharides in Microbial Cells
136(1)
5.3 Examples of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Microorganisms from Non-Marine Sources
136(2)
5.4 Fermentation of Microorganisms for Exopolysaccharides
138(6)
5.4.1 Cultivation
139(2)
5.4.2 Postfermentation Recovery of Exopolysaccharides
141(2)
5.4.3 Concentration of Exopolysaccharides
143(1)
5.4.4 Structure and Properties
143(1)
5.5 Characteristics of Some Typical Commercial Microbial Exopolysaccharides
144(5)
5.5.1 Xanthan
144(1)
5.5.2 Gellan
145(1)
5.5.3 Dextrans from Lactic Acid Bacteria
146(1)
5.5.4 Levan
146(1)
5.5.5 Curdlan
146(1)
5.5.6 Pullulan
147(1)
5.5.7 Bacterial Alginate
147(1)
5.5.8 Bacterial Cellulose
148(1)
5.5.9 Others
148(1)
5.5.10 Interactions of Exopolysaccharides with Food Components
148(1)
5.6 Exopolysaccharides from Marine Microorganisms
149(5)
5.6.1 Cultivation of Marine Microorganisms for Exopolysaccharides
150(1)
5.6.2 Chemical Nature of Marine Exopolysaccharides
151(2)
5.6.3 Functional Properties
153(1)
5.7 Marine Biotechnology
154(1)
5.8 Summary
154(1)
References
155(8)
Section II Food Applications
6 Crustacean Polysaccharides: Food Applications
163(28)
6.1 Introduction
163(1)
6.2 Properties Important to Food Applications
163(7)
6.2.1 Antimicrobial Activity
163(4)
6.2.2 Antioxidant Activity
167(2)
6.2.3 Emulsification Capacity
169(1)
6.3 Food Applications of Chitin and Chitosan
170(12)
6.3.1 Fruits and Vegetables
170(3)
6.3.2 Dairy Products
173(1)
6.3.3 Muscle Foods
174(2)
6.3.4 Seafood
176(2)
6.3.5 Bakery Products
178(1)
6.3.6 Wines and Vinegars
179(1)
6.3.7 Nutritional Value and Use as Food Supplement
179(1)
6.3.8 Other Food-Related Applications
180(1)
6.3.8.1 Treatment of Water
180(1)
6.3.8.2 Animal Feed
181(1)
6.3.8.3 Biotechnology
181(1)
6.4 Glucosamine
182(1)
6.5 Commercial Aspects
182(2)
References
184(7)
7 Seaweed, Microalgae, and Their Polysaccharides: Food Applications
191(46)
7.1 Introduction
191(1)
7.2 Functional Value of Seaweed as Dietary Supplement
191(7)
7.2.1 Uses of Seaweed as Food and in Food Formulations
193(2)
7.2.1.1 Seaweed in Animal Nutrition
195(1)
7.2.2 Some Seaweed-Based Food Products
196(1)
7.2.2.1 Edible Powders
196(1)
7.2.2.2 Processed Eucheuma Seaweed
196(1)
7.2.2.3 Other Products
197(1)
7.3 Agar
198(4)
7.3.1 Bakery Products
199(1)
7.3.2 Gluten-Free Products
200(1)
7.3.3 Control of Syneresis
200(1)
7.3.4 Other Applications
200(1)
7.3.5 Modification of Agar for Novel Uses
201(1)
7.4 Alginic Acid and Alginates
202(4)
7.4.1 Bakery Products
203(1)
7.4.2 Meat Products
203(1)
7.4.3 Seafood
204(1)
7.4.4 Vegetable Products
205(1)
7.4.5 Miscellaneous Uses
205(1)
7.4.6 Nutritional Value of Alginate
206(1)
7.5 Carrageenan
206(17)
7.5.1 Functional Benefits of Using Carrageenans in Food Products
208(1)
7.5.1.1 Texture Modification
209(1)
7.5.1.2 Fat Reduction
209(1)
7.5.1.3 Salt Reduction
210(1)
7.5.1.4 Flavor Perception
210(1)
7.5.1.5 Fiber Fortification
211(1)
7.5.1.6 Antioxidant Activity
211(1)
7.5.1.7 Antimicrobial Properties
211(1)
7.5.1.8 Antibrowning Activity
211(1)
7.5.2 Applications of Carrageenans in Food Product Development
211(2)
7.5.2.1 Dairy Products
213(3)
7.5.2.2 Bakery Products
216(1)
7.5.2.3 Meat Products
217(2)
7.5.2.4 Fishery Products
219(1)
7.5.2.5 Vegetable Products
220(2)
7.5.2.6 Brewing
222(1)
7.5.2.7 Miscellaneous Food-Related Applications
222(1)
7.6 Furcellaran
223(1)
7.7 Fucoidan and Laminarin
223(1)
7.8 Ulvan
224(1)
7.9 Floridean Starch from Red Seaweed
224(1)
7.10 Microalgae
224(1)
7.10.1 Microalgal Polysaccharides
225(1)
7.11 Commercial Aspects
225(3)
References
228(9)
8 Extracellular Polysaccharides from Non-Marine and Marine Microorganisms: Food Applications
237(22)
8.1 Introduction
237(1)
8.2 Functional Properties of Exopolysaccharides Influencing Their Uses in Food
237(3)
8.3 Food Applications for Non-Marine Exopolysaccharides
240(4)
8.3.1 Xanthan
240(2)
8.3.2 Levan
242(1)
8.3.3 Curdlan
242(1)
8.3.4 Gellan
242(1)
8.3.5 Pullulan
243(1)
8.3.6 Dextran
243(1)
8.3.7 Others
244(1)
8.4 Microbial Emulsifiers
244(1)
8.5 Exopolysaccharides from Marine Organisms
245(3)
8.5.1 Rheological Properties
245(2)
8.5.2 Other Food-Related Functional Properties of Marine Exopolysaccharides
247(1)
8.6 Comparison of Marine Exopolysaccharides and Commercial Polysaccharides
248(2)
8.7 Food Applications of Marine Exopolysaccharides
250(2)
8.8 Commercial Status
252(1)
References
252(7)
9 Edible Films and Carrier Matrices from Marine Polysaccharides
259(50)
9.1 Introduction
259(1)
9.2 Advantages of Polysaccharides as Packaging Material
260(1)
9.3 Some Recent Concepts and Techniques
261(5)
9.3.1 Hurdle Technology
261(1)
9.3.2 Modified Atmosphere Packaging
262(1)
9.3.3 Active Packaging
262(2)
9.3.4 Encapsulation and Delivery of Nutraceuticals
264(2)
9.4 Edible Films
266(5)
9.4.1 Casting of Edible Films
267(1)
9.4.2 Functional Properties of Edible Films
268(1)
9.4.3 Modification of Film Properties
269(1)
9.4.4 Challenges in Developing Bio-Based Packaging
270(1)
9.5 Edible, Biodegradable Films from Marine Polysaccharides
271(1)
9.6 Chitosan
271(11)
9.6.1 Barrier Properties
271(3)
9.6.2 Antimicrobial Activities
274(2)
9.6.3 Antioxidant Activity
276(1)
9.6.4 Other Benefits
276(1)
9.6.5 Chitosan Film Food Applications
277(1)
9.6.5.1 Agricultural Produce
277(3)
9.6.5.2 Seafood
280(1)
9.6.5.3 Meat Products
281(1)
9.6.5.4 Poultry
281(1)
9.6.5.5 Dairy Products
282(1)
9.6.5.6 Miscellaneous
282(1)
9.7 Alginate
282(3)
9.8 Carrageenan
285(2)
9.9 Agar
287(1)
9.10 Microbial Polysaccharides
287(1)
9.11 Marine Polysaccharides as Encapsulation Matrices
288(3)
9.12 Multicomponent Edible Films
291(6)
9.12.1 Applications of Multicomponent Films
295(2)
9.13 Nanotechnology
297(1)
9.14 Conclusion
298(1)
References
299(10)
10 Safety and Regulatory Aspects
309(22)
10.1 Introduction
309(1)
10.2 Safety of Food Additives
309(1)
10.3 Regulation of Food Additives
310(4)
10.4 Polysaccharides
314(1)
10.5 Marine Polysaccharides
315(6)
10.5.1 Chitin and Chitosan
316(2)
10.5.2 Glucosamine
318(1)
10.5.3 Seaweed and Seaweed Polysaccharides
318(1)
10.5.3.1 Alginate
319(1)
10.5.3.2 Agar
319(1)
10.5.3.3 Carrageenan
319(2)
10.6 Regulatory Aspects of Polysaccharide-Based Edible Films
321(3)
10.7 Commercial Status
324(1)
References
325(6)
Section III Biomedical Applications
11 Biomedical Applications of Marine Polysaccharides: An Overview
331(22)
11.1 Introduction
331(1)
11.2 Marine Polysaccharides for Biomedical Applications
332(3)
11.2.1 Crustacean Polysaccharides: Chitin and Chitosan
332(1)
11.2.1.1 Chitosan as Drug Delivery Matrix
333(1)
11.2.1.2 Wound Healing
334(1)
11.2.1.3 Tissue Engineering
334(1)
11.2.1.4 Glucosamine
335(1)
11.3 Seaweed and Seaweed Polysaccharides
335(10)
11.3.1 Alginates
337(2)
10.3.1.1 Wound Dressing
339(1)
11.3.1.2 Drug Delivery
339(2)
11.3.1.3 Alginate Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
341(1)
11.3.2 Carrageenans
341(1)
11.3.3 Fucoidans
342(1)
11.3.4 Other Seaweed Polysaccharides
343(1)
11.3.5 Microalgal Polysaccharides
343(1)
11.3.6 Microbial Exopolysaccharides
344(1)
10.3.7 Polysaccharides from Sponges
344(1)
11.4 Potentials of Nanotechnology
345(1)
11.5 Commercial Aspects
346(1)
References
347(6)
Index 353
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai