Introduction |
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xvii | |
1 Fundamentals of Sound |
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1 | (18) |
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Simple Harmonic Motion and the Sine Wave |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (4) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (3) |
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Electrical, Mechanical, and Acoustical Analogs |
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17 | (2) |
2 Sound Levels and the Decibel |
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19 | (14) |
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Ratios versus Differences |
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19 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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Logarithmic and Exponential Forms Compared |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (3) |
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Measuring Sound-Pressure Level |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (3) |
3 Sound in the Free Field |
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33 | (6) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Sound Intensity in the Free Field |
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34 | (1) |
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Sound Pressure in the Free Field |
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35 | (2) |
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Free-Field Sound Divergence |
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35 | (2) |
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Sound Fields in Enclosed Spaces |
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37 | (2) |
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Hemispherical Field and Propagation |
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38 | (1) |
4 The Perception of Sound |
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39 | (30) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (6) |
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41 | (1) |
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A Demonstration of Directional Cues |
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41 | (1) |
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The Outer Ear-Auditory Canal |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Loudness versus Frequency |
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46 | (3) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Loudness versus Sound-Pressure Level |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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Audibility of Loudness Changes |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Localization of Sound Sources |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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Law of the First Wavefront |
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60 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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Perception of Reflected Sound |
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62 | (2) |
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The Cocktail-Party Effect |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Subjective versus Objective Evaluation |
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65 | (1) |
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Occupational and Recreational Hearing Loss |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (2) |
5 Signals, Speech, Music, and Noise |
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69 | (28) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (4) |
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Vocal Tract Molding of Speech |
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73 | (1) |
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Formation of Voiced Sounds |
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73 | (1) |
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Formation of Unvoiced Sounds |
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74 | (1) |
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Frequency Response of Speech |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Dynamic Range of Speech and Music |
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78 | (1) |
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Power in Speech and Music |
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79 | (1) |
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Frequency Range of Speech and Music |
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80 | (1) |
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Auditory Area of Speech and Music |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (3) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (5) |
6 Reflection |
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97 | (12) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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Doubling of Pressure at Reflection |
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99 | (1) |
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Reflections from Convex Surfaces |
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100 | (1) |
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Reflections from Concave Surfaces |
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100 | (1) |
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Reflections from Parabolic Surfaces |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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Perception of Sound Reflections |
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105 | (4) |
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The Effect of Single Reflections |
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105 | (1) |
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Perception of Spaciousness, Images, and Echoes |
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106 | (1) |
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Effect of Angle of Incidence, Signal Type, and Spectrum on Audibility of Reflection |
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107 | (2) |
7 Diffraction |
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109 | (10) |
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Diffraction and Wavefront Propagation |
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109 | (1) |
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Diffraction and Wavelength |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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Diffraction by a Zone Plate |
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114 | (1) |
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Diffraction around the Human Head |
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114 | (1) |
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Diffraction by Loudspeaker Cabinet Edges |
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114 | (4) |
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Diffraction by Various Objects |
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118 | (1) |
8 Refraction |
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119 | (8) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Refraction in the Atmosphere |
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120 | (4) |
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Refraction in Enclosed Spaces |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
9 Diffusion |
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127 | (10) |
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The Perfectly Diffuse Sound Field |
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127 | (1) |
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Evaluating Diffusion in a Room |
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128 | (1) |
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Steady-State Measurements |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Spatial Uniformity of Reverberation Time |
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130 | (3) |
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Geometrical Irregularities |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Convex Surfaces: The Polycylindrical Diffuser |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
10 Comb-Filter Effects |
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137 | (16) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Tonal Signals and Comb Filters |
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138 | (1) |
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Combing of Music and Speech Signals |
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139 | (5) |
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Combing of Direct and Reflected Sound |
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141 | (3) |
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Comb Filters and Critical Bands |
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144 | (2) |
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Comb Filters in Multichannel Playback |
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146 | (1) |
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Reflections and Spaciousness |
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146 | (1) |
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Comb Filters in Microphone Placement |
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147 | (1) |
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Comb-Filter Effects in Practice: Six Examples |
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147 | (3) |
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Estimating Comb-Filter Response |
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150 | (3) |
11 Reverberation |
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153 | (30) |
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Growth of Sound in a Room |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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Idealized Growth and Decay of Sound |
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155 | (1) |
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Calculating Reverberation Time |
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155 | (5) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Measuring Reverberation Time |
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160 | (3) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Reverberation and Normal Modes |
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163 | (3) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Reverberation Characteristic |
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166 | (3) |
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Reverberation Time Variation with Position |
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168 | (1) |
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Decay Rate and the Reverberant Field |
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169 | (1) |
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Acoustically Coupled Spaces |
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169 | (1) |
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Electroacoustically Coupled Spaces |
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170 | (1) |
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Eliminating Decay Fluctuations |
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170 | (1) |
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Influence of Reverberation on Speech |
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171 | (1) |
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Influence of Reverberation on Music |
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172 | (1) |
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Optimum Reverberation Time |
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173 | (5) |
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Bass Rise of Reverberation Time |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Listening Room Reverberation Time |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Examples of Reverberation Time Calculations |
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179 | (4) |
12 Absorption |
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183 | (46) |
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Dissipation of Sound Energy |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (6) |
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Reverberation Chamber Method |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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Mid/High-Frequency Absorption by Porosity |
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191 | (1) |
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Glass-Fiber Low-Density Materials |
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191 | (2) |
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Glass-Fiber High-Density Boards |
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193 | (1) |
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Glass-Fiber Acoustical Tile |
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194 | (1) |
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Effect of Thickness of Absorbent |
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195 | (1) |
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Effect of Airspace behind Absorbent |
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195 | (1) |
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Effect of Density of Absorbent |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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Drapes as Sound Absorbers |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (3) |
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Effect of Carpet Type on Absorbance |
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201 | (1) |
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Effect of Carpet Underlay on Absorbance |
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201 | (1) |
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Carpet Absorption Coefficients |
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202 | (1) |
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Sound Absorption by People |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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Panel (Diaphragmatic) Absorbers |
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205 | (3) |
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Polycylindrical Absorbers |
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208 | (5) |
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210 | (3) |
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Bass Traps: Low-Frequency Absorption by Resonance |
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213 | (1) |
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Helmholtz (Volume) Resonators |
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214 | (3) |
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Perforated Panel Absorbers |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (4) |
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222 | (1) |
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Reverberation Time of Helmholtz Resonators |
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222 | (3) |
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Reducing Room Modes with Absorbers |
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223 | (2) |
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Increasing Reverberation Time |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (4) |
13 Modal Resonances |
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229 | (36) |
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Early Experiments and Examples |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (6) |
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Mode Calculations-An Example |
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238 | (1) |
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Experimental Verification |
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239 | (3) |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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Mode Spacing and Timbral Defects |
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251 | (1) |
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Audibility of Timbral Defects |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (5) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (3) |
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257 | (3) |
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Controlling Problem Modes |
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260 | (1) |
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Simplified Axial-Mode Analysis |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (4) |
14 Schroeder Diffusers |
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265 | (20) |
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265 | (1) |
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Reflection Phase-Grating Diffusers |
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266 | (1) |
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Quadratic Residue Diffusers |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (1) |
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Performance of Diffraction-Grating Diffusers |
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270 | (1) |
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Reflection Phase-Grating Diffuser Applications |
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271 | (12) |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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Diffusion in Three Dimensions |
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278 | (1) |
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Diffusing Concrete Blocks |
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278 | (2) |
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Measuring Diffusion Efficiency |
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280 | (3) |
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Comparison of Gratings with Conventional Approaches |
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283 | (2) |
15 Adjustable Acoustics |
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285 | (12) |
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285 | (1) |
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Absorptive Adjustable Panels |
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286 | (3) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Absorptive/Diffusive Adjustable Panels |
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290 | (1) |
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Variable Resonant Devices |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (3) |
16 Sound Isolation and Site Selection |
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297 | (24) |
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Propagation through Barriers |
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297 | (1) |
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Approaches to Noise Control |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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Effect of Mass and Frequency |
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301 | (2) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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Noise Transmitted by Diaphragm Action |
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307 | (1) |
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Noise and Room Resonances |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (2) |
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Assessment of Environmental Noise |
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311 | (3) |
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Measurement and Testing Standards |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Noise Measurements and Construction |
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315 | (3) |
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Floor Plan Considerations |
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318 | (3) |
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Designing within a Frame Structure |
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318 | (1) |
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Designing within a Concrete Structure |
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319 | (2) |
17 Sound Isolation: Walls, Floors, and Ceilings |
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321 | (34) |
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Walls as Effective Noise Barriers |
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321 | (3) |
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The Role of Porous Absorbers |
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324 | (1) |
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The Mass Law and Wall Design |
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324 | (2) |
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Separation of Mass in Wall Design |
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326 | (4) |
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330 | (3) |
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Improving an Existing Wall |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (2) |
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Gypsum Board Walls as Sound Barriers |
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335 | (1) |
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Masonry Walls as Sound Barriers |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (3) |
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Summary of Wall STC Ratings |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (4) |
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Floating Walls and Ceiling |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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Floor/Ceiling Construction |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (2) |
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Floor/Ceiling Structures and Their IIC Performance |
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348 | (1) |
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Floor/Ceilings in Frame Buildings |
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348 | (7) |
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Floor Attenuation with Concrete Layers |
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349 | (2) |
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Plywood Web versus Solid Wood Joists |
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351 | (4) |
18 Sound Isolation: Windows and Doors |
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355 | (22) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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Acoustical Holes in Glass: Mass-Air-Mass Resonance |
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358 | (3) |
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Acoustical Holes in Glass: Coincidence Resonance |
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361 | (1) |
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Acoustical Holes in Glass: Standing Waves in the Cavity |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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Example of an Optimized Double-Pane Window |
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365 | (1) |
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Construction of an Observation Window |
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366 | (3) |
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Proprietary Observation Windows |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (4) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
19 Noise Control in Ventilating Systems |
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377 | (20) |
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Selection of Noise Criterion |
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377 | (3) |
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380 | (2) |
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Machinery Noise and Vibration |
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382 | (3) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (2) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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Some Practical Suggestions |
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395 | (2) |
20 Acoustics of Listening Rooms and Home Theaters |
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397 | (24) |
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397 | (2) |
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Planning the Playback Room |
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399 | (1) |
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Acoustical Treatment of Playback Rooms |
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399 | (1) |
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Peculiarities of Small-Room Acoustics |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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Low-Frequency Considerations |
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401 | (5) |
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404 | (1) |
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Control of Modal Resonances |
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404 | (1) |
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Bass Traps for Playback Rooms |
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405 | (1) |
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Mid/High-Frequency Considerations |
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406 | (4) |
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Identification and Treatment of Reflection Points |
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409 | (1) |
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Lateral Reflections and Control of Spaciousness |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (3) |
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414 | (7) |
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Controlling Early Reflections |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (4) |
21 Acoustics of Home Studios |
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421 | (12) |
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421 | (1) |
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Home Acoustics: Reverberation |
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422 | (1) |
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Home Acoustics: Noise Control |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (3) |
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426 | (3) |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (4) |
22 Acoustics of Small Recording Studios |
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433 | (12) |
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Ambient Noise Requirements |
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433 | (1) |
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Acoustical Characteristics of a Studio |
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434 | (2) |
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Direct and Indirect Sound |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (2) |
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Room Modes and Room Volume |
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436 | (2) |
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Mode Analysis for Different Room Sizes |
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436 | (2) |
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438 | (1) |
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Reverberation in Small Rooms |
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438 | (1) |
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Optimal Reverberation Time |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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440 | (5) |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (4) |
23 Acoustics of Large Recording Studios |
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445 | (12) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (4) |
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446 | (3) |
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449 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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453 | (4) |
24 Acoustics of Control Rooms |
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457 | (18) |
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457 | (2) |
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459 | (1) |
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Specular Reflections versus Diffusion |
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460 | (1) |
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Low-Frequency Resonances in Control Rooms |
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461 | (2) |
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Initial Time-Delay Gaps in Practice |
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463 | (1) |
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Loudspeaker Placement and Reflection Paths |
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463 | (2) |
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The Reflection-Free-Zone Control Room |
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465 | (2) |
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Control-Room Frequency Range |
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467 | (1) |
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Outer Shell and Inner Shell of the Control Room |
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467 | (1) |
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467 | (2) |
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Design Example 1: Control Room with Rectangular Walls |
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469 | (1) |
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Design Example 2: Double-Shell Control Room with Splayed Walls |
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|
470 | (1) |
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Design Example 3: Single-Shell Control Room with Splayed Walls |
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|
470 | (5) |
25 Acoustics of Audio/Video Rooms |
|
475 | (10) |
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|
475 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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476 | (4) |
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Appraisal of Room Resonances |
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|
476 | (1) |
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Control of Room Resonances |
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|
476 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (2) |
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|
480 | (1) |
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|
480 | (3) |
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Dead versus Live Ambience |
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|
480 | (1) |
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|
481 | (2) |
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Live End-Dead End Voice Studio |
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|
483 | (2) |
26 Acoustics of Large Halls |
|
485 | (20) |
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Essential Design Criteria |
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|
485 | (1) |
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Reverberation and Echo Control |
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|
486 | (2) |
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|
488 | (1) |
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|
489 | (2) |
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|
489 | (1) |
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|
489 | (1) |
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|
490 | (1) |
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Ceiling, Walls, and Floor |
|
|
491 | (1) |
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|
491 | (3) |
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Speech Frequencies and Duration |
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|
492 | (1) |
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|
492 | (1) |
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|
492 | (2) |
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Concert Hall Acoustical Design |
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|
494 | (3) |
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|
494 | (1) |
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|
495 | (1) |
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|
495 | (1) |
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|
495 | (1) |
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|
496 | (1) |
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|
496 | (1) |
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|
496 | (1) |
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|
497 | (1) |
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|
497 | (1) |
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|
497 | (1) |
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Concert Hall Architectural Design |
|
|
497 | (3) |
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|
498 | (1) |
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|
498 | (1) |
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|
499 | (1) |
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Virtual Image Source Analysis |
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|
500 | (1) |
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|
501 | (1) |
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|
501 | (4) |
27 Acoustical Distortion |
|
505 | (10) |
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Acoustical Distortion and the Perception of Sound |
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|
505 | (1) |
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Sources of Acoustical Distortion |
|
|
505 | (9) |
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|
505 | (1) |
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Speaker-Boundary Interference Response |
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|
506 | (1) |
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|
507 | (4) |
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|
511 | (1) |
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|
512 | (2) |
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|
514 | (1) |
28 Room Acoustics Measurement Software |
|
515 | (20) |
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|
515 | (1) |
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Basic Analysis Instruments |
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|
516 | (1) |
|
Time-Delay Spectrometry Techniques |
|
|
517 | (2) |
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Maximum-Length Sequence Techniques |
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|
519 | (1) |
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|
520 | (15) |
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Frequency-Response Measurements |
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|
523 | (3) |
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|
526 | (1) |
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Fractional-Octave Measurements |
|
|
526 | (3) |
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Energy-Time Curve Measurements |
|
|
529 | (3) |
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|
532 | (3) |
29 Room Optimizer |
|
535 | (24) |
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|
535 | (2) |
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Speaker-Boundary Interference Response |
|
|
537 | (1) |
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|
538 | (1) |
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|
539 | (6) |
|
Prediction of Room Response |
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|
540 | (4) |
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|
544 | (1) |
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|
544 | (1) |
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|
545 | (3) |
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|
548 | (9) |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
Stereo Pair with Two Woofers per Loudspeaker |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
5.1-Channel Home Theater with Dipole Surrounds |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
5.1-Channel Home Theater with Matched Satellites |
|
|
552 | (3) |
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|
555 | (2) |
|
|
557 | (2) |
30 Room Auralization |
|
559 | (16) |
|
History of Acoustical Modeling |
|
|
559 | (3) |
|
|
562 | (10) |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
Receiver Characterization |
|
|
564 | (1) |
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|
564 | (1) |
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|
564 | (5) |
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|
569 | (2) |
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|
571 | (1) |
|
|
572 | (3) |
Bibliography |
|
575 | (18) |
Appendix: Selected Absorption Coefficients |
|
593 | (2) |
Glossary |
|
595 | (12) |
Index |
|
607 | |