Notes on Contributors |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xxv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxvii | |
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1 Connectionist Learning Models for Application Problems Involving Differential and Integral Equations |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (5) |
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1.1.1 Artificial Neural Network |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Types of Neural Networks |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Learning in Neural Network |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Activation Function |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.4.1 Sigmoidal Function |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.5 Advantages of Neural Network |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.6 Functional Link Artificial Neural Network (FLANN) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.7 Differential Equations (DEs) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.8.1 Fredholm Integral Equation of First Kind |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.8.2 Fredholm Integral Equation of Second Kind |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.8.3 Volterra Integral Equation of First Kind |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.8.4 Volterra Integral Equation of Second Kind |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.8.5 Linear Fredholm Integral Equation System of Second Kind |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2 Methodology for Differential Equations |
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6 | (3) |
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1.2.1 FLANN-Based General Formulation of Differential Equations |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.1.1 Second-Order Initial Value Problem |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.1.2 Second-Order Boundary Value Problem |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Proposed Laguerre Neural Network (LgNN) for Differential Equations |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.2.1 Architecture of Single-Layer LgNN Model |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.2.2 Training Algorithm of Laguerre Neural Network (LgNN) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.2.3 Gradient Computation of LgNN |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3 Methodology for Solving a System of Fredholm Integral Equations of Second Kind |
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9 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 Numerical Examples and Discussion |
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11 | (9) |
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1.4.1 Differential Equations and Applications |
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11 | (5) |
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16 | (4) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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2 Deep Learning in Population Genetics: Prediction and Explanation of Selection of a Population |
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23 | (10) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.3.1 Selection and Its Importance |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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2.5 Relevant Theory, Results, and Discussions |
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27 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Hypertuning the Best Model |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (3) |
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3 A Survey of Classification Techniques in Speech Emotion Recognition |
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33 | (16) |
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33 | (1) |
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3.2 Emotional Speech Databases |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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3.4 Classification Techniques |
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35 | (6) |
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3.4.1 Hidden Markov Model |
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36 | (1) |
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3.4.1.1 Difficulties in Using HMM for SER |
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37 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Gaussian Mixture Model |
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37 | (1) |
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3.4.2.1 Difficulties in Using GMM for SER |
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38 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Support Vector Machine |
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38 | (1) |
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3.4.3.1 Difficulties with SVM |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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3.4.4.1 Drawbacks of Using Deep Learning for SER |
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41 | (1) |
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3.5 Difficulties in SER Studies |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (7) |
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4 Mathematical Methods in Deep Learning |
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49 | (14) |
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Srinivasa Manikant Upadhyayula |
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4.1 Deep Learning Using Neural Networks |
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49 | (1) |
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4.2 Introduction to Neural Networks |
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49 | (6) |
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4.2.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) |
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50 | (2) |
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4.2.1.1 Activation Function |
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52 | (1) |
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4.2.1.2 Logistic Sigmoid Activation Function |
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52 | (1) |
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4.2.1.3 tanh or Hyperbolic Tangent Activation Function |
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53 | (1) |
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4.2.1.4 ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) Activation Function |
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54 | (1) |
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4.3 Other Activation Functions (Variant Forms of ReLU) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Training and Optimizing a Neural Network Model |
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56 | (1) |
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4.4 Backpropagation Algorithm |
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56 | (3) |
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4.5 Performance and Accuracy |
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59 | (1) |
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4.6 Results and Observation |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (2) |
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5 Multimodal Data Representation and Processing Based on Algebraic System of Aggregates |
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63 | (36) |
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63 | (1) |
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5.2 Basic Statements of ASA |
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64 | (1) |
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5.3 Operations on Aggregates and Multi-images |
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65 | (7) |
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5.4 Relations and Digital Intervals |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (17) |
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5.6 Fuzzy Synchronization |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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6 Nonprobabilistic Analysis of Thermal and Chemical Diffusion Problems with Uncertain Bounded Parameters |
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99 | (16) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (3) |
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6.2.1 Interval Arithmetic |
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99 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Fuzzy Number and Fuzzy Arithmetic |
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100 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Parametric Representation of Fuzzy Number |
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101 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Finite Difference Schemes for PDEs |
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102 | (1) |
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6.3 Finite Element Formulation for Tapered Fin |
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102 | (3) |
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6.4 Radon Diffusion and Its Mechanism |
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105 | (2) |
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6.5 Radon Diffusion Mechanism with TFN Parameters |
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107 | (5) |
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6.5.1 EFDM to Radon Diffusion Mechanism with TFN Parameters |
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108 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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7 Arbitrary Order Differential Equations with Fuzzy Parameters |
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115 | (10) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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7.3 Arbitrary Order Integral and Derivative for Fuzzy-Valued Functions |
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116 | (2) |
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7.4 Generalized Fuzzy Laplace Transform with Respect to Another Function |
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118 | (4) |
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122 | (3) |
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8 Fluid Dynamics Problems in Uncertain Environment |
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125 | (20) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Parametric Approach |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (2) |
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8.4.1 Homotopy Perturbation Method |
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129 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Homotopy Perturbation Transform Method |
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130 | (1) |
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8.5 Application of HPM and HPTM |
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131 | (5) |
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8.5.1 Application of HPM to Jeffery-Hamel Problem |
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131 | (3) |
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8.5.2 Application of HPTM to Coupled Whitham-Broer-Kaup Equations |
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134 | (2) |
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8.6 Results and Discussion |
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136 | (6) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (3) |
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9 Fuzzy Rough Set Theory-Based Feature Selection: A Review |
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145 | (22) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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9.2.1.2 Rough Set-Based Feature Selection |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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9.2.2.1 Fuzzy Tolerance Relation |
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148 | (1) |
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9.2.2.2 Fuzzy Rough Set Theory |
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149 | (1) |
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9.2.2.3 Degree of Dependency-Based Fuzzy Rough Attribute Reduction |
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149 | (1) |
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9.2.2 A Discernibility Matrix-Based Fuzzy Rough Attribute Reduction |
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149 | (1) |
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9.3 Fuzzy Rough Set-Based Attribute Reduction |
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149 | (5) |
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9.3.1 Degree of Dependency-Based Approaches |
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150 | (4) |
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9.3.2 Discernibility Matrix-Based Approaches |
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154 | (1) |
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9.4 Approaches for Semisupervised and Unsupervised Decision Systems |
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154 | (4) |
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9.5 Decision Systems with Missing Values |
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158 | (1) |
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9.6 Applications in Classification, Rule Extraction, and Other Application Areas |
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158 | (1) |
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9.7 Limitations of Fuzzy Rough Set Theory |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (7) |
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10 Universal Intervals: Towards a Dependency-Aware Interval Algebra |
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167 | (48) |
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167 | (2) |
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10.2 The Need for Interval Computations |
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169 | (1) |
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10.3 On Some Algebraic and Logical Fundamentals |
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170 | (4) |
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10.4 Classical Intervals and the Dependency Problem |
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174 | (2) |
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10.5 Interval Dependency: A Logical Treatment |
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176 | (8) |
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10.5.1 Quantification Dependence and Skolemization |
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177 | (2) |
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10.5.2 A Formalization of the Notion of Interval Dependency |
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179 | (5) |
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10.6 Interval Enclosures Under Functional Dependence |
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184 | (2) |
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10.7 Parametric Intervals: How Far They Can Go |
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186 | (6) |
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10.7.1 Parametric Interval Operations: From Endpoints to Convex Subsets |
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186 | (2) |
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10.7.2 On the Structure of Parametric Intervals: Are They Properly Founded? |
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188 | (4) |
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10.8 Universal Intervals: An Interval Algebra with a Dependency Predicate |
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192 | (9) |
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10.8.1 Universal Intervals, Rational Functions, and Predicates |
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193 | (3) |
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10.8.2 The Arithmetic of Universal Intervals |
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196 | (5) |
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10.9 The S-Field Algebra of Universal Intervals |
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201 | (8) |
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10.10 Guaranteed Bounds or Best Approximation or Both? |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (4) |
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11 Affine-Contractor Approach to Handle Nonlinear Dynamical Problems in Uncertain Environment |
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215 | (24) |
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215 | (2) |
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11.2 Classical Interval Arithmetic |
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217 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Set Operations of Interval System |
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217 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Standard Interval Computations |
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218 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Algebraic Properties of Interval |
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219 | (1) |
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11.3 Interval Dependency Problem |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
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11.4.1 Conversion Between Interval and Affine Arithmetic |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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11.6 Proposed Methodology |
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225 | (5) |
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230 | (6) |
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11.7.1 Nonlinear Oscillators |
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230 | (1) |
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11.7.1.1 Unforced Nonlinear Differential Equation |
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230 | (2) |
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11.7.1.2 Forced Nonlinear Differential Equation |
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232 | (1) |
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11.7.2 Other Dynamic Problem |
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233 | (1) |
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11.7.2.1 Nonhomogeneous Lane-Emden Equation |
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233 | (3) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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12 Dynamic Behavior of Nanobeam Using Strain Gradient Model |
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239 | (14) |
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239 | (1) |
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12.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Proposed Model |
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240 | (1) |
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12.3 Review of the Differential Transform Method (DTM) |
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241 | (1) |
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12.4 Application of DTM on Dynamic Behavior Analysis |
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242 | (2) |
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12.5 Numerical Results and Discussion |
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244 | (4) |
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12.5.1 Validation and Convergence |
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244 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Effect of the Small-Scale Parameter |
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245 | (2) |
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12.5.3 Effect of Length-Scale Parameter |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (3) |
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13 Structural Static and Vibration Problems |
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253 | (20) |
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253 | (1) |
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13.2 One-parameter Groups |
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254 | (1) |
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13.3 Infinitesimal Transformation |
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254 | (1) |
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13.4 Canonical Coordinates |
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254 | (1) |
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13.5 Algorithm for Lie Symmetry Point |
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255 | (1) |
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13.6 Reduction of the Order of the ODE |
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255 | (1) |
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13.7 Solution of First-Order ODE with Lie Symmetry |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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13.9 Vibration of a Microcantilever Beam Subjected to Uniform Electrostatic Field |
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258 | (1) |
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13.10 Contact Form for the Equation |
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259 | (1) |
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13.11 Reducing in the Order of the Nonlinear ODE Representing the Vibration of a Microcantilever Beam Under Electrostatic Field |
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260 | (1) |
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13.12 Nonlinear Pull-in Voltage |
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261 | (5) |
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13.13 Nonlinear Analysis of Pull-in Voltage of Twin Microcantilever Beams |
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266 | (2) |
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13.14 Nonlinear Analysis of Pull-in Voltage of Twin Microcantilever Beams of Different Thicknesses |
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268 | (4) |
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272 | (1) |
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14 Generalized Differential and Integral Quadrature: Theory and Applications |
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273 | (70) |
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273 | (1) |
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14.2 Differential Quadrature |
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274 | (3) |
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14.2.1 Genesis of the Differential Quadrature Method |
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274 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Differential Quadrature Law |
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275 | (2) |
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14.3 General View on Differential Quadrature |
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277 | (33) |
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278 | (3) |
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14.3.1.1 Lagrange Polynomials |
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281 | (1) |
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14.3.1.2 Trigonometric Lagrange Polynomials |
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282 | (1) |
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14.3.1.3 Classic Orthogonal Polynomials |
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282 | (9) |
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14.3.1.4 Monomial Functions |
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291 | (1) |
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14.3.1.5 Exponential Functions |
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291 | (1) |
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14.3.1.6 Bernstein Polynomials |
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291 | (1) |
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14.3.1.7 Fourier Functions |
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292 | (1) |
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14.3.1.8 Bessel Polynomials |
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292 | (1) |
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14.3.1.9 Boubaker Polynomials |
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292 | (1) |
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14.3.2 Grid Distributions |
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293 | (1) |
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14.3.2.1 Coordinate Transformation |
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293 | (1) |
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14.3.2.2 5-Point Distribution |
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293 | (1) |
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14.3.2.3 Stretching Formulation |
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293 | (1) |
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14.3.2.4 Several Types of Discretization |
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293 | (4) |
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14.3.3 Numerical Applications: Differential Quadrature |
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297 | (13) |
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14.4 Generalized Integral Quadrature |
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310 | (14) |
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14.4.1 Generalized Taylor-Based Integral Quadrature |
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312 | (2) |
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14.4.2 Classic Integral Quadrature Methods |
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314 | (1) |
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14.4.2.1 Trapezoidal Rule with Uniform Discretization |
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314 | (1) |
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14.4.2.2 Simpson's Method (One-third Rule) with Uniform Discretization |
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314 | (1) |
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14.4.2.3 Chebyshev-Gauss Method (Chebyshev of the First Kind) |
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314 | (1) |
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14.4.2.4 Chebyshev-Gauss Method (Chebyshev of the Second Kind) |
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314 | (1) |
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14.4.2.5 Chebyshev-Gauss Method (Chebyshev of the Third Kind) |
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315 | (1) |
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14.4.2.6 Chebyshev-Gauss Method (Chebyshev of the Fourth Kind) |
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315 | (1) |
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14.4.2.7 Chebyshev-Gauss-Radau Method (Chebyshev of the First Kind) |
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315 | (1) |
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14.4.2.8 Chebyshev-Gauss-Lobatto Method (Chebyshev of the First Kind) |
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315 | (1) |
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14.4.2.9 Gauss-Legendre or Legendre-Gauss Method |
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315 | (1) |
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14.4.2.10 Gauss-Legendre-Radau or Legendre-Gauss-Radau Method |
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315 | (1) |
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14.4.2.11 Gauss-Legendre-Lobatto or Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto Method |
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316 | (1) |
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14.4.3 Numerical Applications: Integral Quadrature |
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316 | (4) |
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14.4.4 Numerical Applications: Taylor-Based Integral Quadrature |
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320 | (4) |
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14.5 General View: The Two-Dimensional Case |
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324 | (16) |
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340 | (3) |
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15 Brain Activity Reconstruction by Finding a Source Parameter in an Inverse Problem |
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343 | (26) |
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343 | (3) |
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15.1.1 Statement of the Problem |
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344 | (1) |
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15.1.2 Brief Review of Other Methods Existing in the Literature |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (7) |
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15.2.1 Weighted Residual Methods and Collocation Algorithm |
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346 | (3) |
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15.2.2 Function Approximation Using Chebyshev Polynomials |
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349 | (4) |
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353 | (1) |
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15.4 Numerical Results and Discussion |
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354 | (11) |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (3) |
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362 | (3) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (4) |
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16 Optimal Resource Allocation in Controlling Infectious Diseases |
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369 | (22) |
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369 | (1) |
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16.2 Mobility-Based Resource Distribution |
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370 | (6) |
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16.2.1 Distribution of National Resources |
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370 | (1) |
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16.2.2 Transmission Dynamics |
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371 | (1) |
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16.2.2.1 Compartment Models |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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16.2.2.4 Transmission Rate and Potential |
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372 | (1) |
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16.2.3 Nonlinear Problem Formulation |
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373 | (1) |
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16.2.3.1 Piecewise Linear Reformulation |
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374 | (1) |
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16.2.3.2 Computational Experience |
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374 | (2) |
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16.3 Connection-Strength Minimization |
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376 | (3) |
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376 | (1) |
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16.3.1.1 Disease Transmission Potential |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Nonlinear Problem Formulation |
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377 | (1) |
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16.3.2.1 Connection Strength Measure |
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377 | (1) |
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16.3.2.2 Piecewise Linear Approximation |
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378 | (1) |
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16.3.2.3 Computational Experience |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (7) |
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16.4.1 Novel Strategies for Individuals |
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379 | (1) |
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16.4.1.1 Epidemiological Isolation |
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380 | (1) |
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16.4.1.2 Identifying Objectives |
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380 | (1) |
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16.4.2 Minimizing the High-Risk Population |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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16.4.2.2 Model Formulation |
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382 | (1) |
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16.4.2.3 Linear Integer Program |
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383 | (1) |
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16.4.2.4 Computational Experience |
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383 | (1) |
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16.4.3 Minimizing the Total Risk |
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|
384 | (1) |
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16.4.4 Goal Programming Approach |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (4) |
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17 Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Car |
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391 | (22) |
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|
391 | (1) |
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17.2 What Is Artificial Intelligence? |
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|
391 | (1) |
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17.3 Natural Language Processing |
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|
391 | (2) |
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|
393 | (2) |
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17.4.1 Classification by Axes |
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|
393 | (1) |
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17.4.1.1 Axis Concept in Robot Manipulators |
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|
393 | (1) |
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17.4.2 Classification of Robots by Coordinate Systems |
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|
394 | (1) |
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17.4.3 Other Robotic Classifications |
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|
394 | (1) |
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|
395 | (2) |
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17.5.1 Artificial Intelligence in Image Processing |
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|
395 | (1) |
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17.5.2 Image Processing Techniques |
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|
395 | (1) |
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17.5.2.1 Image Preprocessing and Enhancement |
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|
396 | (1) |
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17.5.2.2 Image Segmentation |
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|
396 | (1) |
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17.5.2.3 Feature Extraction |
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|
396 | (1) |
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17.5.2.4 Image Classification |
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|
396 | (1) |
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17.5.3 Artificial Intelligence Support in Digital Image Processing |
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397 | (1) |
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17.5.3.1 Creating a Cancer Treatment Plan |
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|
397 | (1) |
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17.5.3.2 Skin Cancer Diagnosis |
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|
397 | (1) |
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397 | (2) |
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17.6.1 Problem-solving Process |
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|
397 | (2) |
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|
399 | (1) |
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17.7.1 Optimization Techniques in Artificial Intelligence |
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|
399 | (1) |
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|
400 | (10) |
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17.8.1 History of Autonomous System |
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|
400 | (1) |
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17.8.2 What Is an Autonomous Car? |
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|
401 | (1) |
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17.8.3 Literature of Autonomous Car |
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402 | (3) |
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17.8.4 How Does an Autonomous Car Work? |
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|
405 | (1) |
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17.8.5 Concept of Self-driving Car |
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|
406 | (1) |
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17.8.5.1 Image Classification |
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|
407 | (1) |
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|
407 | (1) |
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|
408 | (1) |
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17.8.5.4 Introduction to Deep Learning |
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|
408 | (1) |
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|
409 | (1) |
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|
410 | (1) |
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|
410 | (3) |
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18 Different Techniques to Solve Monotone Inclusion Problems |
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413 | (20) |
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413 | (2) |
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18.3 Proximal Point Algorithm |
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|
415 | (1) |
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18.4 Splitting Algorithms |
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|
415 | (3) |
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18.4.1 Douglas-Rachford Splitting Algorithm |
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|
416 | (1) |
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18.4.2 Forward-Backward Algorithm |
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|
416 | (2) |
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|
418 | (11) |
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18.5.1 Inertial Proximal Point Algorithm |
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|
419 | (2) |
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18.5.2 Splitting Inertial Proximal Point Algorithm |
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|
421 | (1) |
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18.5.3 Inertial Douglas-Rachford Splitting Algorithm |
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|
421 | (1) |
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18.5.4 Pock and Lorenz's Variable Metric Forward-Backward Algorithm |
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|
422 | (6) |
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|
428 | (1) |
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18.6 Numerical Experiments |
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|
429 | (1) |
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|
430 | (3) |
Index |
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433 | |