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El. knyga: Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Basic Mathematics for Water and Wastewater Operators

(Spellman Environmental Consultants, Norfolk, Virginia, USA)
  • Formatas: 294 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 07-May-2014
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781482224269
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: 294 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 07-May-2014
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781482224269
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To properly operate a waterworks or wastewater treatment plant and to pass the examination for a waterworks/wastewater operator’s license, it is necessary to know how to perform certain calculations. All operators, at all levels of licensure, need a basic understanding of arithmetic and problem-solving techniques to solve the problems they typically encounter in the workplace.

Hailed on its first publication as a masterly account written in an engaging, highly readable, user-friendly style, the Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators, Second Edition has been expanded and divided into three specialized texts that contain hundreds of worked examples presented in a step-by-step format. They are ideal for all levels of water treatment operators in training and practitioners studying for advanced licensure. In addition, they provide a handy desk reference and handheld guide for daily use in making operational math computations.

This first volume, Basic Mathematics for Water and Wastewater Operators, introduces and reviews fundamental concepts critical to qualified operators. Presented at a basic level, this volume reviews fractions and decimals, rounding numbers, significant digits, raising numbers to powers, averages, proportions, conversion factors, flow and detention time, and the areas and volumes of different shapes. It also explains how to keep track of units of measurement (such as inches, feet, and gallons) during the calculations. After building a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, the text moves on to applied math—basic math concepts applied in solving practical problems for both water and wastewater operations. The material is presented using clear explanations in manageable portions to make learning quick and easy, and illustrative real-world problems are provided that correlate to modern practice and design.

Preface xi
Author xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(8)
The 411 on Mathematics
1(1)
Math Terminology and Definitions
1(2)
Calculation Steps
3(1)
Keywords
3(1)
Calculators
3(1)
Dimensional Analysis
4(1)
Basic Operation 1
4(1)
Basic Operation 2
5(1)
Basic Operation 3
5(4)
Chapter 2 Basic Units of Measurement and Conversions
9(80)
Setting the Stage
9(1)
Units of Measurement
9(1)
Conversion Factors
10(1)
Weight, Concentration, and Flow
11(2)
Conversions
13(1)
Typical Water/Wastewater Conversion Examples
14(7)
Temperature Conversions
21(4)
Population Equivalent or Unit Loading Factor
25(1)
Specific Gravity and Density
26(4)
Flow
30(1)
Key Factors in Calculating Flow Problem Solutions
31(1)
Flow through a Channel
31(1)
Flow through a Pipeline
32(7)
Detention Time
39(3)
Chemical Addition Conversions
42(1)
Required Amount of Chemical (Active Ingredient)
42(1)
Required Amount of Chemical (Inactive Ingredient)
43(1)
Dry Chemical Feed Rate
43(1)
Liquid Chemical Feed Rate
43(1)
Wire-to-Water Calculations
44(1)
Horsepower and Energy Costs
45(1)
Water Horsepower
45(1)
Brake Horsepower
46(1)
Motor Horsepower
46(1)
Electrical Power
46(1)
Power Factor
47(2)
Advanced Units of Measurement and Conversions
49(1)
Conversion Factors and SI Units
49(2)
Conversion Factor Tables
51(1)
Water/Wastewater Conversion Examples
51(18)
Temperature Conversion Examples
69(3)
Conversion Factors for Air Pollution Measurements
72(1)
Conversion from ppm to μg/m3
72(2)
Conversion Tables for Common Air Pollution Measurements
74(1)
Soil Test Results Conversion Factors
75(3)
Greenhouse Gas Emission Numbers to Equivalent Units and Carbon Sequestration
78(1)
Electricity Reductions (Kilowatt-Hours)
78(1)
Emission Factor
79(1)
Passenger Vehicles per Year
79(1)
Gallons of Gasoline Consumed
79(1)
Therms of Natural Gas
80(1)
Barrels of Oil Consumed
80(1)
Tanker Trucks Filled with Gasoline
80(1)
Number of Tree Seedlings Grown for 10 Years
81(1)
Acres of U.S. Forests Storing Carbon for One Year
82(1)
Conversion Factors for Carbon Sequestered Annually by One Acre of Average U.S. Forest
83(1)
Acres of U.S. Forest Preserved from Conversion to Cropland
83(2)
Propane Cylinders Used for Home Barbecues
85(1)
Railcars of Coal Burned
86(1)
Tons of Waste Recycled Instead of Landfilled
86(1)
Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions for One Year
86(1)
References and Recommended Reading
87(2)
Chapter 3 Sequence of Operations
89(6)
Sequence of Operations Rules
89(1)
Rule 1
89(1)
Rule 2
89(1)
Rule 3
89(1)
Rule 4
89(1)
Rule 5
90(1)
Rule 6
90(1)
Sequence of Operations Examples
90(5)
Chapter 4 Fractions, Decimals, and Percent
95(10)
Fractions
95(3)
Decimals
98(2)
Percent
100(5)
Chapter 5 Rounding and Significant Digits
105(2)
Rounding Numbers
105(1)
Determining Significant Figures
105(2)
Chapter 6 Powers of Ten and Exponents
107(2)
Rules
107(1)
Powers
108(1)
Examples
108(1)
Chapter 7 Averages (Arithmetic Mean) and Median
109(4)
Averages
109(1)
Median
110(3)
Chapter 8 Solving for the Unknown
113(16)
Math Rules of Operation
113(1)
Equations
113(2)
Axioms
115(1)
Solving Equations
115(10)
Checking the Answer
125(1)
Setting Up Equations
126(1)
Summary of Key Points
127(2)
Chapter 9 Ratios and Proportions
129(4)
Ratios
129(1)
Proportions
129(1)
Working with Ratios and Proportions
129(4)
Chapter 10 Electrical Calculations
133(26)
Electrical Circuits and Power
133(1)
Ohm's Law
133(5)
Electrical Power
138(1)
Electrical Power Calculations
138(2)
Electrical Energy
140(1)
Series DC Circuit Characteristics
140(1)
Series Circuit Resistance
141(1)
Series Circuit Current
142(1)
Series Circuit Voltage
143(2)
Series Circuit Power
145(2)
General Series Circuit Analysis
147(2)
Parallel DC Circuits
149(1)
Parallel Circuit Characteristics
149(1)
Voltage in Parallel Circuits
149(2)
Current in Parallel Circuits
151(2)
Parallel Circuit Resistance
153(3)
Reciprocal Method
156(1)
Product over the Sum Method
157(1)
Power in Parallel Circuits
157(2)
Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volume
159(16)
Perimeter and Circumference
161(1)
Perimeter
161(1)
Circumference
162(1)
Area
163(1)
Area of a Rectangle
163(1)
Area of a Circle
164(1)
Area of a Circular or Cylindrical Tank
165(1)
Volume
166(1)
Volume of a Rectangular Basin
166(1)
Volume of Round Pipe and Round Surface Areas
167(1)
Volume of a Cone and Sphere
168(1)
Volume of a Cone
168(1)
Volume of a Sphere
168(1)
Volume of a Circular or Cylindrical Tank
169(1)
Volume in Gallons
169(1)
Volume of Pipes
170(1)
Area Examples
170(2)
Volume Examples
172(3)
Chapter 12 Force, Pressure, Head, and Velocity Calculations
175(12)
Force and Pressure
175(2)
Head
177(1)
Static Head
178(1)
Friction Head
178(1)
Velocity Head
178(1)
Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head)
179(1)
Pressure and Head
179(1)
Head and Pressure
179(1)
Velocity
180(1)
Force, Pressure, Head, and Velocity Examples
181(6)
Chapter 13 Mass Balance and Measuring Plant Performance
187(6)
Mass Balance for Settling Tanks
187(1)
Mass Balance Using BOD Removal
188(2)
Measuring Plant Performance
190(1)
Plant Performance/Efficiency
190(1)
Unit Process Performance and Efficiency
191(1)
Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge
192(1)
Chapter 14 Pumping Calculations
193(26)
Basic Water Hydraulics Calculations
193(1)
Weight of Water
193(1)
Weight of Water Related to the Weight of Air
194(1)
Water at Rest
195(1)
Gauge Pressure
195(1)
Water in Motion
196(1)
Discharge
196(1)
Law of Continuity
197(1)
Pipe Friction
197(1)
Basic Pumping Calculations
198(1)
Pumping Rates
198(2)
Calculating Head Loss
200(1)
Calculating Head
200(1)
Calculating Horsepower and Efficiency
201(1)
Hydraulic Horsepower
201(1)
Pump Efficiency and Brake Horsepower
201(3)
Specific Speed
204(1)
Positive-Displacement Pumps
204(1)
Volume of Biosolids Pumped (Capacity)
205(1)
Pumping Examples
206(13)
Chapter 15 Water Source and Storage Calculations
219(12)
Water Source Calculations
219(1)
Well Drawdown
219(2)
Well Yield
221(1)
Specific Yield
221(1)
Well Casing Disinfection
222(1)
Deep-Well Turbine Pump Calculations
222(1)
Vertical Turbine Pump Calculations
223(5)
Water Storage
228(1)
Water Storage Calculations
228(1)
Copper Sulfate Dosing
229(2)
Chapter 16 Water/Wastewater Laboratory Calculations
231(28)
Faucet Flow Estimation
231(1)
Service Line Flushing Time
232(1)
Composite Sampling Calculation (Proportioning Factor)
233(1)
Composite Sampling Procedure and Calculation
234(1)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Calculations
235(1)
BOD5 (Unseeded)
235(1)
BOD5 (Seeded)
235(1)
BOD 7-Day Moving Average
236(1)
Moles and Molarity
237(1)
Moles
237(1)
Normality
238(1)
Settleability (Activated Biosolids Solids)
239(1)
Settleable Solids
240(1)
Total Solids, Fixed Solids, and Volatile Solids
241(2)
Wastewater Suspended Solids and Volatile Suspended Solids
243(1)
Biosolids Volume Index and Biosolids Density Index
244(1)
Chemical Dosage Calculations
245(1)
Dosage Formula Pie Chart
246(1)
Chlorine Dosage
247(2)
Hypochlorite Dosage
249(5)
Laboratory Examples
254(5)
Chapter 17 Basic Mathemathics Practice Problems
259
Basic Math Operations
259(1)
Decimal Operations
259(1)
Percentage Calculations
260(1)
Solving for an Unknown
260(1)
Ratio and Proportion
261(1)
Area of Rectangles
261(1)
Circumference and Area of Circles
261(1)
Fundamental Water/Wastewater Operations
261(1)
Tank Volume Calculations
261(1)
Channel and Pipeline Capacity Calculations
262(1)
Miscellaneous Volume Calculations
262(1)
Flow, Velocity, and Conversion Calculations
263(2)
Average Flow Rates
265(1)
Flow Conversions
265(1)
General Flow and Velocity Calculations
265(2)
Chemical Dosage Calculations
267(1)
Appendix: Solutions to
Chapter
267(2)
Problems 269(4)
Index 273
Frank R. Spellman, PhD , is a retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, and the author of more than 90 books covering topics ranging from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to all areas of environmental science and occupational health. He consults on homeland security vulnerability assessments for critical infrastructures, including water/wastewater facilities, and conducts audits for Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Environmental Protection Agency inspections throughout the country. Dr. Spellman lectures on sewage treatment, water treatment, and homeland security, as well as on safety topics, throughout the country and teaches water/wastewater operator short courses at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg.