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xi | |
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xiv | |
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xvi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
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1 Language Contact, Immigration, and Latino Englishes |
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1 | (39) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Models of Language Contact |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 New Dialect Formation |
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5 | (4) |
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1.4 Acquisition of L2 Phonetics and Morphosyntax |
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9 | (3) |
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1.5 Subordinate Immigrant Communities around the World |
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12 | (14) |
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1.6 History of Latino English Scholarship |
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26 | (9) |
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1.7 What's Missing from Earlier Research |
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35 | (5) |
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2 The Context of North Town |
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40 | (21) |
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40 | (17) |
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2.2 Interviewing in North Town |
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57 | (4) |
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3 Consonantal Variables Correlated with Ethnicity |
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61 | (32) |
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3.1 Consonantal Variation in Latino Englishes |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (3) |
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3.3 The (tj), (0. and (d3) Variables |
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66 | (7) |
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3.4 The (3 Stopping) and (3 Assimilation) Variables |
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73 | (8) |
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81 | (9) |
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3.6 Commonality vs. Diversity |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (32) |
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4.1 Substrate Influence on Vowels |
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93 | (1) |
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4.2 Historical Survey of Studies of Latino Vowels |
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94 | (8) |
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4.3 Methods of the North Town Analysis |
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102 | (1) |
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4.4 Representative Vowel Configurations |
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103 | (4) |
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4.5 Generational Changes in North Town |
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107 | (4) |
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4.6 Regression Analyses of Variables |
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111 | (5) |
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116 | (5) |
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121 | (1) |
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4.9 General Patterning in North Town |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (24) |
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5.1 Ethnolects Are Not Impervious |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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5.3 The bot/bought Merger |
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128 | (8) |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (5) |
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5.7 A Sign of a Vibrant Dialect |
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147 | (2) |
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6 Social Evaluation of Variables |
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149 | (22) |
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6.1 Determining Indexicality |
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149 | (3) |
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6.2 Methods for the Speech Identification Experiment |
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152 | (4) |
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156 | (10) |
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166 | (3) |
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6.5 Evaluation of the Experiment |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (27) |
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7.1 English Unstressed ing |
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171 | (4) |
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7.2 Variable (ING), Ethnicity, and Other Social Factors in North Town |
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175 | (8) |
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7.3 Internal and External Constraints on Variable (ING) in Mexican American English |
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183 | (7) |
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7.4 A Closer Look at Variable (ING) as Used by Four Speakers |
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190 | (5) |
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195 | (3) |
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8 Coronal Stop Deletion in a Rural South Texas Community |
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198 | (17) |
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198 | (1) |
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8.2 CSD: Previous Research |
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199 | (3) |
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202 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Data Reduction and Coding |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (8) |
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8.4.1 Linguistic Constraints |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (1) |
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8.4.3 The Effect of Ethnicity |
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208 | (4) |
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8.5 CSD in North Town and Other Latino Communities |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (28) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (11) |
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227 | (7) |
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234 | (3) |
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9.5 Phrase-Final Lengthening |
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237 | (4) |
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9.6 Diverse Variables, Diverse Patterns |
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241 | (2) |
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10 Morphosyntactic Variation |
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243 | (25) |
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10.1 Introduction: Morphosyntactic Variation in Latino English(es) |
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243 | (2) |
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10.2 Communities and Speakers |
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245 | (3) |
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10.3 Past Tense Unmarking |
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248 | (10) |
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248 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Previous Studies on Past Tense Unmarking |
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249 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Methodology and Coding Conventions: Unmarked Past Tense |
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251 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Results: Past Tense Unmarking |
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252 | (6) |
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258 | (7) |
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10.4.1 Introduction and Past Descriptions of MN in Latino Communities |
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258 | (3) |
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10.4.2 Methodology and Coding Conventions: Multiple Negation |
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261 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Results: Multiple Negation |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (3) |
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11 Latino English in New Destinations: Processes of Regionalization in Emerging Contact Varieties |
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268 | (26) |
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268 | (1) |
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11.2 Regionalization of Latino Englishes |
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269 | (2) |
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11.3 What Is a New Destination Community? |
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271 | (2) |
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11.4 Field Sites and Motivation for Their Selection |
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273 | (2) |
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11.5 Coronal Stop Deletion (CSD) |
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275 | (5) |
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11.6 Realization of Representative Vowels in Each Community |
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280 | (10) |
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290 | (4) |
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12 Mexican American English and Dialect Genesis |
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294 | (18) |
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12.1 What Is an Ethnolect? |
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294 | (3) |
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12.2 A Model of Ethnolect Development |
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297 | (11) |
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12.3 Prospects for Mexican American English |
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308 | (4) |
References |
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312 | (38) |
Index |
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350 | |