| Preface |
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xxvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxix | |
| Author |
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xxxi | |
| Chapter 1 Basic Facts about Micronutrients |
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1 | (12) |
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1 | (1) |
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Evolution of the Antioxidant System |
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1 | (1) |
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History of the Discovery of Micronutrients |
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1 | (1) |
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Sources and Forms of Vitamins |
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2 | (2) |
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Solubility of Micronutrients |
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4 | (1) |
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Distribution of Antioxidants in the Body |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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Can Antioxidants Be Destroyed during Cooking? |
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6 | (1) |
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Absorption of Antioxidants and Its Significance |
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6 | (1) |
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Functions of Individual Antioxidants |
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7 | (1) |
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Antioxidant Defense Systems |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Known Functions of Antioxidants |
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8 | (1) |
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Current Controversies about Antioxidants |
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9 | (1) |
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Misuse of Antioxidants in Clinical Studies |
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9 | (3) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
| Chapter 2 Basic Facts about Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and the Immune System |
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13 | (10) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Formation of Free Radicals Derived from Oxygen and Nitrogen |
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14 | (2) |
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Oxidation and Reduction Processes |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Types of Inflammatory Reactions |
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17 | (1) |
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Products of Inflammatory Reactions |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Arachidonic Acid (AA) Metabolites |
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18 | (1) |
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Endothelial/Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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What Is the Immune System? |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
| Chapter 3 Scientific Rationale of Current Trends in Clinical Studies of Micronutrients |
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23 | (12) |
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23 | (1) |
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Levels of Oxidative Stress and Chronic Inflammation in High-Risk Populations |
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24 | (1) |
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High-Risk Populations of Cancer |
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24 | (1) |
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High-Risk Populations of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
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24 | (1) |
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High-Risk Populations of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) |
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24 | (1) |
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Distributions and Function of Antioxidants |
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25 | (1) |
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Results of Clinical Trials with a Single Antioxidant in High-Risk Populations |
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26 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
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26 | (1) |
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) |
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27 | (1) |
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Why the Use of a Single Antioxidant Produced Inconsistent Results |
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28 | (1) |
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Results of Clinical Studies with Multiple Dietary Antioxidants in Cancer |
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29 | (1) |
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Results of Clinical Studies with Fat and Fiber |
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30 | (1) |
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Rationale for Using a Mixture of Micronutrients for Reducing the Risk and Progression of Chronic Diseases |
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30 | (1) |
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Proposed Mixture of Micronutrients for Reducing the Risk and Progression of Chronic Diseases |
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31 | (1) |
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Proposed Changes in Diet and Lifestyle for Reducing the Risk and Progression of Chronic Diseases |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
| Chapter 4 Micronutrients in Healthy Aging and Age-Related Decline in Organ Functions |
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35 | (28) |
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35 | (1) |
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Trends of Aging Population |
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36 | (1) |
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Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress During Aging |
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36 | (1) |
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Extracellular Sources for Production of Free Radicals |
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36 | (1) |
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Cellular Sites of Production of Free Radicals |
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37 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress-Induced Age-Related Decline in Organelle Functions |
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38 | (2) |
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction |
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38 | (1) |
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Impairment of Proteasome and Lysosomal-Mediated Proteolytic Activities |
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39 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress-Induced Changes in Cell Culture Models |
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39 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress-Induced Changes in Animal Models |
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39 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress-Induced Shortening of the Length of Telomere |
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39 | (1) |
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Evidence for Chronic Inflammation During Aging |
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40 | (1) |
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Impaired Immune Function in Aging |
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40 | (1) |
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Changes in the Antioxidant Defense Systems During Aging |
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41 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes Activities in Animals |
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42 | (1) |
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Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes Activities in Humans |
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42 | (1) |
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Changes in Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants Levels |
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43 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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MicroRNAs in Age-Related Diseases |
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45 | (1) |
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MicroRNAs and Their Target Proteins in Aged Animals |
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45 | (2) |
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Oxidative Stress and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Regulate Expression of MicroRNAs |
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47 | (1) |
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Antioxidants Regulate Expression of MicroRNAs |
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47 | (1) |
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Effects of Individual Antioxidants on Age-Related Functional Deficits |
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47 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Glutathione and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Multiple Dietary Antioxidants |
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49 | (1) |
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Studies with Individual Antioxidants on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases in Humans |
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49 | (1) |
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Regulation of Activation of Nrf2 |
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50 | (1) |
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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activates Nrf2 |
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50 | (1) |
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Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
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50 | (1) |
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Existence of ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
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50 | (1) |
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Antioxidants and Phytochemicals Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
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51 | (1) |
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L-Carnitine Activates Nrf2 by a ROS-Dependent Mechanism |
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51 | (1) |
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Activation of Nrf2 by MicroRNAs |
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51 | (1) |
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Suppression of Chronic Inflammation |
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51 | (1) |
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Proposed Mixture of Micronutrients for Healthy Aging and for Reducing Age-Related Functional Deficits |
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51 | (1) |
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Proposed Changes in Diet and Lifestyle for Healthy Aging and for Reducing Age-Related Functional Deficits |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (10) |
| Chapter 5 Role of Micronutrients in Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease and Improvement of the Standard Therapy |
|
63 | (32) |
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63 | (1) |
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Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost |
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64 | (1) |
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Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress in CAD |
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64 | (1) |
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Consequences of Increased Oxidative Stress |
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65 | (1) |
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Evidence for Increased Chronic Inflammation in CAD |
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65 | (1) |
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Evidence for Increased Levels of Homocysteine in CAD |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (4) |
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67 | (1) |
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Circulating MicroRNAs in CAD |
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67 | (1) |
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Cellular MicroRNAs in CAD |
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68 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Regulate Expression of MicroRNAs |
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69 | (1) |
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Antioxidants Regulate Expression of MicroRNAs |
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70 | (1) |
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Role of Antioxidants in CAD |
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70 | (6) |
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Animal Studies after Treatment with Antioxidants |
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70 | (1) |
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Epidemiologic Studies with Antioxidants |
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70 | (1) |
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Intervention Human Studies after Treatment with Antioxidants |
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71 | (3) |
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Vitamin E Alone Producing Beneficial Effects |
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74 | (1) |
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Vitamin C Alone Producing Beneficial Effects |
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74 | (1) |
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Dietary Antioxidants Producing No Effects or Adverse Effects |
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74 | (2) |
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Endogenous Antioxidants Producing No Effects or Beneficial Effects |
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76 | (1) |
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Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants with Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs |
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76 | (1) |
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Multiple Dietary Antioxidants with Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs |
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77 | (1) |
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Resveratrol and Omega-3 Fatty Acids |
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77 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Intervention Studies with B-Vitamins to Lower Homocysteine Levels |
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79 | (1) |
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Potential Reasons for the Failure of Individual Micronutrients in Producing Sustained and Consistent Benefits in CAD |
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80 | (1) |
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Regulation of Activation of Nrf2 |
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81 | (1) |
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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activates Nrf2 |
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81 | (1) |
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Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
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81 | (1) |
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Existence of ROS-Resistant Nrf2 in CAD |
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81 | (1) |
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Antioxidants and Phytochemicals Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
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81 | (1) |
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L-Carnitine Activates Nrf2 by a ROS-Dependent Mechanism |
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81 | (1) |
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Activation of Nrf2 by MicroRNAs |
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82 | (1) |
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Suppression of Chronic Inflammation |
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82 | (1) |
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Proposed Mixture of Micronutrients for Prevention and Improved Management of CAD |
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82 | (1) |
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Proposed Changes in Diet and Lifestyle for Prevention and Improved Management of CAD |
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82 | (1) |
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Prevention and Improved Management of CAD |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Improved Management of CAD |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (11) |
| Chapter 6 Micronutrients in Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Diabetes |
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95 | (36) |
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95 | (1) |
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Incidence, Prevalence, and Cost |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Pre-diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome |
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97 | (1) |
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Complications of Diabetes |
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97 | (1) |
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Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress in Diabetes |
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97 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Evidence for Increased Chronic Inflammation in Diabetes |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (4) |
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100 | (1) |
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Circulating MicroRNAs in Diabetes |
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100 | (2) |
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Cellular MicroRNAs in Diabetes (Humans) |
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102 | (1) |
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Cellular MicroRNAs in Diabetes (Animal Models) |
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103 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Regulate Expression of MicroRNAs |
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103 | (1) |
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Antioxidants Regulate Expression of MicroRNAs |
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103 | (1) |
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Reducing Oxidative Stress and Chronic Inflammation in Diabetes |
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104 | (1) |
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Role of Antioxidants and Phytochemicals in Protecting Against Diabetes |
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104 | (9) |
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Vitamin A (Animal and Human Studies) |
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104 | (1) |
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Vitamin C (Human Studies) |
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104 | (1) |
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Vitamin C (Animal Studies) |
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105 | (1) |
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Vitamin D3 (Animal Studies) |
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105 | (1) |
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Vitamin E (Animal Studies) |
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105 | (1) |
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Vitamin E (Human Studies) |
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106 | (1) |
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Alpha-Lipoic Acid (Human Studies) |
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106 | (1) |
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Alpha-Lipoic Acid (Animal Studies) |
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106 | (1) |
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N-Acetylcysteine (Human Studies) |
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107 | (1) |
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N-Acetylcysteine (Animal Studies) |
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107 | (1) |
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L-Carnitine (Human Studies) |
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107 | (1) |
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L-Carnitine (Animal Studies) |
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108 | (1) |
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Coenzyme Q10 (Human Studies) |
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108 | (1) |
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Coenzyme Q10 (Animal Studies) |
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109 | (1) |
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Animal Studies) |
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109 | (1) |
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Omega-3-Fatty Acids (Epidemiologic Studies) |
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110 | (1) |
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Omega-3-Fatty Acids (Intervention Studies) |
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110 | (1) |
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Antioxidant Mixtures (Human Studies) |
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110 | (1) |
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Antioxidant Mixture (Animal Studies) |
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111 | (1) |
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Folic Acid and Thiamine (Human Studies) |
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111 | (1) |
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Folic Acid and Thiamine (Animal Studies) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Antioxidants with Diabetic/Cardiovascular Drugs and/or Insulin (Human Studies) |
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112 | (1) |
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Antioxidants with Diabetic/Cardiovascular Drugs and/or Insulin (Animal Studies) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Potential Reasons for Inconsistent Results with Individual Micronutrients or Aspirin |
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114 | (1) |
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Regulation of Activation of Nrf2 |
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115 | (1) |
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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activates Nrf2 |
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115 | (1) |
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Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
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115 | (1) |
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Existence of ROS-Resistant Nrf2 in Diabetes |
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116 | (1) |
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Antioxidants and Phytochemicals Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
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116 | (1) |
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L-Carnitine Activates Nrf2 by a ROS-Dependent Mechanism |
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116 | (1) |
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Activation of Nrf2 by MicroRNAs |
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116 | (1) |
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Suppression of Chronic Inflammation |
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116 | (1) |
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Recommended Mixture of Micronutrients for the Prevention of Diabetes |
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117 | (1) |
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Recommended Changes in Diet and Lifestyle for the Prevention and Improved Management of Diabetes |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Improved Management of Diabetes |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (13) |
| Chapter 7 Micronutrients in Cancer Prevention |
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131 | (32) |
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131 | (1) |
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Incidence, Prevalence, Mortality, and Cost |
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132 | (1) |
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Proposed Stages of Carcinogenesis |
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132 | (1) |
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Two-Stage Model of Animal Carcinogenesis |
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132 | (1) |
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Some Examples of Tumor Initiators and Tumor Promoters |
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133 | (1) |
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Three-Stage Model of Human Carcinogenesis |
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133 | (1) |
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Diagrammatic Representation of Three-Stage Model of Human Carcinogenesis |
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133 | (1) |
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Some Examples of Environmental-Related Carcinogens |
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134 | (1) |
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Some Examples of Diet-Related Carcinogens |
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134 | (1) |
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Some Examples of Diet-Related Cancer Protective Agents |
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135 | (1) |
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Some Examples of Lifestyle-Related Carcinogens |
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135 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress |
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137 | (1) |
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Evidence for Increased Chronic Inflammation |
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137 | (1) |
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MicroRNAs in Cancer Prevention |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Changes in MicroRNAs after Exposure to Chemical Carcinogens and Oncogenic Virus |
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138 | (2) |
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Functions of Antioxidants Relevant to Cancer Prevention |
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140 | (1) |
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Antioxidants and Phytochemicals Regulate Expression of MicroRNAs |
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141 | (1) |
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Reducing Oxidative Stress and Chronic Inflammation in Cancer Prevention |
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141 | (5) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Intervention Studies with Single Antioxidants (Lung Cancer) |
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143 | (1) |
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Intervention Studies with a Single Antioxidant (Other Cancers) |
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144 | (1) |
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Intervention Studies with Multiple Dietary Antioxidants |
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144 | (1) |
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Intervention Studies with Vitamin D and Calcium |
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145 | (1) |
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Intervention Studies with Folate and B-Vitamins |
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145 | (1) |
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Intervention Studies with Fat and Fiber |
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146 | (1) |
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Intervention Studies with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) |
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146 | (1) |
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Potential Reasons for Inconsistent Results with Individual Micronutrients or Aspirin in Cancer Prevention Studies |
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146 | (1) |
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Regulation of Activation of Nrf2 |
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147 | (2) |
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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activates Nrf2 |
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147 | (1) |
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Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
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147 | (1) |
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Existence of ROS-Resistant Nrf2 in Cells Following Exposure to Carcinogens |
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147 | (1) |
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Antioxidants and Phytochemicals Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
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148 | (1) |
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L-Carnitine Activates Nrf2 by a ROS-Dependent Mechanism |
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148 | (1) |
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Activation of Nrf2 by MicroRNAs |
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148 | (1) |
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Suppression of Chronic Inflammation |
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149 | (1) |
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Recommended Mixture of Micronutrients for the Prevention of Cancer |
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149 | (1) |
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Recommended Changes in Diet and Lifestyle for the Prevention of Cancer |
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149 | (1) |
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Proposed Cancer Prevention Strategies |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Can Cancer with a Family History Be Prevented? |
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150 | (1) |
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Problems Associated with Implementation of Dietary and Lifestyle Recommendations |
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150 | (1) |
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Toxicity of Micronutrients |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (11) |
| Chapter 8 Micronutrients in Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Cancer |
|
163 | (28) |
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163 | (1) |
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MicroRNAs in Cancer Cells |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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MicroRNAs Acting as Tumor Suppressors or Anti-oncogenes |
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165 | (3) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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MicroRNAs Acting as Oncogenes |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer |
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168 | (1) |
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Prostate Cancer, Gastric Cancer, and Esophageal Cancer |
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168 | (1) |
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Cervical Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, and Breast Cancer |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Normal Cell Response to Activated Nrf2 |
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169 | (1) |
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High Expression of Nrf2 Promotes Cancer Growth and Drug-Resistant |
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169 | (1) |
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Individual Antioxidants Inhibit Cancer Growth in the Presence of Elevated Levels of Nrf2 |
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170 | (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
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170 | (1) |
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Synthetic Triterpenoid RTA 405 |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Vitamin A and Carotenoids |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
|
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) and Alpha-Lipoic Acid |
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|
173 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant-Induced Changes in Gene Expression Profiles in Cancer Cells |
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|
173 | (1) |
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Effects of Therapeutic Doses of Individual Antioxidants in Combination with Radiation Therapy on Cancer Cells and Normal Cells |
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174 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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Effects of Therapeutic Doses of Individual Antioxidants in Combination with Chemotherapeutic on Cancer Cells and Normal Cells |
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176 | (3) |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Reasons for Growth-Inhibitory Effects Antioxidants in the Presence of Elevated Levels of Nrf2 |
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179 | (1) |
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Preventive Doses of Individual Antioxidants Reduce the Efficacy of Therapeutic Agents |
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180 | (1) |
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Effects of Therapeutic Doses of Individual Antioxidants in Combination with Experimental Therapies on Cancer Cells |
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180 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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Sodium Butyrate and Interferon-Alpha2b |
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181 | (1) |
|
Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy |
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182 | (1) |
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Proposed Mixture Therapeutic Doses of Antioxidants During Cancer Therapy |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (8) |
| Chapter 9 Micronutrients in the Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease |
|
191 | (44) |
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191 | (1) |
|
Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost of AD |
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192 | (1) |
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Estimated Cost of Treatment of AD |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of AD |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Human AD |
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194 | (2) |
|
Elevated Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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194 | (1) |
|
Decreased Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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195 | (1) |
|
Changes in MicroRNAs in Animal and Cell Culture AD Models |
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196 | (1) |
|
Elevated Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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196 | (1) |
|
Decreased Expression of MicroRNAs |
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196 | (1) |
|
ROS and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Regulate the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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197 | (2) |
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ROS Upregulates the Expressions of MicroRNAs Causing Neurodegeneration |
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197 | (1) |
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ROS Downregulates the Expressions of MicroRNAs Causing Neurodegeneration |
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198 | (1) |
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Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Upregulate the Expressions of MicroRNAs Causing Neurodegeneration |
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198 | (1) |
|
Micronutrients Regulate the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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199 | (4) |
|
Resveratrol Enhances the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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199 | (1) |
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Resveratrol Decreases the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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199 | (1) |
|
Isoflavone Increases the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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199 | (1) |
|
Genistein Decreases the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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|
200 | (1) |
|
Quercetin Enhances the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Curcumin Decreases the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Curcumin Enhances the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Coenzyme Q10 Regulates the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
|
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200 | (1) |
|
Vitamin D3 Regulates the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Nicotinamide (Vitamin-B3) Regulates the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Selenium Regulates the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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|
201 | (1) |
|
Vitamin E and Delta-Tocotrienol Regulate the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Vitamin A (Retinoic Acid) Regulates the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
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|
201 | (1) |
|
Vitamin C Regulates the Expression of a MicroRNA |
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|
202 | (1) |
|
Sources of Free Radicals in the Normal Brain |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress as an Early Event in the Initiation of AD |
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|
203 | (2) |
|
Studies on Cell Culture Model of AD |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Studies on Animal Models of AD |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Studies on Asymptomatic Individuals Carrying Mutated AD Specific Genes |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Studies on Increased Oxidative Stress in an Early Phase of AD |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Studies on Increased Oxidative Stress in Established Human AD (Autopsied Brain Tissue) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Studies on Increased Oxidative Stress in Established Human AD (Peripheral Tissue) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial Dysfunction |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Processes of Generating Beta-Amyloid Fragments (Aβ1-42) and Their Toxicity |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Oxidative Stress Increases Production of Beta Amyloids (Aβ1-42 Peptides) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Aβ1-42 Peptides Cause Neuronal Degeneration by Inducing Free Radicals |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Mutations in AD Specific Genes Increases the Production of Beta-Amyloids |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Oxidative Stress Increases Hyperphosphorylated Tau (P-Tau) Protein in AD |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Oxidative Stress Inhibits Proteasome Activity in AD |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Levels of Markers of Chronic Inflammation in AD |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Cholesterol-Induced Generation of Beta-Amyloids |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Genetic Defects in Idiopathic AD |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Mutated AD Genes Induce Neurodegeneration by Producing of Beta-Amyloids |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Laboratory and Clinical Studies with Individual Micronutrients in AD |
|
|
211 | (4) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Serum Levels of Antioxidants |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Ginkgo biloba and Omega-3 Fatty Acids |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) and Caffeine |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in AD |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Potential Reasons for Inconsistent Results with Individual Micronutrients or Aspirin in AD |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Suppression of Chronic Inflammation |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture for Optimally Reducing Oxidative Stress and Chronic Inflammation in AD |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Strategies for Prevention of AD |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Primary Prevention for AD |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Can AD Symptoms Be Prevented or Delayed in Individuals Carrying Mutated Gene? |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Secondary Prevention for AD |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture for Improving the Management of AD |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Current Drug Therapy for AD |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture in Combination with Drug Therapy for AD |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for AD |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (15) |
| Chapter 10 Micronutrients for the Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy for Parkinson's Disease |
|
235 | (28) |
|
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Incidence, Prevalence, and Cost of PD |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Neuropathology and Symptoms of PD |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
PD Genes and Oxidative Stress |
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase 1 (PINK1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of PD |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Neuronal Cell Culture Models of PD |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium (MPP+) Treatment |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) Treatment |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Animal Models of PD |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Human PD |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Impaired Non-motor Symptoms in PD |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Regulates the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Neuronal Cells |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Upregulate the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Regulate the Expressions of MicroRNAs |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress in PD |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in PD |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Chronic Inflammation in PD |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Glutamate in PD |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Laboratory and Human Studies in PD after Treatment with Micronutrients |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
In Vitro Studies with Micronutrients |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Cell Culture Studies with Micronutrients |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant Studies in Animal Models of PD |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant Studies in Human PD |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Potential Reasons for Inconsistent Results with Individual Micronutrients in AD Prevention Studies |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Reducing Glutamate Release and Toxicity |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture for Prevention and Improved Management of PD |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture in Combination with Standard Therapy |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for PD |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (11) |
| Chapter 11 Micronutrients in Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Hearing Disorders |
|
263 | (26) |
|
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Types of Hearing Disorders |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Sensorineural Hearing Loss |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Agents or Health Conditions Causing Hearing Disorders |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Measurements of Hearing Loss |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress in Hearing Disorders |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Noise-Induced Oxidative Stress (NIHL) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Noise and/or Vibration-Induced Oxidative Stress |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Cisplatin-Induced Oxidative Stress |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Advanced Age-Induced Oxidative Stress |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Oxidative Stress in the Meniere's Disease (MD) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Inflammation in Hearing Disorders |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Noise-Induced Inflammation |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Gentamicin- and Cisplatin-Induced Inflammation |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Bacterial Infection-Induced Inflammation |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Health Conditions-Induced Inflammation |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Advanced Age-Induced Inflammation |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Glutamate Level in Hearing Disorders |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Salicylate Activates Glutamate Receptor |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Aminoglycoside, Cochlea Ischemia, or Trauma-Induced Release of Glutamate |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Hearing Disorders |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Expression of MicroRNAs in the Normal Ears |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Alterations in MicroRNAs Expression in Hearing Disorders |
|
|
270 | (3) |
|
Changes in the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Age-Related Hearing Disorders |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Mutation in MicroRNA Induces Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss (NSHL) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Noise-Induced Hearing Loss |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Kanamycin-Induced Hearing Disorders |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Damaged Auditory Nervous System |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Oxidative Stress Regulates the Expression of MicroRNAs in Hearing Disorders |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Non-auditory Cells (Neurons and Non-neuronal Cells) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Could Upregulate the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Hearing Disorders |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Could Regulate the Expressions of MicroRNAs in Hearing Disorders |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Studies on Antioxidants in Hearing Disorders |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Potential Reasons for Suboptimal Beneficial Effects with Individual Micronutrients in Hearing Disorders |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 During Acute Oxidative Stress |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Failure to Activate Nrf2 During Chronic Oxidative Stress |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Importance of Activation of Nrf2 in Auditory Cells |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Current Prevention and Treatments Strategies |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Reducing Oxidative Stress Level |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Reducing Inflammation Level |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrients for Simultaneously Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Glutamate Levels in Hearing Disorders |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Prevention of Hearing Disorders |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
|
280 | (9) |
| Chapter 12 Micronutrients in Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
|
289 | (20) |
|
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Prevalence and Cost of PTSD |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress in PTSD |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Chronic Inflammation in PTSD |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Release of Glutamate and Decreased Levels of GABA in PTSD |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Glutamate and GABA Levels in PTSD |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Studies on Antioxidants in PTSD |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Pentoxifylline and Tempol |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Effect of Multiple Micronutrients in Veterans |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Potential Reasons for the Failure of Individual Micronutrients in Producing Consistent Benefits in Human |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 During Acute Oxidative Stress |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Failure to Activate Nrf2 During Chronic Oxidative Stress |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture for Optimally Reducing Oxidative Stress, Chronic Inflammation, and Glutamate Levels |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Reducing Oxidative Stress |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Reducing Chronic Inflammation |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Reducing Glutamate Release and Toxicity |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Primary Prevention of PTSD |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Secondary Prevention of PTSD |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Improved Management of PTSD |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for PTSD |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (8) |
| Chapter 13 Micronutrients in Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Traumatic Brain Injury |
|
309 | (32) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Incidence, Prevalence, and Cost of TBI |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Concussion in USA Population |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
National Football League (NFL) |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
High School and College Sports |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Causes of Penetrating TBI (pTBI) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Acute Symptoms of Concussion |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Health Consequences of TBI |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Scoring System of Severity of TBI |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs in Pathogenesis of TBI |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for TBI |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress in Concussion |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Inflammation in Concussion |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Glutamate Level in Concussion |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Molecular Changes in the Brain after Concussion |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress after pTBI |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction after pTBI |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increase Levels of Markers of Inflammation after pTBI |
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Glutamate Level after pTBI |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPS) after Severe TBI |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Studies on the Effects of Single Antioxidants after TBI |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Potential Reasons for Inconsistent Results with Individual Micronutrients in Other Neurodegenerative Diseases |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 During Acute Oxidative Stress |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Failure to Activate Nrf2 During Chronic Oxidative Stress |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Reducing Oxidative Stress Level |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Reducing Inflammation Level |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrients for Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Glutamate Levels in TBI |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Toxicity of Ingredients in Proposed Micronutrient Preparation |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Prevention Studies with Proposed Micronutrient Mixture in TBI |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrients in Combination with Standard Therapy |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for TBI |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (12) |
| Chapter 14 Micronutrients in Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy in HIV/AIDS |
|
341 | (18) |
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
History, Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost of HIV/AIDS |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Prevalence of HIV Infection |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Incidence of HIV Infection |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Cost of Treating HIV Infection |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Role of Immune Function in HIV Infection |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Micronutrient Deficiency Impairs Immune Function |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Illicit Drugs Impair Immune Function |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress Enhancing the Progression of HIV Infection |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Inflammation Enhancing the Progression of HIV Infection |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Micronutrients Reducing Progression of HIV Infection |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Potential Reasons for Inconsistent Results with Micronutrients in Patients with HIV/AIDS |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 During Acute Oxidative Stress |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Failure of ROS to Activate Nrf2 During Chronic Oxidative Stress |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Nrf2 in Patients with HIV Infection |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Reducing Oxidative Stress Level in HIV-Infected People |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Reducing Inflammation Level in HIV-Infected People |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture for Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Levels in Patients with HIV Infection |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Toxicity of Ingredients in Proposed Micronutrient Mixture |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Primary Prevention Against HIV Infection |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Secondary Prevention for Reducing the Progression of HIV Infection |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Antiviral Therapy in Reducing the Risk of Transmission From Mother to Infants |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture in Combination with Antiviral Drugs |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (7) |
| Chapter 15 Improved Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) by Micronutrients |
|
359 | (20) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Prevalence and Cost of ASD |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Environmental and Genetic Factors |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs in Autopsied Brain Samples |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs in Cell Culture |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress in ASD |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Inflammation in ASD |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Imbalances Between Neuronal Excitation and Inhibition |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Use of Single Antioxidants in the Management of ASD |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Studies with Individual Antioxidants in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Activation of Nrf2 |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activates Nrf2 |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Existence of ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
L-Carnitine Activates Nrf2 by a ROS-Dependent Mechanism |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 by MicroRNAs |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Suppression of Chronic Inflammation |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Inhibition of Release and Toxicity of Glutamate |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Drug Treatment in Human ASD |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Drug Treatment in Animal ASD Models |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Proposed Mixture of Micronutrients for Improved Management of ASD |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
371 | (8) |
| Chapter 16 Micronutrients in the Management of Prion Disease |
|
379 | (16) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Incidence of Prion Disease |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Modes of Transmission of Prion Disease to the Brain |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Pathological Changes in the Brain |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Symptoms of Prion Disease |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Factors Facilitating Conversion of PrPc to PrPsc and Mechanisms of Proliferation of PrPsc |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
Effect of Mutations in PRNP Gene |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Effects on Polymorphisms of PNRP Gene |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Effects of Increased Oxidative Stress |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Oxidation of Methionine Residues in PrPc |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Effects of PrPsc-Induced Inflammation in the Brain |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs in Prion Disease |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
Studies with Individual Antioxidants and Phytochemicals in Models of Prion Diseases |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Studies with Individual Antioxidants in Other Neurodegenerative Diseases |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Activation of Nrf2 |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activates Nrf2 |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Existence of ROS-Resistant Nrf2 in Prion Disease |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate of ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
L-Carnitine Activates Nrf2 by a ROS-Dependent Mechanism |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 by MicroRNAs |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Suppression of Chronic Inflammation |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Proposed Mixture of Micronutrients in Prevention and Improved Management of Prion Disease |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Prevention of Prion Disease |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Improved Management of Prion Disease |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (5) |
| Chapter 17 Micronutrients for Improved Management of Huntington's Disease |
|
395 | (28) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Incidence, Prevalence, and Cost of HD |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Pathology of the Brain in HD |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Receptor Abnormalities in HD |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Transcriptional Deregulation in HD |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Pre-translational Modification of Proteins in HD |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs in Brain Cell Pathology and Protection |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Post-translational Modification of Proteins in HD |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress as an Early Event in the Onset of HD Symptoms |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
Studies on Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Individuals |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Aggregation of HD Protein |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Studies on Animal Models of HD |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Studies on Cell Culture Models of HD |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Individuals Carrying HD Gene |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Increased Chronic Inflammation in HD |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Studies on Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Individuals |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Studies on Animal Models of HD |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Increased Glutamate Levels and Glutamate Receptor Activation in HD |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
GABA Receptors in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Individuals |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Use of Single Antioxidants, Phytochemicals, and B-Vitamins in the Management of HD |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
Alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Lycopene and Epigallocatechin |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Ginkgo biloba Extract and Olive Oil |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Studies with Individual Antioxidants in Other Human Neurodegenerative Diseases |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Activation of Nrf2 |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activates Nrf2 |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Existence of ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
L-Carnitine Activates Nrf2 by a ROS-Dependent Mechanism |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 by MicroRNAs |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Suppression of Oxidative Stress by Nrf2 and Antioxidants |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Suppression of Chronic Inflammation by Nrf2 and Antioxidants |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Inhibition of Release and Toxicity of Glutamate by Antioxidants and B-Vitamins |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Proposed Mixture of Micronutrients for Improved Management of HD |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Prevention or Delaying the Onset of Symptoms by Proposed Micronutrient Mixture? |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture in Combination with Standard Treatment |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Medications for Psychiatric Disorders |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Clinical Studies with Additional Drugs in HD |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (8) |
| Chapter 18 Micronutrients in Protecting Against Late Adverse Health-Effects of Diagnostic Radiation Doses |
|
423 | (20) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Sources of Background Radiation |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Dose-Estimate of Diagnostic Radiation Procedures and Per Capita Dose |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
Estimated Dose Received by Radiation Workers |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Estimated Dose Received by Crews of Commercial Flight |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Health Effects of Low Doses of Radiation |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
Effects of Background Radiation on Human Health |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Induction of Radiation-Induced Cancer |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Impact of Chemical and Biological Carcinogens, and Tumor Promoters on Radiation-Induced Cancer |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Models Used for Risk Estimates of Radiation-Induced Cancer |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Cancer Risks in Populations Exposed to Diagnostic Radiation Procedures |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Cancer Risk in Children Exposed in Utero During Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Risk of Childhood Cancer after Irradiation of Fetuses |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Women Receiving Gonadal Doses of Radiation Before Conception |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Cancer Risk Among Radiation Workers |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Cancer Risk in Military and Civilian Pilots and Flight Attendants |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Cancer Risk Among Frequent Flyers |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Risk of Low-Dose Radiation-Induced Nonneoplastic Diseases |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation by Single Antioxidants in Humans |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Reducing Damage by Multiple Antioxidants in Humans |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Proposed Strategy to Simultaneously Reduce Oxidative Stress and Inflammation |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2) |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 During Acute Oxidative Stress |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Failure to Activate Nrf2 During Chronic Oxidative Stress |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrients for Simultaneously Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (6) |
| Chapter 19 Micronutrients in Protecting Against Lethal Doses of Ionizing Radiation |
|
443 | (26) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
High-Dose Radiation-Induced Damage |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal (GI) Syndrome |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Central Nervous System (CNS) Syndrome |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
High-Dose Radiation-Induced Damage to Organs |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Risk of Developing Cancer Among Survivors of High Doses of Radiation |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Risk of Developing Non-neoplastic Diseases Among Survivors of High Doses of Radiation |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs in Radiation Damage |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Irradiation Alters the Expression of MicroRNAs in Normal Cells |
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
MicroRNAs in Radiation-Induced Bystandard Effect |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
MicroRNAs as Biomarkers of Radiation Damage |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Brief History of Radiation Protection Studies |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Radiation Protection Studies with Antioxidants in Cell Culture Models |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Radiation Protection Studies with Antioxidants in Animal Models |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Radiation Protection Study with a Mixture of Multiple Antioxidants Administered Orally Before and after Irradiation in Sheep |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Radiation Protection Study with a Mixture of Multiple Antioxidants Administered Orally Before and after Irradiation in Rabbits |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Radiation Protection Study with a Mixture of Multiple Antioxidants Administered Orally Before Irradiation in Mice |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Radiation Protection Study with a Mixture of Multiple Antioxidants Administered Through the Diet Before and after Irradiation in Drosophila Melanogaster |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Radiation Protection Studies with Antioxidants in Humans |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Rationale for Using Multiple Antioxidants in Radiation Protection |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2) |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 During Acute Oxidative Stress |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 During Acute Phase of Irradiation |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Failure to Activate Nrf2 During Radiation-Induced Chronic Phase of Irradiation |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Reducing Oxidative Stress Level for Radiation Protection |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Reducing Inflammation Level for Radiation Protection |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrients for Radiation Protection |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for the Management of Large Number of People Irradiated with Lethal Doses of Radiation |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Radiation Mitigating Agents |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Chemical Agents for Mitigating Radiation Injury |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Antibiotics, Blood, and Electrolytes |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Cytokines and Growth Factors |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Biological Agents for Mitigating Radiation Injury |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Bone Marrow and Newborn Liver Cells Transplant |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
The Chernobyl Experience in Treating Irradiated Individuals |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture for the Treatment of Bone Marrow Syndrome |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture for the Treatment of GI Syndrome |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (8) |
| Chapter 20 Micronutrients in Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Arthritis |
|
469 | (24) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Prevalence and Cost of Arthritis |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Evidence for the Role of Oxidative Stress |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Evidence for the Role of Inflammation |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
Role of Antioxidants in Arthritis |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
Studies on Animal Models of Arthritis |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Human Cell Culture Models of Arthritis |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Studies on Human RA and OA |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Potential Reasons for Inconsistent Results |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2) |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Activation of Nrf2 During Acute Oxidative Stress |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Failure to Activate Nrf2 During Chronic Oxidative Stress |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Activate ROS-Resistant Nrf2 |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Binding of Nrf2 with ARE in the Nucleus |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Importance of Activation of Nrf2 in Arthritis |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Reducing Oxidative Stress Level |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Reducing Inflammation Level |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrients for Simultaneously Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Arthritis |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Primary Prevention of Arthritis |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Treatment Strategies of Arthritis |
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
Low-Dose Methotrexate (MTX) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
Toxicity of MTX and Anti-cytokine Therapy |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Treatment with Glucosamine and Chondroitin |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Treatment with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Treatment with Complementary Medicine |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Proposed Micronutrient Mixture in Combination with Standard Therapy in Patients with Arthritis |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for High Risk Populations and Patients with Arthritis |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (9) |
| Chapter 21 Misconceptions about the Functions and Value of Antioxidants in Health and Disease |
|
493 | (6) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (2) |
| Chapter 22 Dietary Reference Intakes of Selected Micronutrients |
|
499 | (22) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (20) |
|
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (2) |
| Index |
|
521 | |
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