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El. knyga: Microrheology with Optical Tweezers: Principles and Applications

Edited by Manlio Tassieri (University of Glasgow, UK)

Formatas: 328 pages
Išleidimo metai: 14-Oct-2016
Leidėjas: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
ISBN-13: 9789814669191

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Formatas: 328 pages
Išleidimo metai: 14-Oct-2016
Leidėjas: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
ISBN-13: 9789814669191

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Thanks to the pioneering works of Ashkin and coworkers, optical tweezers (OTs) have become an invaluable tool for myriad studies throughout the natural sciences. Their success relies on the fact that they can be considered as exceptionally sensitive transducers that are able to resolve pN forces and nm displacements, with high temporal resolution, down to µs. Hence their application to study a wide range of biological phenomena such as measuring the compliance of bacterial tails, the forces exerted by a single motor protein, and the mechanical properties of human red blood cells and of individual biological molecules. The number of articles related to them totals to a whopping 58,000 (source Google Scholar)!

Microrheology is a branch of rheology, but it works at micrometer length scales and with microliter sample volumes. Therefore, microrheology techniques have been revealed to be very useful tools for all those rheological/mechanical studies where rare or precious materials are employed, such as in biological and biomedical studies.

The aim of this book is to provide a pedagogical introduction to the physics principles governing both the optical tweezers and their application in the field of microrheology of complex materials. This is achieved by following a linear path that starts from a narrative introduction of the "nature of light," followed by a rigorous description of the fundamental equations governing the propagation of light through matter. Moreover, some of the many possible instrumental configurations are presented, especially those that better adapt to perform microrheology measurements. In order to better appreciate the microrheological methods with optical tweezers explored in this book, informative introductions to the basic concepts of linear rheology, statistical mechanics, and the most popular microrheology techniques are also given. Furthermore, an enlightening prologue to the general applications of optical tweezers different from rheological purposes is provided at the end of the book.

Foreword

xiii

Editor's Preface

Part I Introduction

1 General Introduction to Optical Tweezers and Their Applications

(6)

Manlio Tassieri

1.1 Introduction

(6)

Part II Optical Tweezers

2 The Nature of Light

(32)

R. Mike

L. Evans

2.1 A Condensed History of Optics

(5)

2.2 Wave Physics

(5)

2.3 Electromagnetism

(13)

2.3.1 Fields

(1)

2.3.2 Coulomb's Law and Gauss's Law

(4)

2.3.3 Faraday's Law

(2)

2.3.4 Ampere's Law and Displacement Current

(3)

2.3.5 Electromagnetism and Light

(3)

2.4 Interaction of Light with Matter

(3)

2.5 Interaction of Light with Metals

(2)

2.6 Photons and Lasers

(4)

3 Geometrical Optics

(40)

Alison Yao

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Maxwell's Equations

(2)

3.3 From Maxwell's Equations to the Wave Equation

(4)

3.3.1 Wave Equations in a Vacuum

(4)

3.4 Solutions to the Wave Equation

(5)

3.4.1 Plane Wave Solutions

(1)

3.4.2 Properties of Plane Wave Solutions

(1)

3.4.3 Polarization

(2)

3.4.4 Wave Equations in a Dielectric (Non-Conducting) Medium

(1)

3.5 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface

(14)

3.5.1 Normal Incidence

(4)

3.5.2 Oblique Incidence

(1)

3.5.2.1 Magnitudes of the transmitted and reflected fields

(1)

3.5.2.2 E Perpendicular to plane of incidence

(1)

3.5.2.3 E Parallel to plane of incidence

(1)

3.5.2.4 Brewster's angle and total internal reflection

(1)

3.6 Beam Solutions to the Wave Equation

(14)

3.6.1 Gaussian Beam Solutions

(7)

3.6.2 Higher-Order Solutions

(6)

4 Optical Forces

(22)

Michael P. Lee

David B. Phillips

4.1 Introduction

(3)

4.2 Gradient Forces

(1)

4.3 Ray Optics Description of Optical Tweezers

(9)

4.4 The Electric Dipole Description of Optical Tweezers

(3)

4.5 Generalized Lorenz-Mie Theory and Numerical Simulation

(1)

4.6 Optical Torques

(2)

4.7 Conclusions

100

(3)

5 Optical Tweezers Configurations

103

(34)

Graham M. Gibson

5.1 Introduction

103

(2)

5.2 Different Lasers Wave-Lengths for Different Applications

105

(2)

5.3 Objectives

107

(1)

5.4 Sample Holders

108

(1)

5.5 Controlling the Trap Position

109

(11)

5.5.1 Steering Mirrors (Motorised)

110

(2)

5.5.2 Acousto-Optic Deflectors

112

(1)

5.5.3 Spatial Light Modulators

112

(3)

5.5.4 Hologram Calculation

115

(1)

5.5.4.1 Gerchberg Saxton

115

(1)

5.5.4.2 Gratings and lenses

116

(4)

5.6 Measuring Position and Force

120

(13)

5.6.1 Quadrant Photodiodes

121

(2)

5.6.2 Digital Video Cameras

123

(2)

5.6.3 Calibration Using Stokes' Drag Method

125

(2)

5.6.4 Calibration Using Equipartition Theorem

127

(1)

5.6.5 Calibration Using Power Spectrum Analysis

127

(1)

5.6.6 Measuring the Accuracy of Particle Position and Force in Optical Tweezers

128

(3)

5.6.7 Stereoscopic Particle Tracking

131

(2)

5.7 Conclusions

133

(4)

Part III Microrheology

6 Introduction to Linear Rheology

137

(18)

Manlio Tassieri

6.1 Introduction

137

(2)

6.2 Linear Rheology for Simple Shear

139

(6)

6.3 Simple Mechanical Models of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour

145

(10)

7 Statistical Mechanics and Diffusion Processes

155

(38)

Adrian Baule

7.1 Introduction

155

(1)

7.2 Diffusion Processes

156

(18)

7.2.1 Velocity of a Brownian Particle

158

(4)

7.2.2 Particle Position

162

(2)

7.2.3 Correlations and Response

164

(1)

7.2.3.1 Response functions

167

(2)

7.2.4 Simulation of Langevin Equations

169

(1)

7.2.4.1 Error estimation

171

(1)

7.2.4.2 Determining the probability density function

173

(1)

7.3 Probability Density Functions

174

(7)

7.3.1 Ito's Formula and the Fokker-Planck Equation

174

(3)

7.3.2 Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process

177

(2)

7.3.3 The Multivariate Case

179

(2)

7.4 The Overdamped Limit

181

(6)

7.4.1 Escape from a Metastable Potential

184

(3)

7.5 Microrheology and the Generalized Langevin Equation

187

(6)

7.5.1 Measuring Viscosity in Newtonian Fluids

188

(1)

7.5.2 Viscoelasticity

189

(4)

8 Most Popular Microrheology Techniques

193

(26)

Aristeidis Papagiannopoulos

8.1 Introduction

193

(1)

8.2 Theoretical Background of Microrheology

194

(6)

8.3 Video Particle Tracking Microrheology

200

(9)

8.4 Microrheology with Single Light Scattering

209

(2)

8.5 Microrheology with Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy

211

(3)

8.6 Microrheology with Magnetic Tweezers

214

(5)

9 Microrheology with Optical Tweezers

219

(40)

Manlio Tassieri

9.1 Introduction

219

(1)

9.2 Optical Tweezers Calibration

220

(3)

9.2.1 Spatial Calibration

221

(1)

9.2.2 Elastic Constant Calibration

222

(1)

9.3 Microrheology with Static Optical Tweezers

223

(12)

9.3.1 Solving a Generalised Langevin Equation for Static OT

223

(5)

9.3.2 Data Analysis

228

(1)

9.3.2.1 Interpolation artefacts

228

(1)

9.3.2.2 Noise

232

(3)

9.4 Active Microrheology with Optical Tweezers

235

(14)

9.4.1 Entraining Flow Field

236

(7)

9.4.2 Flipping Bead

243

(6)

9.5 A Rheological Interpretation of Optical Tweezers

249

(10)

Part IV Review On Optical Tweezers Applications

10 Optical Tweezers Outwith Microrheology

259

(16)

Richard W. Bowman

10.1 Introduction

259

(1)

10.2 Optical Momentum

260

(3)

10.3 Statistical Mechanics

263

(3)

10.4 Optical Binding

266

(1)

10.5 Counterpropagating Traps

267

(1)

10.6 Single Molecule Studies

268

(2)

10.7 Scanning Probe Microscopy

270

(2)

10.8 Vacuum Trapping and Cooling

272

(1)

10.9 Conclusions

273

(2)

Appendix: Evaluating the Fourier Transform

275

(8)

R. Mike

L. Evans

A.1 Introduction

275

(2)

A.2 Transforming from Time to Frequency with Minimal Artefacts

277

(6)

References

283

(22)

Index

305

Manlio Tassieri is a lecturer within the Division of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Glasgow. He is a council member of the British Society of Rheology. Graduating as a chemical engineer from the Department of Chemical Engineering, the University of Naples "Federico II", in 2000, he developed two novel rheo-optical methods for determining interfacial tension in disperse polymer blends. In 2003 he decided to follow his aspiration to become an academic researcher. To do this, he embarked on research in the field of microrheology of semiflexible biopolymers at the School of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Leeds, from where he graduated with a PhD in 2007. Following his PhD, he held a postdoctoral research position in the Polymer Science and Technology IRC at the University of Leeds, collaborating in the Microscale Polymer Processing project. In 2010 he was awarded a Royal Academy of Engineering Research Fellowship to combine microrheological techniques with microfluidic devices. Dr Tassieri has contributed to the field of microrheology with a number of research articles published in reputed journals.

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