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El. knyga: Microstructured Devices for Chemical Processing

(Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)), (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)), (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL))
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Sep-2014
  • Leidėjas: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783527685189
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Microstructured Devices for Chemical ProcessingDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Sep-2014
  • Leidėjas: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783527685189
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This book describes devices of sub-millimeter size that are used as mixers, reactors, heat exchangers, separators, and other chemical equipment. Emphasizing reaction engineering aspects such as design and characterization for homogeneous and multiphase reactions, it addresses the conditions under which the devices are beneficial, how they should be designed, and how they can be integrated or applied in a chemical process. University students and professional chemists need no prior experience in the field in order to understand the material. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

This advanced textbook describes how miniaturized devices, such as microstructured mixers, reactors and separators, are used for process intensification in a technically controllable, sustainable, cost-effective and safe manner. .

Based on courses taught by the authors, this advanced textbook discusses opportunities for achieving larger-scale reactions in a technically controllable, sustainable, cost-effective and safe manner.
Adopting a practical approach, it describes how miniaturized devices are used successfully for process intensification, focusing on the engineering aspects of microstructured devices, such as their design and characterization for homogeneous and multiphase reactions. It addresses the conditions under which microstructured devices are beneficial, how they should be designed, and how such devices can be integrated in a chemical process.
Essential for master and doctoral students, as well as professional chemists and chemical engineers working in this area.
Preface xi
List of Symbols xiii
1 Overview of Micro Reaction Engineering 1(18)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 What are Microstructured Devices?
2(1)
1.3 Advantages of Microstructured Devices
2(7)
1.3.1 Enhancement of Transfer Rates
2(3)
1.3.2 Enhanced Process Safety
5(2)
1.3.3 Novel Operating Window
7(1)
1.3.4 Numbering-Up Instead of Scale-Up
7(2)
1.4 Materials and Methods for Fabrication of Microstructured Devices
9(1)
1.5 Applications of Microstructured Devices
10(3)
1.5.1 Microstructured Reactors as Research Tool
11(1)
1.5.2 Industrial/Commercial Applications
11(2)
1.6 Structure of the Book
13(1)
1.7 Summary
13(1)
References
14(5)
2 Basis of Chemical Reactor Design and Engineering 19(70)
2.1 Mass and Energy Balance
19(2)
2.2 Formal Kinetics of Homogenous Reactions
21(8)
2.2.1 Formal Kinetics of Single Homogenous Reactions
22(2)
2.2.2 Formal Kinetics of Multiple Homogenous Reactions
24(1)
2.2.3 Reaction Mechanism
25(1)
2.2.4 Homogenous Catalytic Reactions
26(3)
2.3 Ideal Reactors and Their Design Equations
29(16)
2.3.1 Performance Parameters
29(1)
2.3.2 Batch Wise-Operated Stirred Tank Reactor (BSTR)
30(5)
2.3.3 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
35(4)
2.3.4 Plug Flow or Ideal Tubular Reactor (PFR)
39(6)
2.4 Homogenous Catalytic Reactions in Biphasic Systems
45(4)
2.5 Heterogenous Catalytic Reactions
49(10)
2.5.1 Rate Equations for Intrinsic Surface Reactions
50(7)
2.5.1.1 The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherms
51(2)
2.5.1.2 Basic Kinetic Models of Catalytic Heterogenous Reactions
53(4)
2.5.2 Deactivation of Heterogenous Catalysts
57(2)
2.6 Mass and Heat Transfer Effects on Heterogenous Catalytic Reactions
59(25)
2.6.1 External Mass and Heat Transfer
60(9)
2.6.1.1 Isothermal Pellet
60(9)
2.6.2 Internal Mass and Heat Transfer
69(14)
2.6.2.1 Isothermal Pellet
69(8)
2.6.2.2 Nonisothermal Pellet
77(2)
2.6.2.3 Combination of External and Internal Transfer Resistances
79(1)
2.6.2.4 Internal and External Mass Transport in Isothermal Pellets
79(2)
2.6.2.5 The Temperature Dependence of the Effective Reaction Rate
81(1)
2.6.2.6 External and Internal Temperature Gradient
82(1)
2.6.3 Criteria for the Estimation of Transport Effects
83(1)
2.7 Summary
84(2)
2.8 List of Symbols
86(1)
References
87(2)
3 Real Reactors and Residence Time Distribution (RTD) 89(40)
3.1 Nonideal Flow Pattern and Definition of RTD
89(2)
3.2 Experimental Determination of RTD in Flow Reactors
91(4)
3.2.1 Step Function Stimulus-Response Method
92(1)
3.2.2 Pulse Function Stimulus-Response Method
93(2)
3.3 RTD in Ideal Homogenous Reactors
95(3)
3.3.1 Ideal Plug Flow Reactor
95(1)
3.3.2 Ideal Continuously Operated Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
95(1)
3.3.3 Cascade of Ideal CSTR
96(2)
3.4 RTD in Nonideal Homogeneous Reactors
98(9)
3.4.1 Laminar Flow Tubular Reactors
98(2)
3.4.2 RTD Models for Real Reactors
100(5)
3.4.2.1 Tanks in Series Model
100(1)
3.4.2.2 Dispersion Model
101(4)
3.4.3 Estimation of RTD in Tubular Reactors
105(2)
3.5 Influence of RTD on the Reactor Performance
107(8)
3.5.1 Performance Estimation Based on Measured RTD
108(2)
3.5.2 Performance Estimation Based on RTD Models
110(1)
3.5.2.1 Dispersion Model
111(1)
3.5.2.2 Tanks in Series Model
112(3)
3.6 RTD in Microchannel Reactors
115(11)
3.6.1 RTD of Gas Flow in Microchannels
117(1)
3.6.2 RTD of Liquid Flow in Microchannels
118(4)
3.6.3 RTD of Multiphase Flow in Microchannels
122(4)
3.7 List of Symbols
126(1)
References
127(2)
4 Micromixing Devices 129(50)
4.1 Role of Mixing for the Performance of Chemical Reactors
129(7)
4.2 Flow Pattern and Mixing in Microchannel Reactors
136(1)
4.3 Theory of Mixing in Microchannels with Laminar Flow
137(6)
4.4 Types of Micromixers and Mixing Principles
143(15)
4.4.1 Passive Micromixer
144(10)
4.4.1.1 Single-Channel Micromixers
144(2)
4.4.1.2 Multilamination Mixers
146(2)
4.4.1.3 Split-and-Recombine (SAR) Flow Configurations
148(1)
4.4.1.4 Mixers with Structured Internals
149(1)
4.4.1.5 Chaotic Mixing
149(1)
4.4.1.6 Colliding Jet Configurations
150(1)
4.4.1.7 Moving Droplet Mixers
151(2)
4.4.1.8 Miscellaneous Flow Configurations
153(1)
4.4.2 Active Micromixers
154(4)
4.4.2.1 Pressure Induced Disturbances
154(1)
4.4.2.2 Elektrokinetic Instability
155(1)
4.4.2.3 Electrowetting-Induced Droplet Shaking
156(1)
4.4.2.4 Ultrasound/Piezoelectric Membrane Action
156(1)
4.4.2.5 Acoustic Fluid Shaking
157(1)
4.4.2.6 Microstirrers
157(1)
4.4.2.7 Miscellaneous Active Micromixers
158(1)
4.5 Experimental Characterization of Mixing Efficiency
158(13)
4.5.1 Physical Methods
158(1)
4.5.2 Chemical Methods
159(22)
4.5.2.1 Competitive Chemical Reactions
159(12)
4.6 Mixer Efficiency and Energy Consumption
171(1)
4.7 Summary
172(1)
4.8 List of Symbols
173(1)
References
173(6)
5 Heat Management by Microdevices 179(52)
5.1 Introduction
179(2)
5.2 Heat Transfer in Microstructured Devices
181(14)
5.2.1 Straight Microchannels
181(8)
5.2.2 Curved Channel Geometry
189(2)
5.2.3 Complex Channel Geometries
191(1)
5.2.4 Multichannel Micro Heat Exchanger
191(2)
5.2.5 Microchannels with Two Phase Flow
193(2)
5.3 Temperature Control in Chemical Microstructured Reactors
195(26)
5.3.1 Axial Temperature Profiles in Microchannel Reactors
197(4)
5.3.2 Parametric Sensitivity
201(11)
5.3.3 Multi-injection Microstructured Reactors
212(9)
5.3.3.1 Mass and Energy Balance in Multi-injection Microstructured Reactors
213(5)
5.3.3.2 Reduction of Hot Spot in Multi-injection Reactors
218(3)
5.4 Case Studies
221(5)
5.4.1 Synthesis of 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium-Triflate
221(1)
5.4.2 Nitration of Dialkyl-Substituted Thioureas
222(1)
5.4.3 Reduction of Methyl Butyrate
223(1)
5.4.4 Reactions with Grignard Reagent in Multi-injection Reactor
224(2)
5.5 Summary
226(1)
5.6 List of Symbols
226(2)
References
228(3)
6 Microstructured Reactors for Fluid-Solid Systems 231(36)
6.1 Introduction
231(1)
6.2 Microstructured Reactors for Fluid-Solid Reactions
232(1)
6.3 Microstructured Reactors for Catalytic Gas-Phase Reactions
233(6)
6.3.1 Randomly Micro Packed Beds
233(2)
6.3.2 Structured Catalytic Micro-Beds
235(3)
6.3.3 Catalytic Wall Microstructured Reactors
238(1)
6.4 Hydrodynamics in Fluid-Solid Microstructured Reactors
239(4)
6.5 Mass Transfer in Catalytic Microstructured Reactors
243(12)
6.5.1 Randomly Packed Bed Catalytic Microstructured Reactors
244(1)
6.5.2 Catalytic Foam Microstructured Reactors
245(1)
6.5.3 Catalytic Wall Microstructured Reactors
246(7)
6.5.4 Choice of Catalytic Microstructured Reactors
253(2)
6.6 Case Studies
255(6)
6.6.1 Catalytic Partial Oxidations
255(2)
6.6.2 Selective (De)Hydrogenations
257(2)
6.6.3 Catalytic Dehydration
259(1)
6.6.4 Ethylene Oxide Synthesis
259(1)
6.6.5 Steam Reforming
260(1)
6.6.6 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
261(1)
6.7 Summary
261(1)
6.8 List of Symbols
262(1)
References
262(5)
7 Microstructured Reactors for Fluid-Fluid Reactions 267(64)
7.1 Conventional Equipment for Fluid-Fluid Systems
267(1)
7.2 Microstructured Devices for Fluid-Fluid Systems
268(5)
7.2.1 Micromixers
269(2)
7.2.2 Microchannels
271(1)
7.2.2.1 Microchannels with Inlet T, Y, and Concentric Contactor
271(1)
7.2.2.2 Microchannels with Partial Two-Fluid Contact
271(1)
7.2.2.3 Microchannels with Mesh or Sieve-Like Interfacial Support Contactors
271(1)
7.2.2.4 Microchannels with Static Mixers
272(1)
7.2.2.5 Parallel Microchannels with Internal Redispersion Units
272(1)
7.2.3 Microstructured Falling Film Reactor for Gas-Liquid Reactions
272(1)
7.3 Flow Patterns in Fluid-Fluid Systems
273(11)
7.3.1 Gas-Liquid Flow Patterns
273(7)
7.3.1.1 Bubbly Flow
273(1)
7.3.1.2 Taylor Flow
274(5)
7.3.1.3 Slug Bubbly Flow
279(1)
7.3.1.4 Churn Flow
279(1)
7.3.1.5 Annular and Parallel Flow
280(1)
7.3.2 Liquid-Liquid Flow Patterns
280(4)
7.3.2.1 Drop Flow
281(1)
7.3.2.2 Slug Flow
281(1)
7.3.2.3 Slug-Drop Flow
282(1)
7.3.2.4 Deformed Interface Flow
282(1)
7.3.2.5 Annular and Parallel Flow
283(1)
7.3.2.6 Slug-Dispersed Flow
283(1)
7.3.2.7 Dispersed Flow
283(1)
7.4 Mass Transfer
284(16)
7.4.1 Mass Transfer Models
285(1)
7.4.2 Characterization of Mass Transfer in Fluid-Fluid Systems
286(1)
7.4.3 Mass Transfer in Gas-Liquid Microstructured Devices
287(9)
7.4.3.1 Mass Transfer in Taylor Flow
287(5)
7.4.3.2 Mass Transfer in Slug Annular and Churn Flow Regime
292(1)
7.4.3.3 Mass Transfer in Microstructured Falling Film Reactors
293(3)
7.4.4 Mass Transfer in Liquid-Liquid Microstructured Devices
296(3)
7.4.4.1 Slug Flow (Taylor Flow)
296(1)
7.4.4.2 Slug-Drop and Deformed Interface Flow
297(1)
7.4.4.3 Annular and Parallel Flow
297(1)
7.4.4.4 Slug-Dispersed and Dispersed Flow
298(1)
7.4.5 Comparison with Conventional Contactors
299(1)
7.5 Pressure Drop in Fluid-Fluid Microstructured Channels
300(7)
7.5.1 Pressure Drop in Gas-Liquid Flow
301(3)
7.5.2 Pressure Drop in Liquid-Liquid Flow
304(3)
7.5.2.1 Pressure Drop - Without Film
304(1)
7.5.2.2 Pressure Drop - With Film
305(2)
7.5.2.3 Power Dissipation in Liquid/Liquid Reactors
307(1)
7.6 Flow Separation in Liquid-Liquid Microstructured Reactors
307(8)
7.6.1 Conventional Separators
308(1)
7.6.2 Types of Microstructured Separators
308(7)
7.6.2.1 Geometrical Modifications
309(1)
7.6.2.2 Wettability Based Flow Splitters
310(5)
7.6.3 Conventional Separator Adapted for Microstructured Devices
315(1)
7.7 Fluid-Fluid Reactions in Microstructured Devices
315(8)
7.7.1 Examples of Gas-Liquid Reactions
317(2)
7.7.1.1 Halogenation
317(1)
7.7.1.2 Nitration, Oxidations, Sulfonation, and Hydrogenation
318(1)
7.7.2 Examples of Liquid-Liquid Reactions
319(12)
7.7.2.1 Nitration Reaction
319(1)
7.7.2.2 Transesterification: Biodiesel Production
320(1)
7.7.2.3 Vitamin Precursor Synthesis
320(1)
7.7.2.4 Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC)
321(1)
7.7.2.5 Enzymatic Reactions
322(1)
7.8 Summary
323(1)
7.9 List of Symbols
324(1)
References
325(6)
8 Three-Phase Systems 331(20)
8.1 Introduction
331(1)
8.2 Gas-Liquid-Solid Systems
331(15)
8.2.1 Conventional Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors
331(2)
8.2.2 Microstructured Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors
333(13)
8.2.2.1 Continuous Phase Microstructured Reactors
333(1)
8.2.2.2 Dispersed Phase Microstructured Reactors
334(2)
8.2.2.3 Mass Transfer and Chemical Reaction
336(5)
8.2.2.4 Reaction Examples
341(5)
8.3 Gas-Liquid-Liquid Systems
346(1)
8.4 Summary
347(1)
8.5 List of Symbols
347(1)
References
348(3)
Index 351
Dr. Madhvanand Kashid, Chemical Engineer, at Syngenta Crop Protection Monthey SA, Switzerland. He secured PhD in Chemical Engineering from Technical University of Dortmund, Germany, on "liguid-liquid slug flow capillary microreactors". Prior to joining Syngenta, he worked at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. He had been extensively working on different aspects of microprocess engineering such as design and characterization of microstructured devices both by mathematical modelling and experimental validation, development of continuous process with industrial partners, and application of microdevices for educational purpose. He is the co-author of 25 scientific publications, reviews and book chapters.

Prof. Dr. Albert Renken, Professor Emeritus, secured PhD and habilitation from University of Hannover and joined EPFL in 1977. He has been working on variety of topics related to chemical and polymer reaction engineering such as multiphase reactions, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis and micro reactor technology. He represents Switzerland in the Working Party on Chemical Reaction Engineering in the European Federation of Chemical Engineering. In 2007 he got the DECHEMA-Titan-Medal for his pioneering contributions to Chemical Reaction Engineering and Microreaction Technology. He is author or co-author of more than 450 scientific publications, 3 textbooks and co-author of the "Handbook of Micro Process Engineering". His actual research and teaching is focused on sustainable chemical production and process intensification.

Prof. Dr. Lioubov Kiwi-Minsker, Head of the Group of Catalytic Reaction Engineering, GGRC, at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland . Prof. Kiwi-Minsker received her PhD in 1982 in physical & colloidal chemistry from Moscow University, her habilitation in 1992 from the Novosibirsk University in Physical Chemistry and joined EPFL in 1994. Her teaching and research activities continue to be in the field of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Reactor technology, in particular, the reactors with structured catalytic beds and micro-reactors. She is the co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, patents and book chapters. She is currently a member of the Working party on "Chemical Reaction Engineering" and "Process Intensification" of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE) and of the European Federation of Catalysis (EFCATS).
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