Effective radio communication between ATC and pilots has long been recognized as an important element of aviation safety. In recognition of the role miscommunications play in aviation incidents and accidents, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recently introduced language proficiency requirements for all flight personnel in all ICAO member states. Using an effective and economical experimental paradigm, the research described here teases apart the complex combination of factors (e.g. speech rate, controller message length, English language proficiency, cognitive workload) believed to contribute to miscommunications between controllers and pilots. Misunderstandings in ATC Communication offers an in-depth report of a seminal study in aviation communication, which until now has only been available in the form of an unpublished dissertation. In addition, it offers a recent extension of that work, the authors reflections on the research process, and a thorough review of the aviation communication literature. Graduate students and researchers who wish to address real-world problems will appreciate the simple elegance of the experimental paradigm that has been used to address a wide range of theoretical and applied interdisciplinary research questions. The book will appeal to scholars in the fields of human factors, linguistics, cognitive psychology, applied linguistics and second-language education and assessment. It is also of direct relevance to government and industry decision-makers and operators as they strive to implement the ICAO requirements, and to improve aviation safety.
Recenzijos
Kudos to the authors for successfully marrying the results of hard-core, academic studies conducted in the laboratory with analyses of data from real ATC transcripts, to produce tangible recommendations that can be directly put into practice in the field. An insightful book that will appeal to academics and practitioners alike, and is sure to make a difference in improving the effectiveness of pilot-controller communication. Loukia Loukopoulos, Error Management, Europe This multi-method book is informative as well as easy and fun to read. The authors include an excellent mix of using real world data and laboratory research to understand ATC-pilot communication. Students in many different areas of research can learn from this example of converging methods. Those involved in the field, especially those with power to make changes in prescribed routines, should read this book. Vivian Schneider, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA The 252-page book comprehensively reviews the aviation communication literature, reports an efficient experimental method to investigate the aspects of aviation speech and listening at play, and delivers solid recommendations to address real-world aviation miscommunications. Hindsight, vol. 18 Winter 2013 a well-balanced combination of theoretical and practical work to the fields of aviation, human factors, and psychology. ... contribute[ s] significantly to the previously existing body of knowledge ... I would highly recommend this exceptional book International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, Volume 1, Issue 2, July 2014
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ix | |
| List of Tables |
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xi | |
| About the Authors |
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xiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
| List of Abbreviations |
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xvii | |
| Introduction |
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1 | (14) |
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Misunderstandings in ATC Communication |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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Outline and Organization of the Book |
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7 | (1) |
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Our Approach to this Research |
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8 | (7) |
| Part I The Effects Of Linguistic Properties And Message Length On Misunderstandings In Aviation Communication |
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15 | (12) |
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Aim and Scope of this
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15 | (1) |
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Misunderstandings in Aviation Communication |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (7) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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2 Air Traffic Control Radio Communication |
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27 | (18) |
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Aim and Scope of this
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27 | (1) |
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ATC Communication Procedures |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (15) |
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44 | (1) |
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3 The Omission and Deletion of Linguistic Elements in ATC Clearances |
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45 | (30) |
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Aim and Scope of this
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45 | (1) |
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Organization of this
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46 | (1) |
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Philps' Linguistic Analysis of Aviation English |
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47 | (4) |
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Deletion of Linguistic Elements and Misunderstandings |
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51 | (18) |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (3) |
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4 Experimental Study of ATC-like Instructions |
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75 | (30) |
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Aim and Scope of this
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (7) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (5) |
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88 | (4) |
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92 | (5) |
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97 | (5) |
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Summary of all Four Experiments |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (8) |
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Aim and Scope of this
Chapter |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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What Have We Learned about the Language of ATC Communication? |
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105 | (2) |
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What Have We Learned about the Cognitive Processes Underlying this Task? |
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107 | (1) |
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What Recommendations Can We Make? |
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108 | (5) |
| Transition |
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| Part II The Effects Of Message Length, Second Language Proficiency And Cognitive Workload In Aviation Communication |
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6 Introduction to Part II |
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113 | (4) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (14) |
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117 | (1) |
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The Controller-pilot Communicative Environment |
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117 | (3) |
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Linguistic Factors in Controller-pilot Communications |
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120 | (5) |
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Workload as a Factor in Controller-pilot Communications |
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125 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (14) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (6) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (24) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (7) |
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154 | (15) |
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169 | (12) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (5) |
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General Discussion of Performance Variables |
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174 | (1) |
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Speech Production Variables |
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175 | (5) |
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180 | (1) |
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11 Implications and Conclusions for Part II |
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181 | (4) |
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185 | (6) |
| Appendix A: Barshi Paradigm Studies |
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191 | (18) |
| Appendix B: Excerpts from the Airman's Information Manual Concerning ATC Radio Communication Procedures |
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209 | (2) |
| Appendix C: Transcript Conventions (Adapted from Appendix A of Ward, Novick, and Sousa 1990) |
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211 | (2) |
| Appendix D: ATC Clearances and Face-to-Face Communication |
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213 | (2) |
Appendix E: Transcript of 22 Messages Included in the Analyses in
Chapter 3 |
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215 | (6) |
| Appendix F: Language Background Questionnaire (adapted from Trofimovich 2005) |
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221 | (4) |
| Appendix G: Sample of Rater Worksheet for Oral Proficiency Measure |
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225 | (2) |
| Appendix H: Participant's Addition Task Worksheet |
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227 | (2) |
| Appendix I: Example Sheet for Navigation Task |
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229 | (2) |
| Appendix J: Practice Sheet for Navigation Task |
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231 | (2) |
| Appendix K: Rater Worksheet for Speech Production Ratings |
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233 | (2) |
| Appendix L: Original Acknowledgments from Immanuel's Dissertation |
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235 | (2) |
| Appendix M: Original Acknowledgments from Candace's Master's Thesis |
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237 | (2) |
| References |
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239 | (12) |
| Index |
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251 | |
Immanuel Barshi is a Senior Principal Investigator in the Human Systems Integration Division at NASA Ames Research Center. His current research addresses cognitive issues involved in the skilled performance of astronauts and pilots, as well as mission controllers and air traffic controllers, their ability to manage challenging situations, and their vulnerability to error. Among the topics investigated by his research group are spatial reasoning, decision making, risk assessment, communication, and skill acquisition and retention. The results of his work have been implemented in checklist design, operational procedures, and training programs in space, aviation, medicine, and nuclear facilities. Dr. Barshi holds PhDs in Linguistics and in Cognitive Psychology. He has published books and papers in basic and applied psychology, linguistics, and aviation. He holds Airline Transport Pilot certificate with A320, A330, B737, and CE500 Type Ratings; he is also a certified flight instructor for airplanes and helicopters, with over 35 years of flight experience. Candace Farris is a doctoral candidate at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Her current research addresses interaction between controllers and pilots in radio communication, with the objective of identifying skills required for successful communication in the global aviation context. Her findings are applicable to the field of aviation communications training and assessment for native and non-native speakers alike. Candace has over 10 years experience in aviation, having worked in the airline industry and as a consultant for the International Civil Aviation Organization.
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