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El. knyga: Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical Guide

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  • Formatas: 540 pages
  • Serija: Modern Grammars
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Dec-2022
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000790511
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical GuideDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 540 pages
  • Serija: Modern Grammars
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Dec-2022
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000790511
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Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical Guide is an innovative reference guide to Brazilian Portuguese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume.

The Grammar is divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammatical categories such as agreement, nouns, verbs and adjectives. Part B is carefully organized around language functions covering all major communication situations such as establishing identity, making contact and expressing likes, dislikes and preferences. With a strong emphasis on contemporary usage, all grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples. Building on the success of the second edition, this third edition provides new and extended notes for Spanish speakers, which focus on common difficulties faced by learners of Portuguese, as well as revised explanations of grammar and usage, which include the use of tu in Portuguese.

A combination of reference grammar and practical usage manual, complemented by a Companion Website with audiovisual material and a separate Workbook designed to accompany the Grammar, this textbook is the ideal source for learners of Brazilian Portuguese at all levels, from beginner to advanced.

Recenzijos

"Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar is very comprehensive, bringing thorough description and analysis of real life language in use. The author shows a deep knowledge of the many idiosyncrasies of Brazilian Portuguese, always referring to the existing differences related to register and spoken versus written language. Differently from other Portuguese grammars for non-native speakers, it focusses on didactically describing how the language is used in its different registers, even the more colloquial style, presenting valuable information to learners so that they are aware of when a given form is used. Also, the fact that it is divided into two parts (traditional grammar and function-based grammar), which are clearly interconnected in each section, makes it easier for students to look up any information they may need.

The fact that there is a companion workbook makes it appealing to students as they can practise the grammar points studied. Learners are provided a set of useful exercises related to both traditional grammar and function-based grammar, which focus on important and often challenging aspects of the Portuguese language."

Dr. José Peixoto Coelho de Souza, Language Tutor in Portuguese, University of Manchester, UK.

"Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar continues to be a wonderful supplement to the textbooks that I use in my language courses. It captures and presents problematic instances in an organized format. The examples and brief explanations are clear and relevant. This reference guide is essential for anyone who wants to master a nuanced understanding of Brazilian Portuguese."

Dr. Cynthia A. Sloan, Associate Professor of Portuguese and Spanish, Portland State University, USA.

Preface to the third edition xix
Preface to the second edition xx
Introduction to this book xxi
Introduction to Brazilian Portuguese xxii
Glossary of grammatical terms xxvii
Part A Structures
1 Pronunciation and spelling
3(17)
1.1 The Portuguese alphabet
3(1)
1.2 Pronunciation of consonants
3(2)
1.3 Oral vowel sounds
5(2)
1.4 Nasal vowel sounds
7(1)
1.5 Spelling and pronunciation
7(4)
1.6 Syllabification
11(1)
1.7 Stress and written accents
12(3)
1.8 Hyphenation
15(2)
1.9 Use of capital letters
17(1)
1.10 Punctuation
18(1)
1.11 Notes for Spanish speakers
18(2)
2 Gender and gender agreement
20(7)
2.1 What is grammatical gender?
20(1)
2.2 Rules for determining gender
20(3)
2.3 Feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
23(2)
2.4 Notes for Spanish speakers
25(2)
3 Number and number agreement
27(8)
3.1 Singular vs. plural
27(1)
3.2 Forming the plural of nouns and adjectives
27(2)
3.3 Plurals referring collectively to males and females
29(1)
3.4 Use of singular and plural
30(3)
3.5 Countability mismatches
33(1)
3.6 Notes for Spanish speakers
34(1)
4 Articles
35(7)
4.1 The definite article
35(3)
4.2 The indefinite article
38(3)
4.3 Notes for Spanish speakers
41(1)
5 Adjectives and adverbs
42(15)
5.1 Position of adjectives
42(1)
5.2 Adjectives that always precede the noun
43(1)
5.3 Adjectives with different meanings according to their position
43(2)
5.4 Adjectives used as nouns
45(1)
5.5 Adjectives used as adverbs
46(2)
5.6 Formation of adverbs of manner
48(1)
5.7 Position of adverbs and adverbials
48(1)
5.8 Comparison of adjectives and adverbs
49(1)
5.9 Irregular comparative forms
50(1)
5.10 The syntax of comparative sentences
51(2)
5.11 The absolute superlative
53(1)
5.12 Colloquial intensifiers
54(1)
5.13 Agreement of adjectives qualifying more than one noun
55(1)
5.14 Singular adjectives qualifying a plural noun
55(1)
5.15 Notes for Spanish speakers
56(1)
6 Numbers and numerical expressions
57(9)
6.1 Cardinal numbers
57(1)
6.2 Ordinal numbers
58(1)
6.3 Collective numbers
59(1)
6.4 Dates
60(1)
6.5 Clock time
61(1)
6.6 Fractions
62(1)
6.7 Decimal fractions
63(1)
6.8 Percentages
63(1)
6.9 Monetary amounts
64(1)
6.10 Monarchs, popes, etc.
64(1)
6.11 N and enesimo as indeterminate numbers
64(1)
6.12 Gender and plural of numbers
64(1)
6.13 Notes for Spanish speakers
65(1)
7 Personal pronouns
66(18)
7.1 First-person pronouns
66(1)
7.2 `You'
67(2)
7.3 Third-person pronouns
69(3)
7.4 Use of subject pronouns
72(1)
7.5 Placement of unstressed object pronouns
73(4)
7.6 More about indirect pronoun objects
77(2)
7.7 Pronouns used with prepositions
79(1)
7.8 Emphatic uses of object pronouns
80(1)
7.9 Non-standard pronouns
80(1)
7.10 Other pronominal forms of address
81(1)
7.11 Brazilian personal pronoun usage - quick reference tables
81(2)
7.12 Notes for Spanish speakers
83(1)
8 Demonstratives
84(7)
8.1 Introduction
84(1)
8.2 Forms and meaning
84(1)
8.3 Usage
84(3)
8.4 Neuter demonstrative pronouns
87(1)
8.5 Demonstrative adverbs `here' and `there'
88(2)
8.6 Notes for Spanish speakers
90(1)
9 Possessives
91(6)
9.1 Introduction
91(1)
9.2 Forms
91(1)
9.3 Usage
91(3)
9.4 Omission of possessives
94(1)
9.5 Proprio `own'
95(1)
9.6 Possessives after the verb ser `to be'
95(1)
9.7 The second-person possessive teu(s)/tua(s)
96(1)
9.8 Special use of the possessive seu(s)/sua(s)
96(1)
9.9 Notes for Spanish speakers
96(1)
10 Relative pronouns
97(5)
10.1 Que
97(1)
10.2 Quern
97(1)
10.3 O que
98(1)
10.4 O/a qual, os/as quais
99(1)
10.5 Cujo(s), cuja(s)
99(1)
10.6 Quanto(s), quanta(s)
100(1)
10.7 Onde
100(1)
10.8 Note on translating `when' as a relative
101(1)
10.9 Notes for Spanish speakers
101(1)
11 Interrogatives
102(11)
11.1 O que
102(1)
11.2 Que
103(1)
11.3 Qual, quais
103(1)
11.4 Quem
104(1)
11.5 Quanto(s)/quanta(s)
105(1)
11.6 Como
105(1)
11.7 Onde
106(1)
11.8 Cads
107(1)
11.9 Quando
107(1)
11.10 Porque
107(1)
11.11 Para que
108(1)
11.12 Quetal
108(1)
11.13 Quao
109(1)
11.14 Other points about interrogatives
109(3)
11.15 Notes for Spanish speakers
112(1)
12 Exclamations
113(2)
12.1 Que
113(1)
12.2 Quanto(s)/quanta(s)
113(1)
12.3 Como
114(1)
12.4 Notes for Spanish speakers
114(1)
13 Indefinite adjectives and pronouns
115(1)
13.1 Todo(s)/toda(s)
116(1)
13.2 Tudo
117(1)
13.3 Ambos/as
118(1)
13.4 Cada
119(1)
13.5 Qualquer
120(1)
13.6 Alguem
120(1)
13.7 Algum/alguma, alguns/algumas
121(1)
13.8 Algumacoisa
121(1)
13.9 Algo
122(1)
13.10 Outro(s)/outra(s)
122(1)
13.11 Tal
123(1)
13.12 Adjectives and pronouns of quantity
124(2)
13.13 Other indefinite adjectives and pronouns
126(1)
13.14 `Else'
127(1)
13.15 Notes for Spanish speakers
128(1)
14 Negatives
129(6)
14.1 Nao
129(1)
14.2 Nada
130(1)
14.3 Ninguem
131(1)
14.4 Nunca
131(1)
14.5 Jamais
132(1)
14.6 Nem
132(1)
14.7 Nenhum/Nenhuma
133(1)
14.8 Sem
133(1)
14.9 Notes for Spanish speakers
134(1)
15 Regular verb conjugations
135(8)
15.1 Introduction to Portuguese verbs: how the system works
135(1)
15.2 The infinitive and the stem
136(1)
15.3 Simple tenses: present indicative
136(1)
15.4 Simple tenses: imperfect indicative
137(1)
15.5 Simple tenses: preterite indicative
137(1)
15.6 Simple tenses: present subjunctive
138(1)
15.7 Simple tenses: imperfect subjunctive
138(1)
15.8 Simple tenses: future subjunctive
139(1)
15.9 Future and conditional tenses
139(1)
15.10 Simple pluperfect tense
140(1)
15.11 Stress patterns in regular verbs
140(1)
15.12 Spelling conventions governing regular verbs
140(2)
15.13 Notes for Spanish speakers
142(1)
16 Semi-irregular and irregular verbs
143(8)
16.1 Radical-changing verbs
143(1)
16.2 Semi-irregular verbs
144(2)
16.3 Irregular verbs
146(4)
16.4 Notes for Spanish speakers
150(1)
17 Gerunds, past participles, compound perfect tenses and the passive
151(9)
17.1 Gerunds
151(2)
17.2 Past participles
153(3)
17.3 Compound perfect tenses
156(2)
17.4 The passive
158(1)
17.5 Other uses of the past participle
158(1)
17.6 Notes for Spanish speakers
159(1)
18 Use of the tenses
160(9)
18.1 Simple tenses
160(4)
18.2 Compound tenses
164(1)
18.3 Continuous tenses
165(2)
18.4 Periphrastic tenses
167(1)
18.5 Notes for Spanish speakers
168(1)
19 The infinitive
169(12)
19.1 Introduction
169(1)
19.2 Uses of the infinitive
169(1)
19.3 Impersonal vs. personal infinitive
170(1)
19.4 Use of the infinitive after prepositions
171(2)
19.5 Verbs followed by the infinitive
173(3)
19.6 Cases where either the impersonal or personal infinitive may be used
176(1)
19.7 Personal infinitive with the same subject as the main verb
176(1)
19.8 Position of object pronouns with the infinitive
177(1)
19.9 Other uses of the infinitive
178(1)
19.10 Perfect infinitive
179(1)
19.11 Notes for Spanish speakers
180(1)
20 The subjunctive
181(1)
20.1 Introduction
181(1)
20.2 Sequence of tenses
181(1)
20.3 The present or imperfect subjunctive in subordinate clauses
182(4)
20.4 The future or imperfect subjunctive in subordinate clauses
186(1)
20.5 The subjunctive in conditional clauses
187(1)
20.6 The subjunctive in main clauses
188(1)
20.7 Idiomatic uses of the subjunctive
189(1)
20.8 Subjunctive vs. infinitive
190(1)
20.9 Avoidance of the subjunctive in colloquial speech
190(1)
20.10 Notes for Spanish speakers
190(1)
21 The imperative
191(3)
21.1 Familiar imperative
191(1)
21.2 Formal imperative
192(1)
21.3 Plural imperative
193(1)
21.4 Notes for Spanish speakers
193(1)
22 Reflexive verbs
194(5)
22.1 Introduction
194(1)
22.2 Reflexive object pronouns
194(1)
22.3 Meaning patterns of reflexive verbs
194(2)
22.4 Impersonal se-construction
196(1)
22.5 Reflexive verbs in the spoken language
197(1)
22.6 Other reflexive pronouns
197(1)
22.7 Notes for Spanish speakers
198(1)
23 Ser, Estar and Ficar
199(14)
23.1 Introduction
199(1)
23.2 Ser
199(2)
23.3 Estar
201(1)
23.4 Ficar
202(1)
23.5 Adjectives used with either ser or estar
203(1)
23.6 Translating `was/were' and `has/have been'
204(3)
23.7 Idiomatic expressions with ser
207(1)
23.8 Idiomatic expressions with estar
208(2)
23.9 Other meanings and idiomatic uses of ficar
210(1)
23.10 Notes for Spanish speakers
211(2)
24 Verbs used in auxiliary, modal and impersonal constructions
213(10)
24.1 Auxiliary constructions
213(2)
24.2 Modal constructions
215(4)
24.3 Impersonal uses of certain verbs
219(3)
24.4 Notes for Spanish speakers
222(1)
25 Prepositions
223(13)
25.1 Basic prepositions: a, com, de, em, para, por
223(8)
25.2 Other simple (one-word) prepositions
231(3)
25.3 Compound prepositions of place
234(2)
25 A Compound prepositions of time
236(3)
25.5 Other compound prepositions
236(2)
25.6 Notes for Spanish speakers
238(1)
26 Conjunctions
239(11)
26.1 Coordinating conjunctions
239(2)
26.2 Subordinating conjunctions
241(7)
26.3 Preposition vs. conjunction
248(1)
26.4 Gerund vs. conjunction
249(1)
26.5 Notes for Spanish speakers
249(1)
27 Word order
250(2)
27.1 Word order in statements
250(1)
27.2 Word order in questions
251(1)
27.3 Word order in indirect questions
251(1)
28 Word formation
252(9)
28.1 Diminutives
252(2)
28.2 Augmentatives
254(1)
28.3 The appreciative suffix -ago
255(1)
28.4 The depreciative suffix -eco
255(1)
28.5 Verbal nouns ending in -ada/-ida
256(1)
28.6 Instrumental nouns ending in -ada
256(1)
28.7 Collective nouns ending in -ada
257(4)
Part B Functions
I Social contact and communication strategies
261(32)
29 Making social contacts
263(17)
29.1 Greeting someone
263(1)
29.2 Conveying greetings
264(1)
29.3 Asking people how they are
265(1)
29.4 Introducing yourself and others
266(2)
29.5 Taking leave
268(1)
29.6 Expressing wishes
269(1)
29.7 Congratulating somebody
270(1)
29.8 Using the phone
271(4)
29.9 Writing letters and e-mails
275(5)
30 Basic strategies for communication
280(13)
30.1 Attracting someone's attention and responding to a call for attention
280(1)
30.2 Starting up a conversation
281(1)
30.3 Requesting repetition and responding
281(1)
30.4 Making sure you understand and are understood
282(1)
30.5 Signalling that you understand the speaker and are following what is being said
283(1)
30.6 Asking how to pronounce or spell a word
284(1)
30.7 Interrupting a speaker
285(1)
30.8 Fillers
285(3)
30.9 Changing the subject
288(1)
30.10 Formal development of a topic
288(5)
II Giving and seeking factual information
293(74)
31 Asking questions and responding
295(7)
31.1 Yes-no questions
295(1)
31.2 Content questions
296(2)
31.3 Follow-up questions
298(1)
31.4 Rhetorical questions
298(1)
31.5 Tag questions
298(1)
31.6 Negative questions
299(1)
31.7 Polite questions
300(1)
31.8 Other ways of answering questions
300(2)
32 Negating
302(2)
32.1 Negating adjectives
302(1)
32.2 Negating nouns
303(1)
32.3 Negating verbs
303(1)
33 Reporting
304(5)
33.1 Direct vs. indirect speech
304(1)
33.2 Indirect speech
304(1)
33.3 Reporting statements
305(1)
33.4 Reporting questions
306(1)
33.5 Reporting yes and no answers
307(1)
33.6 Reporting commands and requests
307(2)
34 Asking and giving personal information
309(7)
34.1 Name
309(2)
34.2 Nationality and place of origin
311(1)
34.3 Marital status
311(1)
34.4 Age
312(1)
34.5 Date and place of birth
313(1)
34.6 Occupation, status or rank, religious, political and other affiliations
314(2)
35 Identifying people and things
316(2)
35.1 Identifying yourself and others
316(1)
35.2 Identifying things
317(1)
36 Describing
318(8)
36.1 Referring to a subject's nature or identity
318(2)
36.2 Enquiring about a subject's nature or appearance
320(1)
36.3 Describing a state or condition
320(2)
36.4 Descriptions involving an unspoken comparison
322(1)
36.5 Asking and saying what something is made of
322(1)
36.6 Describing events
323(1)
36.7 Describing facts or information
323(1)
36.8 Describing a person's character and attitude
324(1)
36.9 Describing the weather
324(2)
37 Making comparisons
326(7)
37.1 Comparisons of inequality
326(2)
37.2 Comparisons of equality
328(3)
37.3 Comparing more than two objects
331(2)
38 Expressing existence and availability
333(4)
38.1 Asking and answering questions regarding existence
333(2)
38.2 Describing facilities
335(1)
38.3 Expressing availability
335(2)
39 Expressing location and distance
337(7)
39.1 Expressing location
337(2)
39.2 Asking and saying where an event will take or took place
339(1)
39.3 Indicating precise location
340(2)
39.4 Indicating distance
342(2)
40 Expressing possessive relations
344(7)
40.1 Expressing ownership and possession
344(3)
40.2 Emphasizing possessive relations
347(1)
40.3 Expressing possessive relations involving parts of the body, personal effects and close family members
348(1)
40.4 Asking whose something is
348(1)
40.5 Other ways of expressing possession
349(2)
41 Expressing changes
351(6)
41.1 Talking about changes of state and appearance
351(3)
41.2 Talking about changes of status, nature and identity
354(2)
41.3 Other verbs that express change
356(1)
42 Expressing cause, effect and purpose
357(10)
42.1 Enquiring about cause
357(1)
42.2 Giving reasons and expressing relationships of cause and effect
358(3)
42.3 Other ways of expressing relationships of cause and effect
361(2)
42.4 Enquiring about purpose
363(1)
42.5 Expressing purpose
364(3)
III Putting events into a wider context
367(68)
43 Expressing knowledge
369(4)
43.1 Expressing knowledge of a fact
369(1)
43.2 Saying that one knows a person, a place or an object
370(1)
43.3 Cases in which both saber or conhecer can be used with a difference of meaning
371(1)
43.4 Expressing knowledge of a subject
371(1)
43.5 Expressing knowledge of a language
371(1)
43.6 Expressing knowledge of a skill
371(1)
43.7 Getting to know, becoming acquainted with or meeting someone
372(1)
43.8 Hearing or finding out about something
372(1)
44 Remembering and forgetting
373(6)
44.1 Remembering
373(3)
44.2 Reminding
376(1)
44.3 Forgetting
377(2)
45 Expressing obligation and duty
379(5)
45.1 Expressing obligation and duty with regard to oneself and others
379(2)
45.2 Enquiring whether one is obliged to do something
381(1)
45.3 Expressing obligation in an impersonal way
381(1)
45.4 Other ways of expressing obligation and duty
382(1)
45.5 Expressing unfulfilled obligation
382(2)
46 Expressing needs
384(5)
46.1 Expressing needs with regard to oneself and others
384(2)
46.2 Asking people about their needs
386(1)
46.3 Expressing needs in an impersonal way
386(2)
46.4 Expressing strong need
388(1)
47 Expressing possibility and probability
389(5)
47.1 Saying whether something is considered possible, probable or impossible
389(4)
47.2 Enquiring whether something is considered possible or impossible
393(1)
48 Expressing certainty and uncertainty
394(4)
48.1 Saying how certain one is of something
394(3)
48.2 Enquiring about certainty or uncertainty
397(1)
49 Expressing supposition
398(4)
49.1 Common expressions of supposition
398(4)
50 Expressing conditions
402(6)
50.1 Open conditions
402(1)
50.2 Remote and unreal conditions
403(1)
50.3 Unfulfilled conditions
404(1)
50.4 Other conditional expressions
405(3)
51 Expressing contrast or opposition
408(5)
51.1 Common expressions of contrast or opposition
408(5)
52 Expressing capability and incapability
413(4)
52.1 Enquiring and making statements about capability or incapability
413(3)
52.2 Enquiring and making statements about learned abilities
416(1)
53 Seeking and giving permission
417(5)
53.1 Seeking permission
417(2)
53.2 Giving permission
419(1)
53.3 Stating that permission is withheld
420(2)
54 Asking and giving opinions
422(7)
54.1 Asking someone's opinion
422(2)
54.2 Expressing opinions
424(4)
54.3 Reporting on other people's opinions
428(1)
55 Expressing agreement, disagreement and indifference
429(6)
55.1 Expressing agreement
429(1)
55.2 Expressing disagreement
430(1)
55.3 Asking about agreement and disagreement
431(1)
55.4 Expressing indifference
432(3)
IV Expressing emotional attitudes
435(42)
56 Expressing desires and preferences
437(8)
56.1 Expressing desires
437(4)
56.2 Enquiring about desires
441(1)
56.3 Expressing preferences and enquiring about preferences
442(1)
56.4 Expressing desires and preferences involving others
443(2)
57 Expressing likes and dislikes
445(6)
57.1 How to say you like or dislike someone or something
445(1)
51.2 Enquiring about likes and dislikes
446(1)
57.3 Other ways of expressing likes and dislikes
447(4)
58 Expressing surprise
451(4)
58.1 Set expressions
451(1)
58.2 Expressing surprise with regard to someone or something
452(2)
58.3 Saying that something is not surprising
454(1)
59 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction
455(3)
59.1 Expressing satisfaction
455(1)
59.2 Expressing dissatisfaction
456(1)
59.3 Enquiring about satisfaction or dissatisfaction
456(2)
60 Expressing hope
458(3)
60.1 Saying what one hopes or others hope to do
458(1)
60.2 Expressing hope with regard to others
458(1)
60.3 Expressing hope in response to a question or statement
459(2)
61 Expressing sympathy
461(4)
61.1 Saying one is sorry about something
461(2)
61.2 Saying one is glad about something
463(2)
62 Apologizing and expressing forgiveness
465(3)
62.1 Apologizing
465(2)
62.2 Expressing forgiveness
467(1)
63 Expressing fear or worry
468(5)
63.1 Common expressions of fear
468(2)
63.2 Other ways of expressing fear
470(1)
63.3 More formal expressions of fear
471(2)
64 Expressing gratitude
473(4)
64.1 Expressing gratitude
473(2)
64.2 Responding to an expression of gratitude
475(2)
V The language of persuasion
477(22)
65 Giving advice and making suggestions
479(7)
65.1 Giving advice and making suggestions that do not involve the speaker
479(3)
65.2 Suggesting a course of action involving the speaker
482(3)
65.3 Asking for advice and suggestions
485(1)
66 Making requests
486(3)
66.1 Common expressions of request
486(3)
67 Giving directions, instructions and orders
489(3)
67.1 Giving directions and instructions
489(1)
67.2 Giving orders
490(2)
68 Making an offer or invitation and accepting or declining
492(7)
68.1 Making an offer or invitation
492(3)
68.2 Accepting or declining an offer or invitation
495(2)
68.3 Enquiring whether an invitation is accepted or declined
497(2)
VI Expressing temporal relations
499(20)
69 Talking about the present
501(4)
69.1 The present simple
501(1)
69.2 The present continuous
502(1)
69.3 Expressing habitual action with costumar + infinitive
503(1)
69.4 Saying how long one has been doing something
503(2)
70 Talking about the future
505(6)
70.1 Talking about future events
505(1)
70.2 Talking about scheduled events in the future
506(1)
70.3 Talking about plans and intentions for the future
506(2)
70.4 Expressing the future from a past perspective
508(1)
70.5 Other ways of expressing the future
509(2)
71 Talking about the past
511(8)
71.1 Talking about events that are past and complete
511(1)
71.2 Saying how long ago something happened
511(1)
71.3 Talking about long-lasting past events
512(1)
71.4 Talking about past events related to the present
512(1)
71.5 Referring to a prolonged or repeated action that began in the past and is still in progress
513(1)
71.6 Referring to the immediate past
513(1)
71.7 Referring to actions and developments that have been happening in the recent past
514(1)
71.8 Describing background states or actions in progress over an unspecified period of time in the past
515(1)
71.9 Talking about past habitual actions
516(1)
71.10 Talking about actions that were taking place when something else happened
516(1)
71.11 Talking about a past event or action that occurred before another past event or action
517(1)
71.12 Referring to a prolonged or repeated action that began at an earlier time and was still in progress at a point in the past
517(2)
Appendices
Appendix I Regular verb forms
519(1)
Appendix II Principal irregular verbs
520(1)
Appendix III Verbs with irregular past participles
521(1)
Appendix IV Verbs with both a regular and an irregular past participle
522(1)
Appendix V Second-person verb forms
523(2)
Bibliography 525(1)
Index 526
John Whitlam was a freelance writer, university lecturer and lexicographer based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He authored a number of language teaching books and project-coordinated and co-authored four best-selling bilingual dictionaries of Portuguese and English.

Agripino S. Silveira is Lecturer in Portuguese at Stanford Language Center, Stanford University, USA.
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