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El. knyga: Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical Guide

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  • Formatas: 560 pages
  • Serija: Modern Grammars
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Mar-2017
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781317237655
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical GuideDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 560 pages
  • Serija: Modern Grammars
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Mar-2017
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781317237655
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Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical Guide is an innovative reference guide to Brazilian Portuguese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume.

The Grammar is divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammatical categories such as agreement, nouns, verbs and adjectives. Part B is carefully organized around language functions covering all major communication situations such as establishing identity, making contact and expressing likes, dislikes and preferences.

With a strong emphasis on contemporary usage, all grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples. Building on the success of the first edition, this second edition also includes:

• An introduction to the history and current status of Brazilian Portuguese

• Notes for Spanish speakers pointing out the main grammatical differences between the two languages

• Additional explanation and exemplification of areas of particular difficulty for learners.

A combination of reference grammar and practical usage manual, Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar is the ideal source for learners of Brazilian Portuguese at all levels, from beginner to advanced.

Preface to the second edition xvii
Introduction to this book 1(2)
Introduction to Brazilian Portuguese 3(5)
Glossary of grammatical terms 8(9)
Part A: Structures
1 Pronunciation and spelling
17(17)
1.1 The Portuguese alphabet
17(1)
1.2 Pronunciation of consonants
17(2)
1.3 Oral vowel sounds
19(2)
1.4 Nasal vowel sounds
21(1)
1.5 Spelling and pronunciation
22(4)
1.6 Syllabification
26(1)
1.7 Stress and written accents
27(2)
1.8 Hyphenation
29(2)
1.9 Use of capital letters
31(1)
1.10 Punctuation
32(2)
2 Gender and gender agreement
34(7)
2.1 What is grammatical gender?
34(1)
2.2 Rules for determining gender
34(3)
2.3 Feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
37(4)
3 Number and number agreement
41(9)
3.1 Singular vs. plural
41(1)
3.2 Forming the plural of nouns and adjectives
41(3)
3.3 Plurals referring collectively to males and females
44(1)
3.4 Use of singular and plural
45(2)
3.5 Countability mismatches
47(3)
4 Articles
50(7)
4.1 The definite article
50(3)
4.2 The indefinite article
53(4)
5 Adjectives and adverbs
57(14)
5.1 Position of adjectives
57(1)
5.2 Adjectives that always precede the noun
58(1)
5.3 Adjectives with different meanings according to their position
58(2)
5.4 Adjectives used as nouns
60(1)
5.5 Adjectives used as adverbs
61(2)
5.6 Formation of adverbs of manner
63(1)
5.7 Position of adverbs and adverbials
63(1)
5.8 Comparison of adjectives and adverbs
64(1)
5.9 Irregular comparative forms
65(1)
5.10 The syntax of comparative sentences
66(1)
5.11 The absolute superlative
67(1)
5.12 Colloquial intensifiers
68(1)
5.13 Agreement of adjectives qualifying more than one noun
69(1)
5.14 Singular adjectives qualifying a plural noun
70(1)
6 Numbers and numerical expressions
71(9)
6.1 Cardinal numbers
71(2)
6.2 Ordinal numbers
73(1)
6.3 Collective numbers
74(1)
6.4 Dates
74(1)
6.5 Clock time
75(1)
6.6 Fractions
76(1)
6.7 Decimal fractions
77(1)
6.8 Percentages
77(1)
6.9 Monetary amounts
77(1)
6.10 Monarchs, popes, etc.
78(1)
6.11 N and enesimo as indeterminate numbers
78(1)
6.12 Gender and plural of numbers
78(2)
7 Personal pronouns
80(18)
7.1 First person pronouns
80(1)
7.2 'You'
81(2)
7.3 Third person pronouns
83(3)
7.4 Use of subject pronouns
86(1)
7.5 Placement of unstressed object pronouns
87(4)
7.6 More about indirect pronoun objects
91(2)
7.7 Pronouns used with prepositions
93(1)
7.8 Emphatic uses of object pronouns
93(1)
7.9 Non-standard pronouns
94(1)
7.10 Other pronominal forms of address
95(1)
7.11 Brazilian personal pronoun usage-quick reference tables
95(3)
8 Demonstratives
98(7)
8.1 Introduction
98(1)
8.2 Forms and meaning
98(1)
8.3 Usage
98(3)
8.4 Neuter demonstrative pronouns
101(1)
8.5 Demonstrative adverbs 'here' and 'there'
102(3)
9 Possessives
105(5)
9.1 Introduction
105(1)
9.2 Forms
105(1)
9.3 Usage
105(2)
9.4 Omission of possessives
107(1)
9.5 proprio 'own'
108(1)
9.6 Possessives after the verb ser 'to be'
109(1)
9.7 The second person possessive teu(s)/tua(s)
109(1)
9.8 Special use of the possessive seu(s)/sua(s)
109(1)
10 Relative pronouns
110(5)
10.1 que
110(1)
10.2 quem
111(1)
10.3 o que
111(1)
10.4 o/a qual, os/as quais
112(1)
10.5 cujo(s), cuja(s)
112(1)
10.6 quanto(s)/quanta(s)
113(1)
10.7 onde
113(1)
10.8 Note on translating 'when' as a relative
114(1)
11 Interrogatives
115(9)
11.1 o que
115(1)
11.2 que
116(1)
11.3 qual, quais
116(1)
11.4 quem
117(1)
11.5 quanto(s)/quanta(s)
117(1)
11.6 como
118(1)
11.7 onde
119(1)
11.8 cade
119(1)
11.9 quando
120(1)
11.10 por que
120(1)
11.11 para que
120(1)
11.12 que tal
120(1)
11.13 quao
121(1)
11.14 Other points about interrogatives
121(3)
12 Exclamations
124(2)
12.1 que
124(1)
12.2 quanto(s)/quanta(s)
124(1)
12.3 como
125(1)
13 Indefinite adjectives and pronouns
126(12)
13.1 todo(s)/toda(s)
127(1)
13.2 tudo
128(1)
13.3 ambos/as
129(1)
13.4 cada
129(1)
13.5 qualquer
130(1)
13.6 alguem
131(1)
13.7 algum/alguma, alguns/algumas
131(1)
13.8 alguma coisa
131(1)
13.9 algo
132(1)
13.10 outro(s)/outra(s)
132(1)
13.11 tal
133(1)
13.12 Adjectives and pronouns of quantity
134(2)
13.13 Other indefinite adjectives and pronouns
136(1)
13.14 'Else'
137(1)
14 Negatives
138(5)
14.1 nao
138(1)
14.2 nada
139(1)
14.3 ninguem
140(1)
14.4 nunca
140(1)
14.5 jamais
140(1)
14.6 nem
140(1)
14.7 nenhum/nenhuma
141(1)
14.8 sem
142(1)
15 Regular verb conjugations
143(7)
15.1 Introduction to Portuguese verbs: how the system works
143(1)
15.2 The infinitive and the stem
143(1)
15.3 Simple tenses: present indicative
144(1)
15.4 Simple tenses: imperfect indicative
144(1)
15.5 Simple tenses: preterite indicative
145(1)
15.6 Simple tenses: present subjunctive
145(1)
15.7 Simple tenses: imperfect subjunctive
146(1)
15.8 Simple tenses: future subjunctive
146(1)
15.9 Future and conditional tenses
146(1)
15.10 Simple pluperfect tense
147(1)
15.11 Stress patterns in regular verbs
147(1)
15.12 Spelling conventions governing regular verbs
148(2)
16 Semi-irregular and irregular verbs
150(8)
16.1 Radical-changing verbs
150(1)
16.2 Semi-irregular verbs
151(1)
16.3 Irregular verbs
152(6)
17 Gerunds, past participles, compound perfect tenses and the passive
158(9)
17.1 Gerunds
158(2)
17.2 Past participles
160(3)
17.3 Compound perfect tenses
163(1)
17.4 The passive
164(1)
17.5 Other uses of the past participle
165(2)
18 Use of the tenses
167(9)
18.1 Simple tenses
167(4)
18.2 Compound tenses
171(1)
18.3 Continuous tenses
172(2)
18.4 Periphrastic tenses
174(2)
19 The infinitive
176(11)
19.1 Introduction
176(1)
19.2 Uses of the infinitive
176(1)
19.3 Impersonal vs. personal infinitive
177(1)
19.4 Use of the infinitive after prepositions
178(1)
19.5 Verbs followed by the infinitive
179(3)
19.6 Cases where either the impersonal or personal infinitive may be used
182(1)
19.7 Personal infinitive with the same subject as the main verb
183(1)
19.8 Position of object pronouns with the infinitive
183(1)
19.9 Other uses of the infinitive
184(2)
19.10 Perfect infinitive
186(1)
20 The subjunctive
187(9)
20.1 Introduction
187(1)
20.2 Sequence of tenses
187(1)
20.3 The present or imperfect subjunctive in subordinate clauses
188(3)
20.4 The future or imperfect subjunctive in subordinate clauses
191(2)
20.5 The subjunctive in conditional clauses
193(1)
20.6 The subjunctive in main clauses
193(1)
20.7 Idiomatic uses of the subjunctive
194(1)
20.8 Subjunctive vs. infinitive
195(1)
20.9 Avoidance of the subjunctive in colloquial speech
195(1)
21 The imperative
196(3)
21.1 Familiar imperative
196(1)
21.2 Formal imperative
197(1)
21.3 Plural imperative
197(2)
22 Reflexive verbs
199(5)
22.1 Introduction
199(1)
22.2 Reflexive object pronouns
199(1)
22.3 Meaning patterns of reflexive verbs
200(1)
22.4 Impersonal se-construction
201(1)
22.5 Reflexive verbs in the spoken language
202(1)
22.6 Other reflexive pronouns
203(1)
23 Ser, estar and ficar
204(12)
23.1 Introduction
204(1)
23.2 ser
204(2)
23.3 estar
206(1)
23.4 ficar
207(1)
23.5 Adjectives used with either ser or estar
208(1)
23.6 Translating 'was/were' and 'has/have been'
208(3)
23.7 Idiomatic expressions with ser
211(1)
23.8 Idiomatic expressions with estar
212(2)
23.9 Other meanings and idiomatic uses of ficar
214(2)
24 Verbs used in auxiliary, modal and impersonal constructions
216(11)
24.1 Auxiliary constructions
216(3)
24.2 Modal constructions
219(4)
24.3 Impersonal uses of certain verbs
223(4)
25 Prepositions
227(17)
25.1 Basic prepositions: a, com, de, em, para, por
227(9)
25.2 Other simple (one-word) prepositions
236(2)
25.3 Compound prepositions of place
238(2)
25.4 Compound prepositions of time
240(1)
25.5 Other compound prepositions
240(4)
26 Conjunctions
244(12)
26.1 Coordinating conjunctions
244(2)
26.2 Subordinating conjunctions
246(8)
26.3 Preposition vs. conjunction
254(1)
26.4 Gerund vs. conjunction
254(2)
27 Word order
256(2)
27.1 Word order in statements
256(1)
27.2 Word order in questions
257(1)
27.3 Word order in indirect questions
257(1)
28 Word formation
258(9)
28.1 Diminutives
258(2)
28.2 Augmentatives
260(1)
28.3 The appreciative suffix -aco
261(1)
28.4 The depreciative suffix -eco
261(1)
28.5 Verbal nouns ending in -ada/-ida
262(1)
28.6 Instrumental nouns ending in -ada
262(1)
28.7 Collective nouns ending in -ada
263(4)
Part B: Functions
I Social contact and communication strategies
267(30)
29 Making social contacts
269(17)
29.1 Greeting someone
269(1)
29.2 Conveying greetings
270(1)
29.3 Asking people how they are
271(1)
29.4 Introducing yourself and others
272(2)
29.5 Taking leave
274(1)
29.6 Expressing wishes
275(1)
29.7 Congratulating somebody
276(1)
29.8 Using the phone
277(4)
29.9 Writing letters and emails
281(5)
30 Basic strategies for communication
286(11)
30.1 Attracting someone's attention and responding to a call for attention
286(1)
30.2 Starting up a conversation
287(1)
30.3 Requesting repetition and responding
287(1)
30.4 Making sure you understand and are understood
288(1)
30.5 Signalling that you understand the speaker and are following what is being said
289(1)
30.6 Asking how to pronounce or spell a word
290(1)
30.7 Interrupting a speaker
290(1)
30.8 Fillers
291(2)
30.9 Changing the subject
293(1)
30.10 Formal development of a topic
294(3)
II Giving and seeking factual information
297(72)
31 Asking questions and responding
299(6)
31.1 Yes-no questions
299(1)
31.2 Content questions
300(1)
31.3 Follow-up questions
301(1)
31.4 Rhetorical questions
301(1)
31.5 Tag questions
302(1)
31.6 Negative questions
302(1)
31.7 Polite questions
303(1)
31.8 Other ways of answering questions
303(2)
32 Negating
305(2)
32.1 Negating adjectives
305(1)
32.2 Negating nouns
306(1)
32.3 Negating verbs
306(1)
33 Reporting
307(5)
33.1 Direct vs. indirect speech
307(1)
33.2 Indirect speech
307(1)
33.3 Reporting statements
308(1)
33.4 Reporting questions
309(1)
33.5 Reporting yes and no answers
310(1)
33.6 Reporting commands and requests
310(2)
34 Asking and giving personal information
312(7)
34.1 Name
312(2)
34.2 Nationality and place of origin
314(1)
34.3 Marital status
314(1)
34.4 Age
315(1)
34.5 Date and place of birth
316(1)
34.6 Occupation, status or rank, religious, political and other affiliations
317(2)
35 Identifying people and things
319(2)
35.1 Identifying yourself and others
319(1)
35.2 Identifying things
320(1)
36 Describing
321(8)
36.1 Referring to a subject's nature or identity
321(2)
36.2 Enquiring about a subject's nature or appearance
323(1)
36.3 Describing a state or condition
324(1)
36.4 Descriptions involving an unspoken comparison
325(1)
36.5 Asking and saying what something is made of
325(1)
36.6 Describing events
325(1)
36.7 Describing facts or information
326(1)
36.8 Describing a person's character and attitude
326(1)
36.9 Describing the weather
327(2)
37 Making comparisons
329(7)
37.1 Comparisons of inequality
329(2)
37.2 Comparisons of equality
331(3)
37.3 Comparing more than two objects
334(2)
38 Expressing existence and availability
336(4)
38.1 Asking and answering questions regarding existence
336(2)
38.2 Describing facilities
338(1)
38.3 Expressing availability
338(2)
39 Expressing location and distance
340(7)
39.1 Expressing location
340(2)
39.2 Asking and saying where an event will take or took place
342(1)
39.3 Indicating precise location
343(2)
39.4 Indicating distance
345(2)
40 Expressing possessive relations
347(7)
40.1 Expressing ownership and possession
347(3)
40.2 Emphasizing possessive relations
350(1)
40.3 Expressing possessive relations involving parts of the body, personal effects and close family members
351(1)
40.4 Asking whose something is
351(1)
40.5 Other ways of expressing possession
352(2)
41 Expressing changes
354(6)
41.1 Talking about changes of state and appearance
354(3)
41.2 Talking about changes of status, nature and identity
357(2)
41.3 Other verbs that express change
359(1)
42 Expressing cause, effect and purpose
360(9)
42.1 Enquiring about cause
360(1)
42.2 Giving reasons and expressing relationships of cause and effect
361(3)
42.3 Other ways of expressing relationships of cause and effect
364(2)
42.4 Enquiring about purpose
366(1)
42.5 Expressing purpose
366(3)
III Putting events into a wider context
369(68)
43 Expressing knowledge
371(4)
43.1 Expressing knowledge of a fact
371(1)
43.2 Saying that one knows a person, a place or an object
372(1)
43.3 Cases in which both saber and conhecer can be used with a difference of meaning
372(1)
43.4 Expressing knowledge of a subject
373(1)
43.5 Expressing knowledge of a language
373(1)
43.6 Expressing knowledge of a skill
373(1)
43.7 Getting to know, becoming acquainted with or meeting someone
373(1)
43.8 Hearing or finding out about something
374(1)
44 Remembering and forgetting
375(7)
44.1 Remembering
375(3)
44.2 Reminding
378(2)
44.3 Forgetting
380(2)
45 Expressing obligation and duty
382(5)
45.1 Expressing obligation and duty with regard to oneself and others
382(2)
45.2 Enquiring whether one is obliged to do something
384(1)
45.3 Expressing obligation in an impersonal way
384(1)
45.4 Other ways of expressing obligation and duty
385(1)
45.5 Expressing unfulfilled obligation
385(2)
46 Expressing needs
387(5)
46.1 Expressing needs with regard to oneself and others
387(2)
46.2 Asking people about their needs
389(1)
46.3 Expressing needs in an impersonal way
389(2)
46.4 Expressing strong need
391(1)
47 Expressing possibility and probability
392(5)
47.1 Saying whether something is considered possible, probable or impossible
392(4)
47.2 Enquiring whether something is considered possible or impossible
396(1)
48 Expressing certainty and uncertainty
397(4)
48.1 Saying how certain one is of something
397(3)
48.2 Enquiring about certainty or uncertainty
400(1)
49 Expressing supposition
401(4)
49.1 Common expressions of supposition
401(4)
50 Expressing conditions
405(6)
50.1 Open conditions
405(2)
50.2 Remote and unreal conditions
407(1)
50.3 Unfulfilled conditions
407(1)
50.4 Other conditional expressions
408(3)
51 Expressing contrast or opposition
411(5)
51.1 Common expressions of contrast or opposition
411(5)
52 Expressing capability and incapability
416(4)
52.1 Enquiring and making statements about capability or incapability
416(3)
52.2 Enquiring and making statements about learned abilities
419(1)
53 Seeking and giving permission
420(5)
53.1 Seeking permission
420(2)
53.2 Giving permission
422(1)
53.3 Stating that permission is withheld
423(2)
54 Asking and giving opinions
425(7)
54.1 Asking someone's opinion
425(2)
54.2 Expressing opinions
427(4)
54.3 Reporting on other people's opinions
431(1)
55 Expressing agreement, disagreement and indifference
432(5)
55.1 Expressing agreement
432(1)
55.2 Expressing disagreement
433(1)
55.3 Asking about agreement and disagreement
434(1)
55.4 Expressing indifference
435(2)
IV Expressing emotional attitudes
437(42)
56 Expressing desires and preferences
439(8)
56.1 Expressing desires
439(4)
56.2 Enquiring about desires
443(1)
56.3 Expressing preferences and enquiring about preferences
444(1)
56.4 Expressing desires and preferences involving others
445(2)
57 Expressing likes and dislikes
447(6)
57.1 How to say you like or dislike someone or something
447(1)
57.2 Enquiring about likes and dislikes
448(1)
57.3 Other ways of expressing likes and dislikes
449(4)
58 Expressing surprise
453(5)
58.1 Set expressions
453(1)
58.2 Expressing surprise with regard to someone or something
454(2)
58.3 Saying that something is not surprising
456(2)
59 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction
458(3)
59.1 Expressing satisfaction
458(1)
59.2 Expressing dissatisfaction
459(1)
59.3 Enquiring about satisfaction or dissatisfaction
459(2)
60 Expressing hope
461(3)
60.1 Saying what one hopes or others hope to do
461(1)
60.2 Expressing hope with regard to others
461(1)
60.3 Expressing hope in response to a question or statement
462(2)
61 Expressing sympathy
464(4)
61.1 Saying one is sorry about something
464(2)
61.2 Saying one is glad about something
466(2)
62 Apologizing and expressing forgiveness
468(3)
62.1 Apologizing
468(2)
62.2 Expressing forgiveness
470(1)
63 Expressing fear or worry
471(5)
63.1 Common expressions of fear
471(3)
63.2 Other ways of expressing fear
474(1)
63.3 More formal expressions of fear
474(2)
64 Expressing gratitude
476(3)
64.1 Expressing gratitude
476(2)
64.2 Responding to an expression of gratitude
478(1)
V The language of persuasion
479(20)
65 Giving advice and making suggestions
481(7)
65.1 Giving advice and making suggestions that do not involve the speaker
481(3)
65.2 Suggesting a course of action involving the speaker
484(3)
65.3 Asking for advice and suggestions
487(1)
66 Making requests
488(3)
66.1 Common expressions of request
488(3)
67 Giving directions, instructions and orders
491(3)
67.1 Giving directions and instructions
491(1)
67.2 Giving orders
492(2)
68 Making an offer or invitation and accepting or declining
494(5)
68.1 Making an offer or invitation
494(3)
68.2 Accepting or declining an offer or invitation
497(1)
68.3 Enquiring whether an invitation is accepted or declined
498(1)
VI Expressing temporal relations
499(21)
69 Talking about the present
501(5)
69.1 The present simple
501(1)
69.2 The present continuous
502(1)
69.3 Expressing habitual action with costumar + infinitive
503(1)
69.4 Saying how long one has been doing something
503(3)
70 Talking about the future
506(6)
70.1 Talking about future events
506(1)
70.2 Talking about scheduled events in the future
507(1)
70.3 Talking about plans and intentions for the future
507(2)
70.4 Expressing the future from a past perspective
509(1)
70.5 Other ways of expressing the future
510(2)
71 Talking about the past
512(8)
71.1 Talking about events that are past and complete
512(1)
71.2 Saying how long ago something happened
512(1)
71.3 Talking about long-lasting past events
513(1)
71.4 Talking about past events related to the present
513(1)
71.5 Referring to a prolonged or repeated action that began in the past and is still in progress
514(1)
71.6 Referring to the immediate past
514(1)
71.7 Referring to actions and developments that have been happening in the recent past
515(1)
71.8 Describing background states or actions in progress over an unspecified period of time in the past
516(1)
71.9 Talking about past habitual actions
516(1)
71.10 Talking about actions that were taking place when something else happened
517(1)
71.11 Talking about a past event or action that occurred before another past event or action
518(1)
71.12 Referring to a prolonged or repeated action that began at an earlier time and was still in progress at a point in the past
518(2)
Appendices 520(6)
Appendix I: Regular verb forms
520(1)
Appendix II: Principal irregular verbs
521(2)
Appendix III: Verbs with irregular past participles
523(1)
Appendix IV: Verbs with both a regular and an irregular past participle
523(1)
Appendix V: Second person verb forms
524(2)
Bibliography 526(1)
Index 527
John Whitlam is a freelance writer, university lecturer and lexicographer based in Rio de Janeiro. He has authored a number of language teaching books and project-coordinated and co-authored four best-selling bilingual dictionaries of Portuguese and English.
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